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The Born Market building in Barcelona has become a heritage of the city since the seventies when government authorities decided to close it down. The building came to be a reason of dispute between neighbors, academics and the local and provincial governments. Social actors used different conceptions of heritage in order to preserve the building and give it various uses. This paper describes the different stages of the conservancy process of the old market. Similarly, the paper analyzes the conflict that arose between the different viewpoints thus showing how multiple perceptions and interpretations can arise around one place. The research techniques used were over 20 semi-structured interviews with neighbours, tradesmen and architects of the vecinity. A hemerographic review and office work were also carried out. Also, systematic observation of the study area was conducted.

This paper is from investigations for planning urban greenspace and the opportunities of urban agriculture for the feeding of a population in constant increase that does not work the lands. Also it is result of activities of environmental urban improvement carried out with the “School of Engineer Agronomists of the Polytechnic University of Madrid”. Through cases of urban agriculture, understanding by her the set of practices for the food production and ornamental plants in downtowns and in their surroundings, this paper analyze alternatives for the recovery of constructed spaces and increase the quality of life of theirs inhabitants. All this contributes to the creation of wealth and improvement of the urban landscape, always in agreement with criteria of sustainability coming from the Earth Conference of Rio (1992) and the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, Rio+20 (2013).

The aim of this paper is to review the concept of soil sealing and highlight the different methodological approaches used in the EU and especially in Spain. The soil sealing concept has developed from merely physical standpoint (compacted and impermeable soil) to be considered a serious anthropogenic environmental problem, and with mitigation options, as they destroy the vital functions of soil and adversely modifies the ecosystem. This paper proposes unifying methodological criteria, highlighting at least the area affected by territorial unit (municipality, autonomous community, region or country) and most convenient scale in each case. Considering the impact of soil sealing on the environment are proposed typologies for differentiating large cities, from the more invasive to the best adapted to the environment.

This paper aims at making a reconstruction of the historical records of wildland fires in the territory of the Guadiato Valley and the municipality of Cordova, as well as at analysing the influence of fire on the evolution of forest landscape. The research method is based on the use of historical documental sources and bibliographic ones, palaeoecological data and field work, all from a multi-scale approach regarding space and time. The evolution of fire regimes in the study area is determined, also analysing the presence of fire as a tool for land management and as a risk factor, thorough the Holocene and particularly during the 19th and 20th centuries. Starting from these aspects, the paper goes deeper into explaining the character and dynamics of vegetal landscape, into the evolution of the territory’s vulnerability to the risk of wildland fires, and to the prospective study of fire behaviour.

The aim of this paper is to realize a valuation, both quantitative and qualitative, of the contributions focused on rural development that have been published during the last twenty years in the main journals with geographical contents. The selection has comprised 20 Spanish journals, under the subjects geography, economy and tourism, and 77 papers have been considered in our study.

During these last three decades, culture has played a fundamental role in great urban transformations. However, they have involved some changes in social and cultural field not only in downtown Western cities, but also their suburbs. This papers will try to show how cultural strategies for urban renewal processes carried out by Barcelona’s local City Hall has meant, in last term, social homogenization strategies. This paper will end by showing how recent convergence between conservative and liberal sectors of ruling classes of Catalan capital about which cultural strategies must be applied for urban renewal processes could mean the consolidation of new topographies of power in contemporary metropolitan Barcelona.

The aim of this paper consists on clarifying the main attributes of the cultural industry and also to show the panorama of this industry in Spain. For that propose the elements that define the cultural industry will be pointed in the context, not of the Cultural Geography but of the Economic Geography. Also will be identified the main companies of the sector, their process of horizontal and vertical integration and their interrelation with other economic sectors. The paper pays attention to the role of the multimedia companies in the development of the cultural identity at the territories, and the deal of the cultural goods in the international organizations. At this point a thematic and spatial approach has been achieved, so that we can actually describe the main territorial distribution of the Spanish cultural industry, the multimedia groups, their internal structure and their spatial patterns in Spain.

