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The concept of social sustainability is not a particularly innovative or new idea. In practice, this concept has been embodied in traditional architecture for generations, especially within traditional religious cities. While sustainable design compatible with the natural and social environment is not a modern idea however, it can be seen as having been lost in some of the development leading to the present time. This article thus aims to discuss how traditional urban patterns can inspire planners to create socially sustainable modern urban environments, focusing on the traditional urban plans for the city of Karbala, which is one of the most important religious cities in Iraq. The factors that determine the sustainability of societies are first reviewed, based on previous studies. Then, the main factors that characterise the traditional plan of Karbala city are described and identified, with an emphasis on the basic pillars that promote social sustainability and help achieve community communication; these pillars are also prioritised in terms of their efficacy in achieving social sustainability. The main aim of this article is thus to ensure that planners and designers can take into account the historical development of religious cities, recognising important lessons learned from the past that should be incorporated in the design of new cities, as well as the development or redevelopment of existing cities. This is important, as the values inherent in traditional urban architecture can complement modern urban planning and design techniques and make them more socially sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial activities and garbage disposal facilities in Iraq produce large quantities of non-biodegradable solid plastic waste that significantly. pollute the environment. This research thus examines the use of several volumetric options of coarsely shredded. PET plastic bottles (15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, and 55%) to be used as an alternative to natural coarse aggregate sustainable concrete production. The tests applied thus include workability, oven-dry density, flexural strength, and compressive strength - In spite of some disadvantages in terms of lower compressive strength plastic waste, aggregate has a number of benefits in terms of flexural strength. Another advantage is that, because of the plastic waste component, plastic aggregates result in a more lightweight concrete. The dry densities of the coarse PET plastic garbage used to replace 45% of the waste and 55% of the natural coarse aggregate were 1,910 and 1,850 kg/m3, respectively. Lightweight concrete is a specific term used to describe certain concrete mixes, and the percentage reductions in compressive strength of concrete containing 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, and 55% PET plastic waste as a volumetric alternative to natural coarse aggregate were about 33%, 41.39%, 68.47%, 69.61%, and 84.4%, respectively. The percentage reductions in flexural strength of concrete samples with 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, and 55% PET plastic waste were 6.41%, 21.15%, 31.53%, 42.05%, and 43.59%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to examine the microfinance sector in Iraq. The researchers tried to find solutions to the problems of unemployment and poverty as well as support rural farmers through the support provided by the microfinance institutions. This study was based on Data obtained from questionnaires and reports issued by microfinance institutions. This study also used descriptive method. The main findings of this study are that microfinance institutions in Iraq are facing major challenges that determines their operations, efficiency, outreach scope, etc. Moreover, this study suggested valuable and important recommendations in order to overcome such challenges and improve the performance of microfinance institutions activities in Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, radon gas concentration was measured for a number of schools located in Diyala Governorate, Iraq, using the CR-39 detector, which is from Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs). In a number of classrooms, the detector was set at a distance of 160 cm from the earth's surface, for a period of time, these detectors were exposed (30 days). Where the results showed that the concentration of radon gas ranged from the lowest value which is equal to(8.528)Bq/m3 for the sample (D5) in (Alshumue) school to the greatest value, which was (50.395)Bq/m3 for the sample (A4) that was in (Alandalusia) school. , where the average radon gas concentration was equal to (25.257)Bq/m3, and the lung cancer cases per year per 106 person (CPPP) was also calculated, Where the results ranged from (3.873 to 22.885), with a rate equal to (11.470). After comparing the results obtained with the global results, it was found that they are much less than the permissible limits, which were recorded through ICPR (200-300) Bq/m3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Iraq and many Mediterranean countries, hydatid disease is endemic from a long time. The disease causes health, economic, and social disasters. Iraq has become one of the most endemic areas for this disease, particularly in the central as well as southern regions. Particularly in the areas between the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers. Many farmers and sheep breeders live in these areas. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between hydatid disease and various variables such as the differences in infection rates between males and females, age, and geographical distribution of patients. This study included patients with hydatid disease who were admitted to the "Al-Sadr" General Hospital between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2020 and there were 58 patients in total. According to the findings, the most affected areas of this disease are rural areas, and the peasantry is the most affected group of females. The reason for this is due to the nature of their work with crops and animals. The findings also revealed that females are infected at a higher rate than males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in numerous nations across the globe, all public schools in Iraq were forced to close. Teachers were put in a difficult position because of the necessity of accommodating online learning. The Ministry of Education in Iraq has obligated all schools to substitute face-to-face teaching processes with online learning. The Ministry also put forward several educational projects and platforms, such as Newton, Classera, and My School through Educational TV. Although these projects were urgent, they created many issues for students, teachers and schools. The results of this study reveal that online learning in Iraq experienced substantial