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LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Paul et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16133 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Marasco et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17513 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17554 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Taxonera et al and Taxonera & Alba papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15804 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16055 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Kokkotis et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16717 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16872 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Garg et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15796. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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LINKED CONTENT: This article is linked to Kokkotis et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16717 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16904 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Ponziani et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15996 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16052 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Ponziani et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15996 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Taxonera et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15804 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Britton et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16061 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Taxonera et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15804 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Prentice et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16065 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Rhodes et al and Liu & Li papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15777 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16048 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Garrido et al and Rodríguez‐Perálvarez et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15813 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16038 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Taxonera et al an Garg et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15804 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15814. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Panarese et al and Kumar et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15752 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15801. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Garrido et al and Nathwani et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15813 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15872. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Rhodes et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15777 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15823. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Rhodes et al and Mansur papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15777 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15820. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Tian et al and Kumar et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15731 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15801. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Rhodes et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15777. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Sands et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15555 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15716. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Introduction: The burden of post‐COVID‐19 functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) remains unclear. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to estimate the rate of post‐COVID‐19 FD and IBS. Methods: MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase were searched through 17 December 2022. Studies reporting the incidence of FD and/or IBS in COVID‐19 survivors and controls (without COVID‐19), when available, according to the Rome criteria, were included. Estimated incidence with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was pooled. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was pooled; heterogeneity was expressed as I2. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Overall, four studies including 1199 COVID‐19 patients were considered for FD. Post‐COVID‐19 FD was reported by 72 patients (4%, 95% CI: 3%–5% and I2 0%). The pooled OR for FD development (three studies) in post‐COVID‐19 patients compared to controls was 8.07 (95% CI: 0.84–77.87, p = 0.071 and I2 = 67.9%). Overall, 10 studies including 2763 COVID‐19 patients were considered for IBS. Post‐COVID‐19 IBS was reported by 195 patients (12%, 95% CI: 8%–16%, I2 95.6% and Egger's p = 0.002 test). The pooled OR for IBS development (four studies) in COVID‐19 patients compared to controls was 6.27 (95% CI: 0.88–44.76, p = 0.067 and I2 = 81.4%); considering only studies with a prospective COVID‐19 cohort (three studies), the pooled OR was 12.92 (95% CI: 3.58–46.60, p < 0.001 and I2 = 0%). Conclusions: COVID‐19 survivors were found to be at risk for IBS development compared to controls. No definitive data are available for FD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Emergency admissions in England for alcohol‐related liver disease (ArLD) have increased steadily for decades. Statistics based on administrative data typically focus on the ArLD‐specific code as the primary diagnosis and are therefore at risk of excluding ArLD admissions defined by other coding combinations. Aim: To deploy the Liverpool ArLD Algorithm (LAA), which accounts for alternative coding patterns (e.g., ArLD secondary diagnosis with alcohol/liver‐related primary diagnosis), to national and local datasets in the context of studying trends in ArLD admissions before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: We applied the standard approach and LAA to Hospital Episode Statistics for England (2013–21). The algorithm was also deployed at 28 hospitals to discharge coding for emergency admissions during a common 7‐day period in 2019 and 2020, in which eligible patient records were reviewed manually to verify the diagnosis and extract data. Results: Nationally, LAA identified approximately 100% more monthly emergency admissions from 2013 to 2021 than the standard method. The annual number of ArLD‐specific admissions increased by 30.4%. Of 39,667 admissions in 2020/21, only 19,949 were identified with standard approach, an estimated admission cost of £70 million in under‐recorded cases. Within 28 local hospital datasets, 233 admissions were identified using the standard approach and a further 250 locally verified cases using the LAA (107% uplift). There was an 18% absolute increase in ArLD admissions in the seven‐day evaluation period in 2020 versus 2019. There were no differences in disease severity or mortality, or in the proportion of admissions with decompensation of cirrhosis or alcoholic hepatitis. Conclusions: The LAA can be applied successfully to local and national datasets. It consistently identifies approximately 100% more cases than the standard coding approach. The algorithm has revealed the true extent of ArLD admissions. The pandemic has compounded a long‐term rise in ArLD admissions and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Accurate estimates for the risk of COVID‐19 in IBD, and an understanding of the impact of COVID‐19 on IBD course and the risk of incident post‐infectious IBD are needed. Aims: To estimate the risk of COVID‐19 in IBD and study its impact on IBD course and the risk of incident post‐infectious IBD. Methods: A retrospective propensity score matched cohort study utilising multi‐institutional research network TriNetX. COVID‐19 patients with and without IBD were identified to quantify the risk of COVID‐19 in patients with IBD, COVID‐19 outcomes in patients with IBD and the impact of COVID‐19 on IBD disease course. The risk of incident post‐infectious IBD in COVID‐19 patients was compared to the population not infected with COVID‐19 during a similar time period. Results: Incidence rate ratio for COVID‐19 was lower in IBD patients compared to the non‐IBD