The present paper describes ohe main results of a research project, related to the Guadiamar river disaster after a waste retention wall of a mine in Aznalcúllar broke. The disaster together with a project to create a potential Green Corridor along the Guadiamar river bassin drives to the territorial diagnosis of the recent and old land uses and economie activities. The main objective of (his proposal is to gain the right integration of the new protected area in the surronders. ln attention to the surface of agricultural land, this paper analyzes the present situation and the evolution of land use in orther to compatibilize agricultural activity and conservation proposal.

The actions and processes of renewal are revealed as key to the competitive repositioning of the consolidated tourist areas. However, its implementation generates conflicts. This is due to divergent interests, objectives and logics of operation of the public and private actors. The objective of this paper is to analyze the conflict derived with the strategy of public policy of the tourist destination Islas Canarias (Spain) to link the authorization of the construction of new tourist establishments to the renovation of existing ones. The content analysis or correlate approach has been chosen, so that the subject of research observation has been the process itself and its various temporal moments. It delves in the structural elements that have shaped the conflict (causes, Components, target actors and or effects).

The relation between Geography and Toponymy is remarkable, since place names designate places upon the terrestrial surface, and geography is the science that studies phenomena happening upon those places. In addition, place names are an exceptional tool for reconstituting a disappeared geographic landscape. Geography, History and Linguistics are the three main auxiliary disciplines in order to study place names. A place name analysis of a paradigmatic case (Alacant/Alicante) is studied in this paper. First we review the long, convulsive history of ancient Alicante, which involved the abandonment of its Roman site and its moving –together with its place name– into its current location. We also carry out a geographic analysis of the physical features around the Roman site. Finally we carry out an etymological analysis of this place name and formulate a new hypothesis about its possible meaning.

The Almanzora Area (province of Almería) is one of the most important corridors in Southeast Spain. It is a territory marked by problems common to the contemporary Mediterranean rural world, which in recent decades has been prejudiced by a public administration that has undervalued it's obvious potential for the articulation in this part of the Iberian Peninsula, imposing an unexpected isolation and strengthening –internally-, its economic and social disorganization. In this paper we recognize the current state of locking of this area, analyzing the effects and implications of an erratic territorial policy carried out by the competent public authorities. In the light of the values and tools from Planning, we examine the strategic lines that mark the new existing endogenous initiatives and make proposals to promote their efficient integration into a new development model that allows this territory's unlocking in the near future.

Coastal commercial fishing is a common economic practice for local populations of natural protected areas which encompass both maritime and terrestrial environments. The aim of this paper is to describe the organizational pattern of coastal commercial fishing in the Ría Celestún Biosphere Reserve (northeast of the Yucatan peninsula). It explains how the organization and official regulations of the above-mentioned activity are completed by the distribution of spaces of utilization, which is embedded in its socio-cultural context, and is currently being modified by the demand conditions of international markets (US, European and Asian). The research is based on quantitative data provided by public institutions and private entities, as well as on qualitative data obtained during the field work.

This paper aims to make a quantitative, theoretical and conceptual approximation to the situation of public spaces in Gran Santiago (Chile). In the first part, the urban public space is defined as a platform for meeting and social interaction. This is especially necessary in a historically segregated city, which has resulted in social fragmentation. Second, the different types of public spaces existing in Gran Santiago are characterized, understanding them in direct relation to the different scales and territorial hierarchies that have place in a diffuse metropolitan city.

This paper tries to show the difficulties of being able to provide adequate and accurate prediction for decision-making in the field of natural hazard management. From the geographical point of view, we try to make a description of the process, of the physical and human environment, and predictions will remain in the realm of statistics.Being able to understand when, how and where can occur a change in dynamic environments becomes the first problem that the risk and disaster experts must undertake. The systems move, interact, appear and disappear, but they are governed by natural and physical laws that we must be able to understand and to implement in any geographical work that requires a real approach to the processes of decision-making to avoid as far as possible the losses of life and property.

