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The Objectives of our research were to establish the prevalence of teeth caries of the first permanent molars in the jaw, as well as to determine the age and the knowledge of pupils about the period of their appearance. Materials and methodology: the research encompassed 788 respondents, both male and female, from primary schools in Tetovo area, between the age of 7 and 12. While working on this paper, Klein-Palmer's DMF index was used in line with the basic criteria for assessing the oral and dental health of WHO, as well as the questionnaire designed with the purpose of assessing the personal profile of pupils and their knowledge of the appearance of the FPM. The results have revealed that there is a significant difference in the values of teeth with DMF in the mandible and maxilla (p<0.05), a very high significance in the difference in values between the teeth with caries and the extraction in the mandible and maxilla (p<0.001), while there was no statistical significance for teeth with fillings pertaining to the jaws (p>0.05). The number of FPM teeth with caries increases with the age and the research has revealed that there was an interdependency of the results and the DMF index among the respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Implantologie used two methods of fixation to tightening of prosthetic restorations with implant abutment: Fixation with cement and Screw. The purpose of the paper is to determine the effect of the type of fixation and biological stability of implantprosthodontic restoration. Are used several different implant at systems where the most common were the Nobel Biocare implants firm of Sweden and Branemark implants. In our research participated total 51 of patients, a different sex and age. Of those 28 men and 23 women. Two groups according a suprastructure fixation, in the first group were 32 dental implants were fixed with cement. Another number consisted of 19 patients whose dental implants were reinforced with Screw. By patients with diagnosis of periimplantitis according to literature found different types of bacterial colonization for ex. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalisa, Prevotella intermedia, Bacteroides forsythusa dhe Treponema denticola. Results of this research may contribute to a better understanding of microbiological processes in and around implantates and implantprosthodontic restoration. This is our argument, which the lateral arches recommend the advantage of fixing by Screw, while frontal arch as aesthetic aspect at the upper jaw and the lower jaw is recommended that fixation of prosthetic restorations made by cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The word "Abstract" means the summary of an article. It is widely used in research by providing a short and concise description of it. If an abstract is well written, it makes the reader to be show more interest to the study. Abstracts are part of reports, articles, masters or doctoral theses, as well as books and proceedings of conferences or congresses. Students, doctors and researchers tend to present the results of their scientific work in national or international conferences. Abstracts are a requirement and part of the application process for presenters in such activities. Generally an abstract contains 250-300 words, divided into several components, which should provide enough information to the scientific committee, but also for the general reader. The abstract would have to provide answers to some questions: "Why did you start this study?"; "What has been done in the study?"; "What are the results?" and "What do they mean?". The main components of an abstract should include: Title, Authors, Introduction, Purpose, Materials and Methods, Results and Conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemotactic cytokine which attracts and activates polymorphonuclear leukocytes in inflammatory site, with postulated role in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis (CP). Since biostimulatory low-level laser therapy (LLLT), has been used for the treatment of CP, the aim of this study was to test the hypothesis by which LLLT down-regulates the production of IL-8 and subsequent inflammation in CP. The study was performed on 52 subjects with CP and 24 healthy persons. After clinical examination, GCF was collected from diseased and healthy sites, respectively. CP patients were subjected to scaling and then divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group was treated with a diode laser (wavelength: 635 nm; power density: 100 mW/cm2), by applying the laser beam to all diseased teeth for 14 days, whereas the control group did not receive any therapy. GCF samples were collected with papers strips from the same periodontal diseased site before and after therapy. The levels of IL-8 were determined by flow cytometry by using an immunobeads methodology. The study showed that the mean concentration of IL-8 in GCF was significantly higher in CP patients, compared to controls. The levels of this cytokine correlated positively with plaque index and papillary bleeding index. LLLT was followed by a significant reduction of clinical parameters of inflammation and decreased concentrations of IL-8 in GCF. In conclusion, these results confirmed the hypothesis and suggested the beneficial anti-inflammatory properties of LLLT in CP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show the number of first permanent exstractet molars and their classification according to the jaws and sides. For this purpose during 2010-2011 were examined a total of 106 students age classes of 7th and 8th. From them 61 (57.55%) were females, while 45 (42.45%) male. By intaoral exsamination set number of first permanets exstractet