growth during the breakout of the Corona virus crisis. Schools have the potential to take advantage of the new educational methods, and also transform their teaching practices. On the other hand, this new approach faces many challenges, including technological, educational, and social. Unreliable communications and a weak Internet are among the biggest challenges, as well as many students' lack the electronic devices required for learning. Moreover, despite the abundance of digital resources, both teachers and students have low abilities at using electronic tools. The study recommended the necessity of accelerating technological readiness by training students and teachers to use technological applications and providing educational platforms that have the ability to meet their needs, as well as strengthening the role of educational supervision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning technique have been effectively used in resolving computer vision issues including medical image analysis. Since chest X-rays are the most frequently ordered and less expensive diagnostic imaging test, they are used as the first imaging technique to diagnose COVID-19 disease. In medical image analysis and classification, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and transfer learning are a highly effective mechanism for efficiently sharing knowledge from generic to domain-specific object recognition tasks. This work deals with the deep learning modelling as a precise tool for diagnosing and classification of five Lung Diseases (covid-19, healthy, viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, lung opacity, and Tuberculosis) quickly and accurately. In this study, x-ray image dataset of covid-19 and healthy cases was collected from various locations in Iraq. The other x-ray images of other diseases were obtained from multiple publicly available x-ray datasets, totalling 150 images for each class. Utilizing deep and transfer learning techniques such as ResNet18, ResNet50, MobileNetv2, GoogleNet, and DenseNet201. The application and evaluating of these models are done using five-fold cross-validation the AUC (Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve) and confusion matrices. Comparison results of these five proposed models showed that the pre-trained DenseNet201 model outperforms the other models and achieve an accuracy rate of 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many historical buildings have lost their original function and remained as ruins in the form of full structure or as parts only. Some of these buildings acquire conservation importance according to their location, history, and the events that accompanied them. Therefore, it becomes necessary to preserve them, with the possibility of re-using them with a new contemporary function, especially when their original functions are not in need. In Iraq, many examples of historical and traditional buildings could be conserved, rehabilitated and re-used. However, the used methods of rehabilitation may not be successful and acceptable according to the society in most of the conservation projects. This leads to the research problem which is stated as the need for activating the role of community participation in the adaptive reuse of historical buildings as a sustainable approach. The research aims to provide knowledge about adaptive reuse as a sustainable conservation approach, and community participation concept, by concentrating on decision making type of participation. This is done by conducting a public survey to analyze and compare conservation methods and the proposed new function of the award winners' proposals for rehabilitating the Old Baghdad Governorate building as an example of adaptive reuse. The research finds that community participation is useful and their opinion is reliable because of the approximate viewpoints for both the society and the specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies proved the possibility of improving the quality of irrigation water by using the magnetic water treatment. Generally, this magnetic treatment is conducted by exposing the water to magnetic field for a specified time. In this research, the magnetic treatment with intensity 3000Gauss is merged with vortex effects. The vortex is used to treat water for the first time in the laboratories of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Iraq. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of the vortex magnetic system used to treat saline water, which was collected from two selected wells within the city of Baghdad, and thus determine the possibility of using saline water wells for irrigation purposes. Some physical properties of this water were tested including Electrical Conductivity (EC), Acidic Function (pH), and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). The results of tested properties of treated water in the vortex and magnetic treatments system (VM) were compared with untreated water and that treated only by magnetic treatment system (M). Maximum percentage of increase of EC when using the treatment VM of well number one was 35.3% higher than of the water treated by magnetic field only at the high discharge of 10l/min. The pH values were less affected by the treatment with vortex magnetic system and magnetic system. The large percentage of increase of DO when using the treatment VM of well number one was 33.6% higher than treatment with magnetic field at the lower discharge of 0.2l/min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The as-built document is an important collection of information. It includes of construction drawings and specifications that can be used to manage facilities. The documents are created and updated throughout the project's lifecycle. The technique is manual and prone to errors, making it difficult to make decisions. With the development of technology, it has become possible to make a three-dimensional model (3D) to evaluate the building for construction monitoring purposes. The purpose of this study is to present a method for generating and verifying the accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D) model for smartphone's camera images. Where the principle of close-range photogrammetry is used with coded targets. These coded targets have been used to improve the accuracy of the 3D point cloud created with the Structured from Motion (SFM) and Multi View Stereo MVS methods. It could be built with a mesh and a texture to simulate the reality. in this study, The research was carried out in Baghdad / Iraq, where it was applied to a small building, where the pictures were taken by a samsung_galaxy_s9+ and then transferred to a software and the 3D model was built. At the end of the study, the results showed that the accuracy of the model that was created is approximately 100 percent and the error rate does not exceed 1millimeter.It has been noted from the results that