The processes of segregation and residential preference between the host society and different ethnic groups have produced a productive academic debate which it has been reflected among others in the so-called theories of threat and contact. This paper aims to contribute to this discussion by studying the spatial behavior of the immigrant population. For this purpose have been created two study groups according to their degree of rejection in Spanish society. The results in the metropolitan area of Seville during the period 2003-2013 show a clear separation between residential concentration´s areas of both groups. This division increases with the increase of economic immigration in Seville, reaffirming the already noted trend in other research to the preference of the host society by social and ethnically uniform neighborhoods.

This paper proposes a methodology for analyze coastal territories focused on the functional analysis. It establishes analysis and diagnosis procedures for the activities of a coastal territory, and organizes its monitoring during time, allowing a consistent definition for the coastal territories as engines spaces or integrated spaces

The Spanish dehesa and its Portuguese correspondance (montado) are Mediterranean agrarian-forestrypastoral systems projecting an outstanding landscape whith big heritage values. On them loom new or renewed threats that compromise their future at a time (the current) with an increasing social and institutional revaluation of these landscapes. Its nomination as an Unesco cultural landscape can provide a powerful tool to deal with these threats, but requires the clarification of certain questions related to the scales. This paper delves into the dehesa outstanding universal value and offers some clues to support their possible incorporation into the Unesco World Heritage List. Analysis undertakes at the level of types of landscape, but some criteria are advanced for the selection of concrete and representative areas capable of integrating a nomination as a serial property.

Russafa neighborhood in Valencia (Spain) has become the center of one of the most ambitious urban redevelopment plans implemented by the local council in recent years. This old neighborhood of merchants and artisans, that during the 80's and 90’s experienced a long period of degradation and neglect, is today the multicultural trendy district for tourists and citizens The aim of this paper is to show the gentrification process emerged in this neighborhood, and how from the abandonment that characterized it just a decade ago, it has undergone a fast process of festivalization and economic transformation with the arrival of the “creative classes”, that so far has caused few reactions, despite being a historically active neighborhood in urban social movements. We will focus on the study of the retail sector in order to illustrate and analyze this process, using GIS and distinguishing three types of stores: traditional, immigrant and gentrifiying stores.

The strong drive of building construction between mid-nineties until 2007 and its further rapid and Sharp crises in Spain, although has been described in detail, could not be understood, however, without considering and analyzing the underlying territorial and social processes over they are based on. The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between residential mobility and housing construction in metropolitan areas, coming from the hypothesis that the first one is the main factor to explain the drive for housing construction in these areas. To test such hypothesis, it has been carried out, at a municipal level, a statistical analysis of the relationships between residential mobility flows and housing construction in the metropolitan areas of Madrid and Seville. Results shows a setting in which each municipality bids up to attract increasing proportions of the residential mobility flows, with the subsequent oversized dwelling stock in these urban spaces

A significant increase in episodes of flooding on the coast of Murcia occurred in last decades, questioning the role of preventive strategies on planning. In this paper is evaluated the efficiency of river channel protection actions included in the Guidelines and Planning of Región de Murcia Coast. The cadastral information and the hydrological modeling of 10, 50, 100 and 500 years of return period have been used to study the evolution of vulnerability. The results shows that exposure to risk has continued to increase even after the adoption of these guidelines, becoming a key factor in the increase of economic losses associated with flooding.

This paper presents the main methodological features of one research about the processes of urbanization and transformation of urban centers in the plain of the Alt Empordà (Girona). Through this methodology has been identified a new and complex urban model, which is deployed on the territory with new patterns of urbanization. On the one hand cartography and GIS have made possible the analysis of different patterns of urban development. On the other hand, the interviews allowed more complex understanding of aspects such as the factors that are behind the changes and the role that different actors in urban and territorial dynamics. This methodology is applicable to other coastal areas of Catalonia, the whole of Spain and other parts of Mediterranean Europe.

In August 1868 a team of surveyors from the General Statistics Board of Spain ("Junta General de Estadística"), led by José Giralt Torner, began field work needed to produce a reliable mapping of the Royal Site of Riofrío (Segovia, Spain). The survey was part of a more ambitious project, which aimed the inventory and demarcation of the Royal Heritage. Maps formed by the surveyors of the General Statistics Board, which are preserved in the archive of the National Geographic Institute, are an irreplaceable historical source, without possible comparison with the iconographic sources of the nineteenth century. This paper, which is based basically on primary sources, report on the preserved cartography, describes the survey system, and identify the protagonists of these works.