population (0.79, 95% CI: 0.72‐0.86). COVID‐19‐infected patients with IBD were at increased risk for requiring hospitalisation compared to non‐IBD population (RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.02‐1.34) with no differences in need for mechanical ventilation or mortality. Patients with IBD on steroids were at an increased risk for critical care need (RR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.29‐3.82). Up to 7% of patients with IBD infected with COVID‐19 suffered an IBD flare 3‐months post‐infection. Risk for incident IBD post‐COVID was lower than that seen in the non‐COVID population (RR: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.54‐0.65). Conclusion: We observed no increase in risk for COVID‐19 amongst patients with IBD or risk for de novo IBD after COVID‐19 infection. We confirmed prior observations regarding the impact of steroid use on COVID‐19 severity in patients with IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Accumulating evidence suggests a beneficial effective of tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) inhibitors on the outcomes of COVID‐19 disease, which, however is not validated by all studies. Aims: To perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis of existing reports to investigate the impact of anti‐TNF treatments on the clinical outcomes of COVID‐19 patients. Methods: A systematic search at PubMed and SCOPUS databases using specific keywords was performed. All reports of COVID‐19 outcomes for patients receiving anti‐TNF therapy by September 2021 were included. Pooled effect measures were calculated using a random‐effects model. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale for observational studies was used to assess bias. Studies that were not eligible for meta‐analysis were described qualitatively. Results: In total, 84 studies were included in the systematic review, and 35 were included in the meta‐analysis. Patients receiving anti‐TNF treatment, compared to non‐anti‐TNF, among COVID‐19 cases had a lower probability of hospitalisation (eight studies, 2555 patients, pooled OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.42‐0.67, I2 = 0) and severe disease defined as intensive care unit admission or death (two studies, 1823 patients, pooled OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41‐0.96, I2 = 0), after adjustment for validated predictors of adverse disease outcomes. No difference was found for the risk for hospitalisation due to COVID‐19 in populations without COVID‐19 for patients receiving anti‐TNF treatment compared to non‐anti‐TNF (three studies, 5 994 958 participants, pooled risk ratio = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.68‐1.39, I2 = 20) adjusted for age, sex and comorbidities. Conclusions: TNF‐α inhibitors are associated with a lower probability of hospitalisation and severe COVID‐19 when compared to any other treatment for an underlying inflammatory disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Poor immune responses are frequently observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving established vaccines; risk factors include immunosuppressants and active disease. Aims: To summarise available information regarding immune responses achieved in patients with IBD receiving established vaccines. Using this information, to identify risk factors in the IBD population related to poor vaccine‐induced immunity that may be applicable to vaccines against COVID‐19. Methods: We undertook a literature review on immunity to currently recommended vaccines for patients with IBD and to COVID‐19 vaccines and summarised the relevant literature. Results: Patients with IBD have reduced immune responses following vaccination compared to the general population. Factors including the use of immunomodulators and anti‐TNF agents reduce response rates. Patients with IBD should be vaccinated against COVID‐19 at the earliest opportunity as recommended by International Advisory Committees, and vaccination should not be deferred because a patient is receiving immune‐modifying therapies. Antibody titres to COVID‐19 vaccines appear to be reduced in patients receiving anti‐TNF therapy, especially in combination with immunomodulators after one vaccination. Therefore, we should optimise any established risk factors that could impact response to vaccination in patients with IBD before vaccination. Conclusions: Ideally, patients with IBD should be vaccinated at the earliest opportunity against COVID‐19. Patients should be in remission and, if possible, have their corticosteroid dose minimised before vaccination. Further research is required to determine the impact of different biologics on vaccine response to COVID‐19 and the potential for booster vaccines or heterologous prime‐boost vaccinations in the IBD population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, there have been many scientific reports regarding gastrointestinal manifestations. Several reports indicate the possibility of viral shedding via faeces and the possibility of faecal‐oral transmission. Aims: To critically assess the clinical relevance of testing stool samples and anal swabs and provide an overview of the potential faecal‐oral transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2. Methods: A systematic literature search with MeSH terms was performed, scrutinising the Embase database, Google scholar, MEDLINE database through PubMed and The Cochrane Library, including articles from December 2019 until July 7 2020. Data were subsequently analysed with descriptive statistics. Results: Ninety‐five studies were included in the qualitative analysis. 934/2149 (43%) patients tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 in stool samples or anal swabs, with positive test results up to 70 days after symptom onset. A meta‐analysis executed with studies of at least 10 patients revealed a pooled positive proportion of 51.8% (95% CI 43.8 ‐ 59.7%). Positive faecal samples of 282/443 patients (64%) remained positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 for a mean of 12.5 days, up to 33 days maximum, after respiratory samples became negative for SARS‐CoV‐2. Viable SARS‐CoV‐2 was found in 6/17 (35%) patients in whom this was specifically investigated. Conclusions: Viral shedding of SARS‐CoV‐2 in stool samples occurs in a substantial proportion of patients, making faecal‐oral transmission plausible. Furthermore, detection in stool samples or anal swabs can persist long after negative respiratory testing. Therefore, stool sample or anal swab testing should be (re)considered in relation to decisions for isolating or discharging a patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the causative pathogen of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), became a global threat to human health. Liver impairment has been frequently reported as a common manifestation, although its clinical significance is still unclear, particularly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease (CLD). Aims: To summarise the changes in liver function tests during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and the impact of COVID‐19 in patients with underlying CLD. Methods: A literature review using online database PubMed was done using the search terms "SARS‐CoV‐2", "COVID‐19", "liver", "cirrhosis" and "liver transplantation". Results: COVID‐19 is frequently associated with different degrees of abnormal liver function tests, most notably transaminases, which are usually transitory and of mild degree. Available evidence suggests that liver injury may result from direct pathogenic effect by the virus, systemic inflammation or toxicity from commonly used drugs in this subset of patients. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children is associated with minimal or no increase in liver enzymes, thus the presence of abnormal liver function tests should trigger evaluation for underlying liver diseases. Although it seems that patients with CLD are not at greater risk for acquiring the infection, those with cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune liver diseases or liver transplant may have a greater risk for severe COVID‐19. Conclusions: Abnormal liver function tests during the course of COVID‐19 are common, though clinically significant liver injury is rare. Further research is needed focusing on the effect of existing liver‐related comorbidities on treatment and outcome of COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]