it is possible to obtain a 3D as built model, which is of high accuracy and at a very low cost, and it can be generated at any time whenever required because the device is available to everyone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was carried in Iraq in order to know behavior and development entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae who was exposed for Ultra-Violet UV-C which length wave 254 nm and periods irradiated 10 and 15 minutes on pupae of insect of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Potato Tuber Moth) (PTM) on laboratory conditions, the results demonstrations fungi which irradiated to UV-C was significantly effect in decrease of the percentage of emergency with increase of concentrations, also showed decrease the proteins ratio in bloods are 6.30 and 8.14 µg/ L to adults which were emerged from pupae with ages (1-2) and (6-8) days respectively which were treated with fungi irradiated periods 10 minutes at concentrations 1×107 spore/ml, compared with adults were emerged from pupae were treated with fungi non-irradiated are 30.10 and 24.04 µg/L, in addition to decrease ratio of sugar in bloods which reached 18.38 and 23.15 µg/ L for adults were emerged from pupae aged(1-2) and (6-8) days respectively, and decreased ratio component of bloods for side quantity and quality which reached of hemocyte are 70 and 76 respectively for adults which were emerged from pupae were exposed to irradiated fungi with compared to 211 and 201 for adults which were emerged from pupae were exposed to non-irradiated fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaitophorus populialbae (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Homoptera : Aphididae) is one of the important pest which attacks Euphratica poplar trees in Iraq. This study is conducted on poplar leaves aphids, C. populialbae In Shirqat district in Iraq during 2018 season. The study includes different leaf shapes of Populus euphratica such as (cordate, reniform, oval and ovate) Nymphs started to appear on Poplar leaves in the first two weeks of April and extendes till the end of November. The results indicate a fluctuation in population density during the mentioned period of time. The peak of population density (471 nymph) on the cordite shape is at the end of the third week of June. However, the least population density (27 nymph) on the reniform shape is recorded at the end of November. The activity period of nymphs may be affected by environmental conditions, especially temperature and relative humidity (RH). Among the different shapes of Poplar euphratica leaves had the highest infection that occurred when temperature and humidity are 33° and 24 % respectively. Toxicity of applied insecticides was investigated after 24 and 48 h in laboratory. Mortality (100%) was recorde by buprofezin a concentration of 0.001 after 48h followed by buprofezin with 93.33% mortality at 0.001 concentration after 24h of application. The study also showed that the least effective treatment was with abamectin (33.33% mortality) after 24h and 40% mortality after 48h at 0.025 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was carried out in a private field by using the hydroponic farm of the Faculty of Agriculture - Kerbala University. The experiment was conducted on 2019-2020 growing season. The experiment included three factors: the first factor is four concentrations of cadmium chloride (0,25,50 and100) mg.cd.L−1, and the second factor is four concentrations of lead chloride (0,25,50 and 100) mg.cd.L−1 and the third factor are two varieties of wheat bread (Triticum aestivum. L) variety (Iraq) and wheat coarse (Triticum durum L.) variety (gondola) and with three replications showed the following results: The variety Iraq was superior in all the studied traits, such as root length, root weigh, root size, as well as root diameter) 39.229, 3.362, 5.958, 0.797), The (0T) (0 Cd,0 Pb) treatment excelled in increasing the root length, root weigh, root diameter (45.55, 3.720, 1.018), while the(T1) (0 Cd,25 Pb) treatment excelled in the root size(7.000) while the 2T(0 Cd,50 Pb) treatment excelled in the root length(48.333). The overlap treatment of the gondola variety and its coefficient (T0) outperformed the root diameter(1.038). The overlap treatment (T0) outperformed Iraq in the root size (8.333) and the overlap treatment and the T2 of the gondola varieties outperformed in increasing the root length, root weight (51.333, 4.210) sequentially. *The research is based on the doctoral thesis of the first researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was carried out under a plastic house during 2019/2020 in Al-Hindiya Herticaullare Station, Karbala Province, Iraq. Seeds of moringa were planted in black polyethylene bags of 5 kg soil capacity Factorial experiment within Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D) with three replicates was adopted Data were statiscally analyzed and means were compared by using Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) at 0.05 probability level. The aim was to assess the effect of three levels of the nano chelated Fe i.e. 0 ,180 and 360 mg. l−1 , and four levels of Boron(B) i.e. 0, 25 ,50 and 75 mg.L−1 sprayed either once or twice – on the root growth. Results revealed that. Iron significantly affected on the root growth parameters.where 360 mg. l−1 Fe gave the highest values of root dry, root length, root size and root diameter giving 9.67g.pl−1 ,28.50 cm , 21.46 cm3 and 2.23cm respectively compared with the lowest values of faired from the control treatment , which gave 6.01 g , 20.42cm, 18.03cm3and1.12cm respectively. Root dry weight where 75mgl−1 gave 11.07g compared with the control which gave4,2,3g plants sprayed once gave heavier root 8.64g compared with plants sprayed twice which gave7.54g. The interaction between of spraying and B significantly affected dry weight of root, where B at 75mg.l−1sprayed once gave 11.26g compared with the control treatment which gave 4.72g. Boron, bi-interaction and tri-interaction did not affect root, growth parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cladosporium species are the most common fungal component of air, it is cosmopolitan and found on all kinds of plants, soil, food, and organic substrate, this genus belongs to dematiaceous fungi which represent a large and varied group of fungi. Cladosporium colombiae first isolate from Cortaderia leaves collected in Colombia, and in this study, Cladosporium colombiae was isolated from air in Basrah, Iraq, and depending on its morphology and molecular analysis, it was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mineralogical study have been carried out to two outcrop sections Injana Formation and recent sediment. At selected areas from Salah al-Din Governorate (Tikrit and Al-Botumah). Which is located on the western bank of Tigris River, central Iraq. The study is separating clay