The Europe 2020 Strategy may show an alternative path to development that Madrid has followed in recent decades and whose contradictions and unbalances are revealed by the bursting of the financial-housing bubble and the economic crisis. From the reflexivity representing the approach of "smart specialization", in this paper we ask to what extent Madrid is ready to seize that opportunity taking into account the stock and characteristics of their workers in the knowledge economy. For this purpose, we use the Continuous Sample of Work Lives (MCVL) from the Social Security among other data sources that allows us to obtain an unusual image of the process of attracting "talent" to Madrid, as a strategic resource to achieve the "smart growth” promoted by the Strategy.

The paper introduces the situation of Latin American urban system, analyzing the growth population, using primarily air transportation as an indicator of territorial structure and cohesion. Air transportation connectivity measures are recently used, as well, to assess the inclusion of the nodes on the global arena, as it is also the purpose of this study. Permanencies and changes in the Latin American and Caribbean urban system will be highlight using quantitative methodologies based on descriptive statistical operations. The aim of our work will be to identify those nodes that burst on the urban scene and those destined to play a global role as main linkages between the region and the world.

Knowledge Economy has emerged as a key factor of regional competitiveness and therefore urban differentiation in the European Union, making it necessary to know how the metropolitan area of Bilbao is positioned, the main metropolis in the Basque Country. Over the last three decades Bilbao has seen a diversification of production, a consolidation of a regional innovation system, and a re-adjustment of the urban hierarchy which has earned it international recognition. It is interesting to know to what extent the knowledge economy is relevant in volume and localization strategies for its innovative transmission capacity to other economic subsectors and connected urban spaces. Assessing to what extent the territory, which is understood as a special socio-economic configuration at a specific location, actively matters in the economic knowledge of the metropolitan area of Bilbao is the driving force behind this paper.

Only seldom do geographers experience the possibility of effectively providing guidelines for policy makers, of bridging the gap that usually separates academia from praxis. The agreement signed between the Parliament of the Canary Islands and the Islands’ two universities, setting up a group of experts and a parliamentary subcommittee in order to provide guidance for immigration policy-making, has been a landmark in the case of both academic institutions. The agreement has provided researchers with the opportunity to put an applied knowledge of widespread social impact into practice. Likewise, Members of Parliament have been offered the chance to base their policy-making on sound social and scientific foundations. The present paper analyses this initiative and the work undertaken from a geographical perspective, based on the authors’ conviction that it might help other similar institutions to bring science and social commitment closer together, especially within the context of international migrations.

What we’ve been calling as territorial development perspective is a rather recent phenomenon in the context of the European Union, just two decades. In essence this perspective has focused on the local approach to development processes in rural areas, guided mainly of instruments such as LEADER. The need to integrate the territorial dimension of development processes comes not only from the overall success of these instruments, but also by the belief that they can be a key factor in the economic and social cohesion within the EU. Recent advances, such as the Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion, the approval of the Territorial Agenda 2020 and what will be the policy of cohesion for the period 2014- 2020, show the willingness of the authorities to deepen the territorial dimension of sectoral policies and to advance in the necessary greater coordination of policies maintaining territorial criteria. On the other hand, the reform of the CAP which is discussed in these months, which will result in the design of the instruments to be applied during the period 2014-2020, is also a great opportunity to consolidate this territorial approach in rural areas. This article examines, first, the public framework policy in terms of the territorial dimension in the context of the European Union, deepening on the meaning of the recent advances in this field. Second, we analyze the main elements that are leading, to date, the reform of the CAP and to what extent this reform includes a component as important as the territorial perspective for the development of rural areas. The findings point to the continuity and even deepening in the productivist and environmentalist orientation of the CAP. Third, we analyze what is going to be the territorial rural development policy in the strict sense, ie the continuation of the LEADER approach. In this regard we emphasize that the drop in the next programming period 2014-2020 of the structure by the four axis of the 2007-2013 period, and its replacement by a more simple, and apparently more flexible and powerful structure, will (always depending on the final budget allocations) deepen and consolidate LEADER as the main instrument for implementing local development strategies in rural areas. In this context, in the coming years they would be open possibilities for cooperation between rural and urban areas, in both cases under the focus of publicprivate partnerships and implementing local development strategies. These possibilities of territorial cooperation require vision by the regional stakeholders and a high capacity for commitment towards the implementation of these effective ways of cooperation and regional development.