molars and note them under the jaw and sides of the jaw. The getting result of this research, we have developed a statistical and presented in graphs and tables. From the getting result we can conclude that: Gender larger percent age of first permanent exstractet molar have sex males. According jaws greater per cent age en counter to the lower jaw. Under jaw sides above percent ages have on the right side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The to-date experimental and clinical examinations point at the dominant role of the dental biofilm in the etio-pathogenesis of the gingival inflammation and periodontal illness. However, there are also other numerous risk factors, which have direct or indirect influence on the periodontal health and which can be divided into local and general depending on their characteristics. The local risk factors include orthodontic anomalies, which can have direct traumatic, functional and destimulating influence on the periodont, as well as indirect influence by creating conditions for the accumulation of the dental plaque, aggravated physiological and mechanical self-cleaning. In this study, we examined the effect of orthodontic anomalies, Class II 2nd grade open bite and their role in the accumulation of the dental plaque and consequently the gingival inflammation. The acquired results indicate that these two orthodontic anomalies impact the increased accumulation of the dental plaque, aggravated physiological and mechanical self-cleaning of the dental plaque, especially in the area of the marginal and inter-dental gingiva, an area which represents a locus minoris rezistence as well as a spot where the initiation of the gingival inflammation starts. As a result of the accumulation of the dental plaque, the pathological events in the gingiva, expressed through IGI and IGK emerge, namely, there is a correlative rapport between the index of the dental plaque, the gingival inflammation and gingival bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to determine the antimicrobial effect of four different restoration materials applied directly to petri dishes planted with colonies of Streptococus Mutans, as well as the influence of the dentin to their antimicrobial effect. For the first part of the research two GJC (Fuji IX, Fuji Lining LC) and two adhesive systems (Prime&Bond and G Bond), were applied to the petri dishes planted with Streptococus Mutans. For the second part of the research the restoration materials were applied through dentin disks 0.5mm thick. We determined the antibacterial effect by measuring the inhibition zone of the microorganism growth around the researched material. The results we got show that all the researched materials have an antimicrobial effect during a direct contact with Streptococus Mutans. GJC Fuji IX, Fuji Lining LC show a better antimicrobial effect compared to the dentin adhesives. During an indirect application none of the materials produced an inhibition zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

adenoid Cystic Carcinoma is a rare malign tumor, unique in adenocarcinomas. Featured with typical characteristics, with a slow growth pace and an extraordinary affinity for metastasis. this malign tumor occurs within oral cavity (cavum oris), attacking minor (accessory) salivary glands, placed in soft and hard palate, buccal region, lips and tongue, and less major salivary glands, may also occur with other internal organs, yet very rare. Median age of diagnosis is 55, more frequent in females, with 1:1.5 ratio compared to males. Undefined etiology with no hereditary features, or relation to local factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between the state of oral and den tal health of permanent teeth of children aged from 12 to 15. The set goals were realized by means of dental health examinations of 435 pupils aged 12-15 of both sexes from elementary schools in the city of Stip - 291 pupils (181 males and 110 females) and from villages in the vicinity of Stip, total 181 (96 male and 85 female) pupils from rural-urban settlements. The subject of research are the index of oral hygiene (OHI index) and the index parameters for the frequency of dental caries (FDC). OHI index values ??shown in Table 1 and the corresponding graph suggest that for respondents from Stip it was 0.51, and for the pupils from surrounding neighborhoods 0.49; the differences in values ??obtained from tests between the two groups were statistically significant (r<0.01). The values??of the structure of FDC and FDC shown in Table 2 and the correspond ing graph suggests that for respondents from Stip it was 6.20 and for pupils from surrounding neighborhoods 6.77, with the statistically significant difference of values ??between both groups of (r<0.01). The same table and graph represented caries with 2.05 among respondents from Stip, and 3.54 among respondents from the surrounding neighborhoods; the differences in values ??between the two groups were statistically significant (r<0.10). Extracted teeth were covered with 0.82 among respondents from Stip and 1.05 among respondents from the surrounding neighborhoods. The differences in values ??between the two groups did not attain statistical significance (r<0.20). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undefined ethiopathogenetic mechanism of inflammatory cysts and frequent complications are the reasons why this study was a subject of our interest. The study is focused on: clinical, radiological, pathohystological, microbiological, immunological examination, in order to examine inflammatory cysts and eventual effect on the local ethyogenethic factors in the course evolution and prognosis of the cystic lesion. 50 patients with a diagnosis of radicular cysts were examined. 