fraction I the Injane sediment, which is analyzed be using XRD to six samples that are divided in three samples of the Tikrit area and three samples of the Al-Botumah area. A lso heavy minerals, seven samples are made and distributed for the deposits of the Injana Formation one in the Tikrit area and three in the Al-Botumah area, while the recent deposits only include three samples two from the Tikrit area and one from the Al-Botumah area. The identified clay minerals, montmorillonite, chlorite, and kaolinite minerals, in addition to the non-clay minerals represented by quartz, calcite and feldspar within the deposits of clay rocks by injana Formation the presence of clay minerals, The source area of the clay mineral of the Injana Formation are derived from high terrain and a semi-arid to semi-humid climate and are deposited in an alluvial environment. The heavy minerals, Is showing shows the presence of several groups of it which are; opaque minerals consisting of iron oxides, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, kainite, epidote, pyroxene, Garnet, chlorite and amphibole. The source rocks of the sediment as indicate from the heavy minerals are mulita be from Igneous, metamorphic and sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, with all the climate change problems that we face worldwide, engineers from different specialists work together towards Sustainability and finding solutions, and investigating its environmental impact thoroughly. Architectural, Chemical, environmental, civil engineers have always been closely linked in designing and constructing buildings. Geothermal energy is a local, resilient, reliable, ecologically benign, and sustainable form of the renewable energy system. This type of natural energy could be generated from the earth's heat and takes a variety of purposes, including building heating and cooling, electricity generation, supplying warm/cold water for agricultural products in greenhouses, as well as balneological usage. Furthermore, geothermal energy isn't affected by weather and could provide electricity and heat nearly constantly through the year. This study intends to investigate the opportunity of using geothermal energy in Iraq under the ground represents one of the sustainable energy resources we can use it will be a significant environmental benefit in our housing in air conditioning applications. This review gives a summary of geothermal energy systems in general. Topics addressed include: an introduction to the environments and the energy, also their relationship, a geothermal energy history brief, an overview of geothermal energy systems throughout the world and also through Iraq, and an overview of geothermal systems environmental impacts as well as the environmental impact of Sustainable buildings architecture design, are just a few of the topics covered. Hence, the achieved conclusions of this review can make changes towards sustainable environmental design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted to evaluate the sewage water and its processing in General Samarra Hospital, Salah Ad Din Governorate, Iraq in 2019–2020. The study included the analysis and measurement of physical and chemical properties with low-cost natural processing with no side effects to reduce the harmful water pollution in Tigris River. The results of the present study showed that the conductivity, turbidity and total hardness of Sewage water decreased from 1596 µs/cm to 727 µs/cm, 332 NTU to 28 NTU, 633 ml/l to 491 ml/l, respectively. The concentrations of biological dissolved oxygen, total suspended solid, and total dissolved solid increased, and those of preprocessing nitrates (104, 0.53, 966, and 25.2) varied significantly with the results of post processing (52, 0.03, 361, and 12.0, respectively). The results showed the efficient processing of sewage water when treated with zeolite rocks powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are serious environmental problems due to the higher rate of fuel consumption during the period 2006– 2019. The higher escalation of automobile numbers in Iraq generally and the Kurdistan Region (KRI) in specific has led to a rapid increase in air pollution. During the ISIS war, the area faced problems due to the decline in the economic level and the increase in the number of refugees from different war regions in Iraq and even from Syria which led to an increase in the old, environmentally unfriendly vehicles. The number of automobiles has increased by 21 times, therefore the consumed fuel and the released pollutant increased by the same rate. Large traffic data were obtained from the Traffic General Directorate in KRI. Tenths of gasoline and diesel oil samples were laboratory tested for Sulphur content. The practical aspects of the research took nearly two years, as samples of fuel were taken during different seasons and examined in the laboratories of Koya University. These checks were accompanied by a statistical investigation of the daily fuel consumption for each type of vehicle based on the traveled distances. The estimated emissions of harmful gases are concentrated on (CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, and HC) in addition to MP (mass particulates). These data were analyzed and graphically represented in a suitable way. The research aims to determine the risk assessment of the increase of different pollutants on the environment due to transportation during the period from 2006–2019 in.KRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study measured the dose rate to the background radiation of soil samples collected from all Najaf districts at Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq using portable radiation dosimeter type Inspector Exp. made in the USA. Also, annual average effective dose (AAED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were determined as well as all results were drawn by the GIS(ArcGIS 10.7.1.) technique. The results show that the average values with stander error for dose rate (µSv/h), AAED (mSv/y), and ELCR×10−3 were 0.121±0.004, 1.06±0.03, and 3.73±0.12, respectively. The background radiation from soil samples was determined for each district indicate that the Najaf city can be regarded as having normal levels of background radiation which suggests that it does not pose any health hazards or radiological effects for the inhabitant of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical models have been developed in this study to predict water quality parameters, with the intention of demonstrating both benefits and the viability of using Landsat 8 spectral images to estimate water quality parameters in one main of the Iraqi Rivers, it is the Tigris River. The study area was along the part of the Tigris River which is located in Baghdad (capital) and Babylon governorate, in the middle part of Iraq. Water quality data archive for the of total dissolved solids (TDS), phosphates (PO4), Sulfate (SO4), and total hardness (TH) of the water Tigris river during four seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn) distributed along four years (2013, 2014, 2015 and 2017), was collected from sixteen ground stations along the part of Tigris river. The objective of this study to establish seasonal empirical mathematical models can use them every year during the season time without the need for calibration every time. For this purpose, has been following the different approach when compared with all of the studies which are carried before by collecting data for the same season and for different years. Prior to the establishment of the models, both preprocessing of data as radiometric and atmospheric corrections were applied to the optical data. Through multiple regression analysis between measured water quality parameters of the ground stations and the reflectance of the pixels corresponding to the sampling stations. Statistical models with determination coefficients between 0.89 - 0.95 were generated. Results indicate this novelty approach has generated mathematical models for the open time for any year but in the special season. Another indicator that from a small number of measured parameters can generate reliable models to estimate the concentration of TDS, PO4, SO4, and TH. So models generated from Landsat 8 can be used as a tool to facilitate the environmental, economic, and social management of the surface waters bodies like a Tigris river. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water samples were collected from the Tigris River and the Phragmites australis plant seasonally from both stations from August 2018 to April 2019 for the purpose of measuring the concentration of heavy elements (zinc, lead, nickel) in the water and parts of Phragmites australis (root, stem, leaves, fruits) separately. Results: The results showed an increase in the concentration of Zn water of 0.751 mg/L in summer for the second station, and an imperceptible decrease in the concentration of Pb and Ni in the spring for the first station.. The concentrations of heavy elements in the Tigris water followed the following descending sequence: Zinc> Lead> Nickel. The results also showed that there is a difference in the accumulation of heavy elements in the parts of Phragmites australis (root, stem, leaves and fruits), as it follows the descending sequence of the following elements: lead> zinc> nickel, and the plant Phragmites australis parts follow the descending order as follows: stem> fruits> leaves, so the first stop Less heavy metal contamination than second station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid illness (COVID-19) happened in December 2019 first in Wuhan city of Hubei region of China. World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed the spread or transmission of this infection as a pandemic. The infection named as severe intense respiratory disorder Covid 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses on February 11, 2020. Disease due to this novel-coronavirus is infectious. Therefore, modeling such disease is required to understand methods of transmission, spread, epidemic. Several researchers have found that the transfer of the virus occurs through human contact via their pathogens, such as coughing, sneezing, and breathing. With all sorts of preventive measures (social distancing, wearing mask and lockdown), there is a need to develop a dynamic model of epidemiology for infectious disease. In this article, we have developed a new epidemiological dynamical model-design towards simulating spread and awareness towards this genomic- virus. This model studies the complexity analysis including time series and phase dynamics for the development of the virus in Iraq. Examination helps the comprehension of episode of this infection towards different pieces of the mainland and the world. Accuracy in addition to, validity for the assessment would prove to be superior if models fit less of the data on basis of the features: population-mobility with natural-history, epidemiological-characteristics, & transmission-contrivances for virus-gene. It is concluded that for Iraq the spread is following the log normal behavior with long tail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to use the linear goal programming model in determining the time of completion of the Iraq residential gate project and seeking to achieve the goals that the implementing company seeks by arranging them according to importance from the top to the bottom to reach the optimal decision to complete the project at the time specified for it in the timetable without delay and with the lowest possible costs And of the highest quality , As this requires a lot of things that must be followed, such as managing risks or exceptional circumstances that occur during the completion and impede the progress of the project, and through the use of the goal programming method and using the (win qsb) program, the required objectives were reached without any negative or positive deviation of the two goals, which confirms the importance of using The method of goal programming in solving project management problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Documentation the risk of the COVID-19 in.Iraq is occurred by interpretation of the case fatality rate (CFR) across a period of time. and different regions. This could highlight the reason behind the rapid spreading of COVID-19 among Iraqi population. Methods: in this work we introduced and applied a protocol to evaluate and elucidate the behavior of the case fatality rate (CFR) of COVID-19 at different regions in Iraq. This evaluation was performed across 6 months (27th March - 27th September). All data of COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq were obtained from the websites of Health Ministry in Iraq (https://moh.gov.iq/). Results: During the study period, Baghdad score is the highest fatality rate compering with other cities flowed by Basara then Babylon. Baghdad has the highest CFR value (8.5) compared with Arbil and Mosil have 2.5 and 3.19 respectively, in which are better than (Baghdad, Basra and Babil) there was more than 50% less than Baghdad. Furthermore, Babylon city ranks the first in terms of the death rate among population (0.25%) and (0.0017%) to Iraq population. The reason behind that could be related to the population density in the rural area, and the lag during transfer COVID-19 patients to specialized tertiary. On the other hand, Mosil had the lowest death rate population (0.012%) compared with other cities in this study. Conclusion: Comparing fatality rate and death rate of COVID-19 pandemic across different Iraqi cities would help to illustrate the strength and spreading rate of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsporum canis is a keratinized skin fungus that causes diseases in animals, especially