In recent years the interest for the role of intermediate cities in territorial development has become a central issue in urban development studies. More specifically, the construction of metropolitan areas based on polycentric urban structures raises the role these cities play in the construction of metropolitan outskirts and their ability to overcome the challenges posed by the particular conditions of these environments. In this paper, we present the cases of Getafe and Alcalá de Henares, both characterized by outstanding developmental trajectories in the Madrid metropolitan context for its success in building a model of development characterized by the importance of the industrial sector. It is argued that this has been possible thanks to the enterprises’ innovative capacity, and the characteristics of their respective institutional contexts. The research was based on 68 interviews conducted in both cities as well as quantitative sources commonly used in studies of industrial activity and urban development.

Biological spectra analysis initiated in a previous paper (García-Abad, 2009, Part I) is continued here. Floristic inventories are carried out during one agricultural year (2002-03) in five 1 km²-U.T.M. grid squares. These space tracts form a representative transect in Western La Alcarria and “Mesa” of Ocaña (AM). This Part II is about the phytoecological and life forms spectra. Since the both spaces are nested local spectra could be related to the spectra of AM region. Besides providing a quantitative description of the flora, the outcomes allow to made phytogeographical and geoecological interpretations. Almost a fourth part of AM’s flora corresponds to weeds, ruderals and plants that grow on other open sites, being their percentages higher in analyzed five localities. Despite the life forms spectrum shows a clear top position of the terophytes, the perennial plants dominate extensively ones. Finally, the relevancy of the 1 km²-U.T.M. grid square to study the geography of the plants is valued.

This paper analyses the evolution of the sealing of fluvisols in the Community of Madrid between 1989 and 2009. To do it images from TM sensor of Landsat have been used. These images allow us to measure the urban area on both dates and show its geographical distribution. These soils have been selected because they are the most fertile and the sealing has resulted in a higher risk of flooding in the nearby towns. Soil loss in two decades reached nearly 2000 hectares. The largest sealed areas are those which are rich or very rich agrologically. Sealing is widespread in the river valleys of the Henares, Jarama and Tagus rivers and not so much in the Manzanares and Guadarrama rivers.

This paper analyses the spatial and temporal dynamics of the urban uses during the second half of the 20th century in the municipality of Valencia, which is located in the Valencia metropolitan area. Changes in urban uses were established by using the aerial photographs dated in 1956, 1984 and 2006 and map analysis based on Geographical Information Systems. The results show an importance in the process of urban growth from 1956 to 2006 and a reduction of the agricultural and forest uses. Whereas in 1956 the built-up areas represented 2,007 ha (15% of the total area), in 2006 the surface occupied by urban use was 4,385 ha (33%). One third part of the municipality has been built-up in fifty years, mainly on prime farmlands.

We present a learning experience underpinned by the fundamentals of the methodology active and meaningful learning. Through it we have dealt with student teachers in the course “Geography of Spain and its Didactics”, treatment of the theme “climate domains of Spain.” This is an instructional design technique framed “research project work,” taking as a motivator and focus of interest the analysis of some proverbs alluding to the theme, selected the broad and rich Spanish proverbs. Since each student formulate research hypotheses for each content block.In this paper we provide some ideas about how you can take out the teaching and learning of geography in a practical, motivating and effective from a kind of language that students find it attractive and motivating: proverbs.

Landscape metrics have been widely used to perform analyses of landscape structure, function and change. Within the last years, these metrics have been recently used to analyse urban landscapes. This paper presents a review of the theoretical background for the use of these metrics in urban landscapes, focusing on some recent works. Furthermore, we present an application of landscape metrics to assess urban land use patterns in future scenario simulations for the metropolitan area of Granada.