35 patients without cystic disorders were control group. The results obtained from the examined group are compared with: control group; sub-groups within the examined group ; before and after therapy from radiological aspect. Based upon the analysis of the results separately and taking into consideration the findings of other authors we have concluded that clinical evidence is not sufficient to confirm the presence of cystic disorder; radiological evidence delivers more precise data for the presence and type of inflammatory cysts. X-Ray has shown marked transparency with a sclerotic ring in 86 % of radicular cysts. Primary closure therapeutyc all intervention induced a complete remission of the bone damage, in the groups that have been investigated i.e. in 70% when radicular cysts were present. Our results provide a concrete evidence about the nature of the inflammatory cysts (ethipathogenesis of this frequently present oral cavity disorder).But, many opened questions are left be hind and further investigations are necessary to obtain right answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitization process of CAD / CAM technology and new materials for making restorations led to new methodologies and development of the handicrafts. Scanners as part of CAD / CAM technology have affected the accuracy of data collection and its digitalization, on which the final product of a prosthetic restoration depends. This investigation aims to analyze the scanners and comparison of their features, which would result with a choice of scanner with most suitable technical characteristics for obtaining models in digital form. The sample consists of eight scanners that the authors chose from a wider range of scanners that occur in the market. Technical characteristics provided by the manufacturer are compared. This comparative analyzes reveals inconsistency in accuracy data, source of light, time of scanning, number of cameras and their resolution and number of axes of motion. This suggests need for introducing standards as well as calibration and comparability procedures. The analysis shows that scanners have highly sophisticated technical features that enable obtaining virtual model, on which further operations will be performed in order to produce aesthetic and functional prosthetic device. In addition, this study gives guidelines for consideration in the process of making decision when one has to select a scanner for the future every day practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypodontia, is one of the most common developmental anomalies in humans that can cause masticator dysfunction, speaking impact, create aesthetic problems, psychological implications and need for orthodontic treatment and in some cases even prosthesis treatment. Aim: To determine the develop mental absence of lateral in cisors-prevalence of hypodontia, characteristics, distribution and association with other dental anomalies in the Kosovo population. Methodology: In this study were included 3306 primary school students in Kosovo. Clinical examinations were conducted using periapical and panoramic radiographs, study models and intraoral photographs of all patients with hypodontia. Results: The prevalence of hypodontia in maxillary lateral incisors was bilateral in 51.2 percent and 42 percent of the patients; of the unilateral cases from selected samples. Absence of mandibular lateral incisors teeth was bilateral 2,56% percent and of the unilareral cases was 5,13 percent. There were statistically significant differences between gender using Chisquare test with SPSS 15 (0099, p = 0.753). The prevalence was 58,9 percent in females and 41 percent of cases in males. Among the subjects with unilateral developmental absence, the contralateral maxillary lateral incisor was found to be microdont suggesting the possibility that microdontia represents a variable expression of the same developmental defect that results in absence. Another dental anomalies associated with hypodontia are crown shape anomalies, supraposition, rotation, ectopia, inclination, diastema. Conclusion: The importance of prevalence findings of hypodontia in maxillary permanent lateral incisors, association with other dental anomalies would be helpful in the early determination of this anomaly and prevention of subsequent implications as outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amalgam tattoos in the oral mucosa near amalgam restorations, are iatrogenic lesions. They are differentiated from other pigmented lesions in oral mucosa by the close relationship with amalgam restorations, the color of the lesion, stability of the form, size, and color. Reasons of appearance of these lesions are the wrong ways of applying this material in prepared cavities, traumatic extractions of teeth restored with amalgam, replacement of amalgam with composit eresins without following the right protocol. Aim - To find the prevalence of amalgam tattoos in oral mucosa and reasons of appearance of these lesions. Material and method - In this study are in volved 300 subjects with amalgam fillings. The study lasted 3 years. Results and discussion - The prevalence of amalgam tattoos in our study is 6%. From this 50% of tattoos were presented in patients with amalgam fillings, 33% were found in patients that had undergone extractions of teeth with amalgam and 1% in patients that had substituted amalgam fillings with resin composite. Conclusion - Amalgam tattoos are iatrogenic lesions, this is the reason why is the dentist who should be careful during dental procedures to eliminate as much as possible the appearance of these lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the intubation difficulty scale (IDS), we sought to confirm that obese patients are more difficult to intubate than lean patients. We as sessed