Cat and Dog. It is able to infected human causes Tinea capitis and Tinea corporis. The aim of this study is to isolate the dermatophytes fungi Microsporum canis and determine its frequency in cats and dogs in Baghdad / Iraq. A total of eighty hair and skin scrapings from cats (40) and dogs (40) were collected. For the culture; Saboruad dextrose agar was used. The Sex, Age, and Anatomical lesion of affected animals were taken into consideration. Cats have a prevailing isolation rate of 11/40 (27.5%). Female cats and dogs showed more frequently isolated rate at (4/7) 57.1% and (7/11) 63.63% respectively. Dogs and cat less than one year old had more M. canis Isolation rate at (4/7) 57.1% and (6/11) 54.54% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work studies the efficiency of the microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) process to consolidate and therefore, improve the strength and stiffness of sand using ureolytic bacteria isolated from different sources in Iraq including alkaline soil, horses barn soil, cows barn soil, wastewater sludge, concrete and agricultural field soil. The results revealed that all isolates formed calcite and were able to bioconsolidate sand efficiently. However, bacteria isolated from cow barn soil (Bacillus sphaericus) induced higher calcium carbonate production compared to other isolated strains. Furthermore, have relatively low penetration distance and higher retention time as a result of the formation of calcium carbonate (calcite) crystals in a sand matrix allowing the sand column to be filled with plugging materials. The results also establish a relationship between strength/stiffness gained from biosolidification sand with an increased amount of CaCO3 precipitations in all isolates and this promotes sustainable soil improvement in geotechnical applications. The presence of calcium carbonate through sand matrix biosolidification was analyzed under SEM-EDX and XRD analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kaolinitic mudstones (claystone-siltstone) from the Ga'ara Formation (Permo-Carboniferous) at the Ga'ara depression, Western Desert of Iraq, have been investigated to characterize the factors controlling the distribution of major and trace elements of them and thus to detail the diagenetic and depositional history of clay and non-clay mineral phases of these rocks. This study also aims to assess their weathering conditions and source-area composition. Mineralogical (XRD) and geochemical analyses (Major and trace elements) revealed that these rocks are mainly composed of kaolinite, Fe- oxyhydroxides (hematite and goethite), Ti-oxides (anatase and rutile), illite and slight amounts of secondary minerals. Factor analysis of major and trace elements revealed that transportation of the clay with associated minerals as clay fraction grains and colloids (kaolin and iron) play main roles in the distribution of minerals in the Ga'ara mudstones. The high chemical index of alteration (CIA; avg.= 93.6), low index of compositional variability (ICV; avg.=0.79), A-CN-K plot, K2O/Al2O3 and MgO/Al2O3 ratios indicate intensely weathered source area. This had led to the depletion of most cations such as Ca, Mg, K, Na, Sr, Rb, although some cations such as K and Rb are fixed on illite. The Al2O3/TiO2 ratio (24.6 avg.) suggests the derivation mainly from the felsic igneous rocks with some contribution of intermediate and mafic sources. These sources were likely the plutonic-metamorphic complex of the Arabian Shield to the southwest of the Ga'ara basin. The V/Cr and Ni/Co ratios indicate that the Ga'ara mudstones were deposited in oxidizing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to generate and maintain competitive advantage in supply chain is critical to an organization's survival, particularly in the era of globalization. However, there are a limited number of logistics service providers (LSPs) studies exploring sustainable competitive advantage in post-war countries. In post-war countries such as Iraq, organizations face various challenges to recover and achieve competitive advantage in the supply chain. Thus, the key objectives of this study are to examine the relationships between hotel's logistics resources and sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) in the context of tourism industry development in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Questionnaire was used as data collection technique to measure the effect of logistics resources on SCA. The results showed that that there is strongly relationship between logistics resources and SCA in hotel industry. Therefore, the tourism in Kurdistan region needs continued government attention and supports. It is also critically vital to identify logistics resources to facilitate SCA, which may assist the new model's development in improving tourism industry in Kurdistan region of Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al-Najaf sea depression is one of the regions that witnessed many climate changes during the past thirty years. In this study, remote sensing techniques (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) applications were used to detect changes that occurred in the water area and land cover of Al-Najaf sea. The landsat5 Thematic Mapper (TM), landsat8 Operational Land Image (OLI) satellite data (30images) were used form 1990 to 2020. The supervised classification process was performed with Maximum likelihood method, the area and percentage of each class was calculated. Water and vegetation cover changes were observed using Modification of Normalized Difference Water Index (mNDWI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), technology. In this study, will be analyzed Najaf sea depression area, precipitation and temperature, revealing the impact of climate change and human activities on long-term water changes. Through the results, the variation of the surface water area in Najaf sea depression is mainly affected by the precipitation and flow of water towards the flood plains, maximum water body area in 2013 and the minimum water bodies is in 2002. Human impacts appeared on the Najaf Sea depression, where fish farms were established on the western side of it and wells were dug for the purpose of filling them, which caused a clear increase in sea water from 2014 and reached its highest value in 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a threaded connection of prefabricated reinforced concrete columns, which can be used to connect elements of prefabricated buildings and structures. The contact-screw connection of prefabricated reinforced concrete consists of an upper and a lower column, both have a steel external thread of a cylindrical shape in the end section are connected, while in the upper and lower parts it consists of 16 deformed steel rods with welding, in the upper part there are 8 rods, in the same amount at the bottom, corresponding at the