Over the first decade of the 21st century, the Spanish Government has developed a policy to encourage the production and use of renewable forms of energy. One consequence has been the establishment of the legal framework that grants economic feasibility to the installation of thermoelectric solar plants. The big companies already involved in the production of renewable energies have increased their investment in new plants with greater installed power; these are mainly located in southern Spain. In this paper we address four basic aspects touching on this system of electric energy generation: (i) the technological one, (ii) the policies which have favoured its development, (iii) the geographical situation of the most important plants and (iv) its environmental effects.

In the twentieth century, Acapulco was transformed from a commercial and fishing port into a tourist center, which modified the urban landscape, accelerated population growth, environmental degradation began and increased social inequalities. Tourism in Acapulco has had an impact on the economy of the port, as well as on the urban growth and the surrounding space. This paper deals with the his tory of tourism from a territorial perspective, its territorial effects on the economy, and social and political aspects of the city.-

Lemon sector in Malaga is crossing a stage of crisis, which takes place in a context of an increase of the requirements, on the part of the buyers, related to trazability, quality, aspect, etc., of the fruit. The accomplishment of those requirements is difficult for the productors, due to the reduced size of their orchards, among other reasons. Due to this, Associative Agrarian Entities can perform a role of great importance, stimulating initiatives tending to improve the possibilities of their partners to be kept in the activity. Nevertheless, not all the Entities have started some initiative and, those that have done it, have cosen among different options, as response to the characteristics of their partners. The identification and characterization of these actions, with important consequences on the continuity in the activity of their partners, is the aim of this paper.

In this paper the 23 longest temperature series on Earth are analyzed: 19 from Europe, 3 from the United Sates and one from India (unique in the intertropical zone). The study is made from a climatological point of view, e. g. for 30-years’ periods: climatological normal (CLINO) and shifted (up to the last one 1978-2007). It is to point out that considering the shifted periods most of the risings in temperature average, maxima and minima highlighted in the CLINO series show no statistical significance, weakening the “global warming” theory.Dans ce travail on analyse les séries thermométriques les plus anciennes de la surface de la Terre : 19 de l’Europe, 3 des Estats Uniés et une de l’ Inde (unique dans la zone intertropicale). L’ étude a eté faite du point de vue de la climatologie, c’ est à dire, pour des périodes de treinte ans, les séries CLINO (climatique normales) et déplacées (finissant en 1978-2007). Les montées des temperatures moyennes, des maxima et des minima aux périodes CLINO n’ ont pas de signification statistique quand on travaille avec des séries déplacées, et la théorie du « réchauffement global » s’ affaiblie.

Economic globalization, joined to complex processes between which individualized the sectorial interaction of a global scale through denominated way of flexible production, capital movements, international trade, and technological changes, reach several territorial expressions modelled by the irruption of the globalization process. In this paper, we analyzes the distribution of this aspects in the great world regions, trying to explain the territory role-playing, constituted and building by natural, cultural, social, politic and economic characteristics in history, in order to acquire relevance or marginalization of these global processes. These actors are individualized, can also contribute to transformation of the territory and, especially, are responsible for public policies. In this territorial dimension of economic globalization, the market and the public institutions also have a significant role.Étant le résultat de processus complexes tels que l ´interaction à échelle mondiale, la valeur de la production et les changements téchnologiques, la globalisation économique a une manisfestation territoriale très différente. Cet article veut déterminer le rôle du territoire quand il s´agit d´assumer un protagonisme ou un rejet vis à vis de ces processus globaux à differentes échelles , en relation avec les bases indispensables pour participer activement à ceux çi , tout en considérant les acteurs qui peuvent les déterminer , espéciallement ceux qui définissent les politiques publiques. Dans cette dimension territoriale de la globalisation économique et à un niveau théorique s´unissent le marché et l´action de État.