classical bed side tests and included neck circumference in Maxillofacial surgery. Methods: We prospectively compared the incidence of difficult tracheal intubation in 70 obese [body mass in dex (BMI) =30 kg/m2] and 61 lean pa tients (BMI <30 kg/m2). The IDS scores, categorized as difficult intubation (IDS >5) or not (IDS =5), and the patient data, were compared between lean and obese patients. Preoperative measurements [BMI, neck circumference (at the level of the thyroid cartilage), width of mouth opening, sternomental distance, and thyromental distance], medical history of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, and several scores (Mallampati, Wilson, El Ganzouri) were recorded. The view during direct laryngoscopy was graded, and the IDS was recorded. We then compared patients with IDS =5 and >5, concerning each item. Results: The results indicate that difficult tracheal intubation is more frequent in obese than in lean patients (14.3% vs 3%; P = 0.03). In the patients with IDS > 5, thyromental distance, BMI, large neck circumference, and higher Mallampati score were the only predictors of potential intubation problems. Conclusions: We found that problematic intubation was associated with thyromental distance, in creasing neck circumference, BMI, and a Mallampati score of =3. Neck circumference should be assessed preoperatively to predict difficult intubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most important problems in Pediatric Dentistry. ECC affects children in their temporary teeth and spread rapidly causing pain, difficulty in feeding, speech problems and complications of permanent teeth that are in various stages of development. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) has recognized the virulent nature of Early Childhood Caries as an infectious transmissible disease and Streptococcus Mutans (SM) is the main causative agent [4]. Early colonization of SM is an important risk factor for ECC [11,12]. Main source from which in fant acquires SM is their mother [9]. Vertical transmission of SM from mother to child is al ready scientifically accepted [9]. Colonization of SM can occur from the time of birth or after dental eruption [14]. This study as sess the relationship between maternal transmission of SM and ECC status through the identification and measurement of microbial load of Streptococcus Mutans in saliva of children with and without ECC and their mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inadequate glicemic regulation of diabetes in longer period affects oral health towards in- flammation, persistent infections, immune-response changes and vice versa correlation with good glicemic control. The aim of this study is evaluation and correlation between metabolic control I patients with type l diabetes with oral health condition. Examination includes 37 adolescents, age l2-24 devided in two groups: I examined group: 19 patients with type l diabetes, II control group 19 patients healty young people excluding chronic deseases. HbAlc was measured in total number of patients, examined and control group, noted as good glycemic control where HbA1c<6,9, or bad glycemic control where HbAlc >7,2. The number of restorated and cariogenic teeth were recorded, as well as periodontal characteristics such as : Silness-Loe plaque index 0-3, Loe- Silness gingival index 0-3 and attachment loss, >2mm. Patients with juvenile diabetes doesn't seem to have higher potential for development of caries inspite of healthy children. On the other hand, results shows that there is a potential progressive devel- opment of periodontal destruction as risk in oral health in this kind of chronic desease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral health has an important impact on the general health protection, particularly on patients with special medical needs such as patients with congenital heart diseases. Components that show the oral health status are caries and oral hygiene. The congenital heart diseases are frequent anomalies that appear in the dental practice, which are considered to be a risk factor for the development of bacterial endocarditis from diseases of oral cavity and dental treatments. The purpose of this study was to research the oral health status of children with CHD, intro- ducing an issue that was not researched before in Kosovo. This research was conducted in 123 children divied in the study group, consisting of 80 children with CHD, and the control group, consisting of 43 healthy children. The children included in this research were from different parts of Kosovo, age 3 through 15 years. The children from the study group were with different types of CHD. The parameters used for the oral status evaluation are outlined below: 1. The DMFT, dmft index according to the system of Klain-Palmer for the prevalence of dental caries; 2. The OHI index according to Greene and Vermillion for the evaluation of the oral hygiene; The average value of dmft-index was 6.7 for the study group and 5.62 for the control group. These data were without distinction with important statistical significance (t-test = 1.263, p>0.05). The average value of DMFT index for the group with CHD was 4.1, whereas for the control grup this index was 3.47. There was no significant difference between the two groups (t-test = 0.8321, p>0.05). The OHI index values of 0.1 through 1.0 were on 61% of the study group with CHD and 66.7% ofthe control group; the values from 1.1 though 2.0 were on 36.6% ofthe study group and 22.2% ofthe control group, while with value 0 were 2.4% of the study group and 5.6% of the control group. About 68.8% of parents of children with CHD were informed mainly by the pediatric doctor about their risk during the dental interventions, however they had no information about the