same time to have a secure connection at the end of the installation. The strength of a helical column connection is determined to ensure the transmission of axial loads and moment in the connections, allowing for shear and shearing failure of the threads that can occur between the connected columns. The structural characteristics of the connected columns have been determined in accordance with coda standards. By means of the necessary calculations for the screw connection of precast concrete columns (steel-reinforced concrete, pipe concrete), the corresponding rigidity and strength were confirmed. The developed new connections will help in modular building construction and speed up the installation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, modernistic optimization techniques, like Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial neural network (ANN) were employed for estimate the best reactions kinetic parameters founded on minimizing the mean absolute errors (MAE) between the real and predicted data for catalytic reforming unit situated in AL-Daura refinery-Baghdad/Iraq. In this unit, sweet heavy naphtha feedstock is achieved in four fixed bed semi regenerative reactors utilizing commercial platinum on alumina (Pt/Al2O3) as a catalyst. Each reactor temperature differed from (450-500) °C, and the pressure was (25-34) bar. The proposed kinetic model has 87 reactions and 33 reacting components and all reactions are pseudo-first order. The model explains the distribution of composition, temperature and pressure over the four reactors. The simulation and optimization results showed that, GA is faster than PSO in getting the global optimum values, while the ANN does not produce acceptable accuracy due to the huge number of input/output variables and high nonlinearity of the reforming process. GA has strong capacity of global searching and could achieve good global searching ability compared with the other optimization methods. Using GA, the model was fine tuned against the refinery data and the final results such as outlet reformate compositions, temperature, pressure and RON have shown well agreement with actual values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation of the reservoir was developed as a good practice for making the best decision on an oil reservoir. The reservoir is defined by reservoir elements such as structural model, well details, rock and fluid properties. The reservoir model is then improved by matching the date and finally various prediction scenarios are attempted to find the best reservoir plan. The most important part of the characterization of the reservoir is rock typing, which measures and estimates the characteristics of CCAL (Conventional Core Analysis) and SCAL (Special Core analysis (capillary pressure Pc and μr) for all the simulation system. Capillary pressure is an important characteristic that indicates the areas of interaction between two-phase fluids or liquids and the rocks occurring inside the formation. This research was aimed to determine capillary pressure for different rock type in Shuaiba reservoir. Capillary pressure of Shuiaba Formation at Khabaz field is determined from Air-brine returned state method. The available data for eleven core plugs collected from well Kz-13 in the Shuiaba formation/Khabaz field. The permeability of plugs is ranged from 0.01md tp 31.14 md, and the porosity values ranged from 5.5% to 12.9%. The results showed that for each rock type (Packstone, Wackstone, mudstone and Shale) there is values of capillary pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite some pollution resulted from natural causes such as volcanos toxic materials and emitted CH4 from cattle, human activities are the major cause of pollutions. industries that utilized dyes in their products is one of these regular human activities. The present study aims to remove safranin O from aqueous solution by utilizing green macroalgae Cladophora sp. as a zero-cost biosorbent. Cladophora sp. was collected from the nearby Al-hillah river at Babylon city, Iraq. The biosorption was carried out in a batch system with the same contact time, adsorbent dosage, as well as dye concentration. Two types of activation processes were utilized. The findings stated that the acidic activation indicated high removal of Safranin O with 96.9%. Other activations were 93.1% and 90.1 for thermal activation and non-activated adsorbent, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study dealt with the assessment of the health reality of health establishments in Samawah city located in Muthanna Province, Iraq. The geographical distribution of these health centers and the numbers of health and administrative staff in addition to the efficiency of the services provided by these centers according to local and international standards were studied. The Geographical Information System (GIS) was adopted using the program (Arc Map V.10) Based on analysis of spatial and descriptive data of these health care centers. depending mainly on the need to provide good health services and that the use of GIS provides possibility to make the best decisions improving the health reality was accredited. For the purpose of this research the data collected from Muthanna Health Department for 2015 together with that furnished by the Statistics department in the province were analyzed. It was that there is a decline in the level of health services in terms of geographical location and the preparation of medical and technical staff and management and the type of services provided by these establishments to the citizens when compared with local and global standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zerbattiya is one of the remote areas in Iraq that have retained their old generation stations and networks despite their expansion. As the rehabilitation of these stations and networks is extremely costly, supplying renewable energy sources to these regions is reasonable. The problem in Zerbattiya is that electricity supply comprises 75% of the total energy load. In this regard, we propose the use of a hybrid system using renewable energy with the national grid as a means of compensating for power supply shortage. The proposed system composed of grid, wind turbines, solar panels, converters, batteries, and auxiliary tools. The most optimal system configuration was determined with HOMER. Meanwhile, the average life expectancy of the proposed system is 20 years. Three on-grid scenarios were considered for power generation. The most suitable system was determined in WT-grid hybrid systems. The results showed that the NWT, NBT, Nconv, COE, NPC, Operating cost, and IC are 61, 4, 12, 0.0349 US$/KWh, US$1.32 million, 23,982 US$/year, and US$1.05 million respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of highway departments in Iraq has been to large extent limited to examine the roads for maintenance and