Night life promotion has become a widespread strategy in order to renew urban spaces in the downtowns of Western European cities. This strategy has recently been applied also to the downtown of Sarajevo. It has been turned into a consumption product and a symbol of social distinction for the new Muslim middle classes. This paper tries to show the relationship between clubbing and social exclusion in order to show how night life consumption is taking part of westernization of Sarajevo. This point of view stresses the consideration of night life consumption as one of the main mechanisms of self-identities’ constructions for these Sarajevo’s new muslim middle classes. This approach will allow think about to which extent the consequences of the Bosnia’s conflict have played a role in the process of gentrification in downtown Sarajevo.La vie nocturne est récemment devenue une des stratégies menées par les gouvernements locaux en Europe à renouveler ses espaces urbains, en particulier de ses centres urbains, comme Sarajevo. Cet article présente les résultats d’ordre qualitatif sur le terrain comment la consommation de la vie nocturne dans le centre historique de la capitale bosniaque contribue de manière significative à une occidentalisation espace avec la nouvelle classe moyenne urbaine ville musulmane. Une vision culturelle de ce processus permettra à un coup d’oeil sur les stratégies possibles gentrification urbaine et l’assainissement sociales liées à l’espace de plus en plus l’islamisation de la ville. Nous concluons l’article offre une chance d’envisager l’après-guerre de la fin des années 1990 comme un élément gentrificación la suite.

The paper analyzes the evolution of the population and its dynamic components in the metropolitan area of Madrid between 1996 and 2006. Work has been done with data from the Municipal Population Census and the Movement of Natural Population. Since they were introduced a new stage of demographic trends, consistent with the processes that are occurring in all major Spanish cities. It presents a revival of their growth rates and the emergence of a new process of recentralization, who lives with a scattering peripheral increasingly pronounced. To explain these two patterns, contradictory in principle, it goes to the influx of foreigners as a major player in the revitalization and their behavior on their spatial distribution, which explains the demographic recovery in the traditional metropolitan area. Meanwhile, the national population continues protagonizando the process of scattering in the large metropolitan peri-urban periphery.Le document analysent l’évolution de la population et de ses composants dynamiques dans la zone métropolitaine de Madrid entre 1996 et 2006. Le travail a été fait avec les données du Recensement de la population municipale et le Mouvement naturel de la population. Depuis ils ont été mis en place un nouveau stade de l’évolution démographique, compatible avec les processus qui se produisent dans toutes les grandes villes espagnoles. Il présente une relance de leur taux de croissance et de l’émergence d’un nouveau processus de recentralisation, qui vit avec une dispersion périphériques de plus en plus prononcé. Pour expliquer ces deux phénomènes, en principe contradictoires, il va à l’afflux d’étrangers comme un acteur majeur dans la relance et de leur comportement sur leur distribution spatiale, ce qui explique le redressement démographique dans la région métropolitaine traditionnelles. Pendant ce temps, la population continue protagonizando le processus de dispersion dans les grandes métropoles péri-urbaine en périphérie.

Starts exploring the links established between the variables of mobility, poverty and social exclusion in a context of profound functional and socio-spacial segregation, this paper analyses, to the city of Lima (Peru), the social efficiency of the collective transport system with an instrument of social integration and cohesion for the population living in poverty.À partir de la recherche des liens qui s´établissent entre la mobilité quotidienne, la pauvreté et l´exclusion sociale dans un contexte de profonde ségrégation fonctionnelle et socio spatiale, cette article analyse, pour la ville de Lima (Pérou), l'efficacité sociale du système de transport collectif comme instrument d´intégration et de cohésion sociale pour les personnes vivant en situation de pauvreté.

Due to recent changes in demands and the support of public administrations, wild edible fungi have become a resource with possibilities to enhance rural development in rural areas from two perspectives: commercial and recreational. Focusing in the recreational one, this paper aims to develop description of the current situation of micotourism in Spain and to assess the new opportunities wild edible fungi can have for the economic diversification of rural areas. Moreover, the article includes a set of proposals for the enhancement of fungi harvesting within the frame of sustainable development.Comme conséquence des changements récents de la demande et de l'appui des administrations publiques au milieu rural, les champignons sont devenus une ressource endogène avec des possibilités qui peuvent contribuer au développement rural sous la double perspective commerciale et récréative. Depuis la perspectiva récréative, cet article envisage la réalisation d'un diagnostique de la situation actuelle du tourisme mycologique en Espagne, ainsi que l'analyse des nouvelles opportunités qu'offrent les champignons pour la diversification productive des espaces ruraux. En plus, différentes propositions sont faites pour améliorer les possibilités d'aménagement durable des champignons.