importance of orl health and other provisions for its protection and indirectly for the general health protection. Based on these results we can conclude that the oral health status and its care is not good at patients with CHD and in view of their health, measures have to be undertaken for its im- provement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xerostomic syndrome: etiopathogenesis, clinical diagnosis and therapy. The clinical condition defined as *Xerostomia*, a term that derives from the fusion of the two words of Greek origin: xéros (dry) and stoma (mouth), is a characterized by severe reduction in salivary flow, thus differing from hyposialosis. Xerostomia may have several causes, varying from a simple phlogosis of a major salivary gland to a radiation induced damage because of a tumor located in a salivary major gland or in surrounding anatomical structures (especially parotid gland). In this article a special attention is given to this last cause, because the consequences of xerostomia induced by radiotherapy are surely more severe than those deriving from other causes; that's why it is correct to name it as *xerostomic syndrome*. The authors suggest possible treatments to reduce clinical manifestations following radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tarnish is defined as surface discoloration of a metal without alterations of the chemical composition of the layer, but it can also be a result of the chemical modifications of the surface itself, without affecting the deeper parts of the metal. The aim of this article is to emphasize the clinical presence of dental cast alloys darkening concerning fixed prosthodontics restorations. The clinical investigation was carried out on fixed prosthodontics appliances in the patients oral cavity. The examination showed the following results: color change was noted on temporary cemented and also on more than five years old Ag-Pd and Au made fixed partial dentures, as in one silver-palladium cast made dental post, and there were also findings of discoloration in the gingival margin area of the crowns in old fixed partial dentures made from base cast alloy fully veneered with composite. The rest of the fixed dental prosthesis did not show evidence of color degradation. Successful prosthetic rehabilitation requires use of biocompatibile high quality alloys and their proper technological processing in the dental laboratory because errors during handling and the oral medium itself can cause their alterations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to present the comprehensive and in-depth application of acrylates in dental prosthetics and orthodontics in this expert-scientific work, we treated our own clinical cases from different ages and with different pathologies. The devices made out of acrylates, as well as the necessary procedure in the treatment of these patients were carefully documented and presented. We confirmed that clinical treatment of patients with dental prosthetics and orthodontics is unthinkable without the presence and use of acrylates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an attempt øòî to get a closer knowledge and understanding some of the dilemmas enveloping the occlusal irregularities as well as the indirect consequences of their persistence, we have successfully treated 21 clinical cases. We divided our patients into 3 groups, and the only criterion was the intensity of the clinical manifestation of the disorder. Through the treatment of the 3 groups of patients we have established a foundation to serve as guidance for the clinicians in their everyday praxis. We have concluded that the treatment of the occlusal irregularities, despite the necessity of other medical and psychological specialties that might offer additional and adjuvant aid with the management of this etiology, the dental treatment plays a primary and vital role. The reasons for the occurrence of these disorders are deeply rooted in the neuromuscular feedback which directs the movements of the teeth and needs to be reprogrammed by the use of occlusal splints. The accurate selection and use of these splints must be done by specialized dentists that are acquainted with the features and characteristics of the physiological occlusion and its deviations. In contrary there is a danger of causing irreversible damage, not only to the teeth, but also to the joints and the masticatory muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry socket is a postoperative complication that occurs after a dental extraction and is defined as an inflammation of the alveolus. If this inflammation exceeds alveolar walls, it would result in a located osteitis. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, and risk factors of dry socket that accured during after war period 1999-2004 in Kosova. The evidence that is held in the University Clinic of Dentistry, Departmen of Oral Surgery in Prishtina is analyzed throughout the postwar period to determine the frequency of dry socket; The distribution of dry socket cases is counted from the evidence that we have at this department and they are: (1) the percentage of dry socket from the number of all extractions (2) the percentage of dry socket after extraction of the third molars 3) the distribution of these two rates by gender and age . The overall performance of dry socket cases is increasing. The highest percentage was recorded in 2001, 2.04% and the lowest in 1999 0.45%, alveolitis was more common in females than in males, while by Chitest no important distinction was found by age group and country where the extraction of teeth was performed. Of 201 cases with alveolitis 45 or 22.4% were alveolis of 3rd mandibular molar with significant difference [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]