rehabilitation purposes whenever funds are available. Maintenance works should be conducted periodically and without delays; otherwise, the needed fund may be increased swiftly. The essential need for reviewing, assessing and maintaining roads requires continuous provision of fund. As a result, applying new alternative management system that ensure non-stopping fund is a necessity. The private sector can effectively involve in financing roads projects in direct investment or in partnership with the public sector. In this research, the Basra-Nasiriya expressway highway was evaluated to assess its current status in terms of road condition, signs, furnishing, existing services and maintenance procedures. The data included in this study was obtained from two resources; the first is primary from conducting two questionnaire-based surveys to collect opinions and knowledge from road users and experts. Field inspection survey was also performed.The experts indicated that the lowest acceptable level is 3.5, thus the road is close to reaching a level that beyond it a maintenance should be performed. Since the main problem is to find an effective management system that allows the provision of the necessary funds and hence ensure continuous maintenance, a toll road system has been proposed to collect fees from road users. Finally, this system was found to be acceptable at 87% of the surveyed sample. It was also confirmed that the legal basis for applying this system is available in Iraqi law and its prevailing legislations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in order to study the susceptibility of wood sawdust available in Iraq, local timber and imported, which are widely used in carpentry factories and result in large quantities of sawdust treated as wastes usually disposed of by (burning or initial use) in the possibility of removing the blue dyes stain contaminated with water which is one of the manifestations of water pollution in Iraq. Sawdut of (Platanus oreintalis, Cupressus sempervirens, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Populus euphratica and Fagus sylvatica) woods are treated with (KOH,NaOH and Hot water) then immersion in the polution water with 100ppm blue dyes at diffrent immersion time. Treatment with (KOH and NaOH) 1M improve the sawdust adsorption, Prolonging the duration of immersion for limited periods gives a greater chance of absorption until reaching the saturation point, Fagus sylvatica, Cupressus sempervirens and Populus euphratica sawdusts Showed higher adsorptionility, other species gave good results, allowing them to be used to achieve the research objective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expansive soils represent one of the problematic soils that exhibit high volume change during wetting and drying due to swell- shrink behavior caused a significant problems for structures constructed over them. Numerous materials and methods have been used to improve expansive soil properties to make them more suitable for engineering construction purposes. The natural materials represent more economical materials for this purpose beside the developing and exploiting the minerals ores in the Iraqi lands. The western desert of Iraq is considered as a large rich desert, it riches with many mineral ores. In this research, the ability of using mixture of cement dust which is a waste from Portland cement manufacturing as a primary material and glass sand which is one of the available minerals at the western desert of Iraq as a secondary material for improving the engineering properties of expansive soil under pavement was studied. Results show that adding the mixture of 8% cement dust with 4% glass sand increase the CBR value and improve the swelling behavior of soil. The addition of the mixture of cement dust- glass sand decrease the maximum dry density and increase the optimum moisture content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas is one of the most important greenhouse gases that cause global warming. Investigation of increasing concentration of CO2 in global the atmosphere is the most pressing environmental concern of present and coming decades. The increasing of CO2 has a significant impact on climate change, the Climate change can only be controlled through a significant lowering in carbon dioxide emissions worldwide. CO2 emissions were studied in Iraq and period (2003-2016) and were used atmospheric Infrared sounder (AIRS) data, onboard NASA’s Aqua Satellite. In order to know the behavior of CO2 distribution in Iraq use analysis of trends in seven stations: Mosul, Sulaimaniyah, Rutba, Baghdad, Nukhayb, Nasiriyah and Basra). The average monthly and standard deviation was (389 ± 1.08 ppm) for the entire study period. The maximum values occur during April - May (391.4, 391.8 ppm) over Nukhayb and Rutba respectively, whereas the minimum values observed during September– October (387.1, 387 ppm) over Nasiriyah and Basra. Monthly distributions for CO2 show seasonal fluctuations between spring and autumn, the highest value of CO2 is in the spring and lowest in autumn for the entire study period. The increase was apparent from the trend analysis for entire of the period (2003-2016). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thalassemias are a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by hypochromic microcytic anemia that caused by deficient synthesis of one or more of globin subunits of human hemoglobin. This study has been conducted in the Northern part of Iraq among 238 subjects having β-thalassemia major (BTM). To evaluate their oral health status, dentofacial anomalies of patients who attended the Thalassemic center in Erbil city, were compared to 258 subjects of a control group according to the criteria suggested by the WHO in 1997, which is used to assess permanent teeth. Only 8.51% of the total study group demonstrated crowding of anterior teeth in one or both segments compared to the control group. Spacing in the incisal segments was higher, namely 19.23% in BTM compared to13.6% in the control group with a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). A higher percentage of both study and control groups were having an overbite grade (0.3–5.0 mm) of 49.59%, and 56.81%, respectively. It was found that the distal deviation from the normal anteroposterior molar relation in BTM was higher compared to the control group. Nearly similar percentages of patients were found to have an over jet grade(0.0–3.5 mm). Values of plaque and gingival health indices were recorded to be higher among the study group (plaque index = 1.570, ∓0.321 and gingival index = 1.205, ∓0.308). Differences were statistically highly significant for all indices (p<0.01). This may indicate that there is a negative attitude and poor dental knowledge of thalassemic subjects and their parents toward proper oral hygiene and dental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]