Sustainable waste management is one of the most important challenges that all governments must face. Environmentally developed countries give solution to the waste questions admitting that the success is based on the renewed perception of the term "garbage" and relying on the social and industrial participation. In order to arrive to these goals, special attention is paid to two instruments: the application of environmental principles, and the use of charges and taxes on production and consumption. Education and environmental awareness of the society is also important to offset the new consumption needs with excessive waste generation, mainly because of packaging. This paper shows the actions undertaken in Hannover with the main goal of offering a series of strategic directions to correct the actual waste management problem in other countries.

Recent change in metropolitan areas affects particularly the spatial structures of the peripheries. The traditional compact city is changing to increasingly discontinuous, dispersed and fragmented metropolitan spaces. Metropolitan processes of dispersion of population are creating new low density residential spaces. This paper analysis the characteristics of the new residential spaces in the suburbs of Madrid, taking into account the growth in the number of houses, the residential building types and the densities in the residential spaces.

This paper passes overhaul to the thematic ones that there is boarded the crime and delinquency geography. All themes are analyzed from epistemological perspectives.

This paper shows a study in depth of the rainfall geographical variability in Spain and Gibraltar. Data used in the analysis were not row but percentage of the deviation from mean, so that periods of high and low precipitation were considered. Two methods were essayed: hierarchical cluster and a grouping of rainfall gauges according to Pearson´s correlation coefficient. The second one was preferred as results from it were geographically significant. The hierarchical cluster was most affected by the structure of data base, with many years of data lack, and it gaves rise to geographical unsatisfactory results. Finally a rainfall regionalization defined fourteen regions represented in three maps, ending with cartography of the fit of each rain gauge series to the mean polygonal line using the determination coefficient (r2).

This paper examines in detail socialist urban experience: town planning, town centres, the housing problem, environment and services. To sum up, an analysis of those subjects of reflection that it way be interesting for present debate on towns sustainable future.

Street kids represent a recent and growing social-urban problem in Nicaragua. Geography can contribuye to solve social pathologies with the socio-spatial analysis. From this perspective, the article contains a definition of the phenomenon, an analysis of the causes, and a vulnerability profile, describing the problematic they face as a group. The paper is completed with a depiction of the use the street kids in Managua make of the urban space.

The paper presents a methodology for analysing the landscape dynamics of Mediterranean rural areas using four tools: historical accounts, satellite remote sensing, multivariate regression and landscape indices. The first step involves in historical analysis to understand how human action has transformed the landscape. The second is the use of remote sensing and geographical information systems to obtain land cover and land use maps from the last decades. Due to the sensors used (Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM)) two periods have been differentiated: 1977-1993 analysed with MSS images and 1991-1997 with TM images. In the third step driving forces of land cover and land use changes have been analysed by means of multivariate linear regression and logistic regression. Finally, the landscape evolution has been quantified through diverse indices extracted from Landscape Ecology.

This paper analyses the characteristics of the family housing in the urban district of ‘Centro’ in Madrid. Two points of view are taken into account. One of them is a spatial perspective, considering the municipality and the province of Madrid as comparative and broader residential contexts. Another one is a demographic perspective, distinguishing profiles of population according to its socioeconomic features. From the 1991 Census of Population and Housing, selected variables related to the houses, such as age, size, tenure status and amenities, as well as several items concerning socio-demographic features of the population, have been used. Rates of overcrowding, amenities and global quality of housing have been also calculated. It has been concluded that the district «Centro» is spatially and demographically heterogeneous and its centrality is a determinant aspect over the housing characteristics and over the different profiles and living arrangements of the residents living there.