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Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is a proven method for increasing oil production in many oil fields in the world. Huge oil remaining in the reservoir after primary and secondary recovery stage are the main reason for developing EOR methods. Approximately of 49.50 billion barrels oil as a candidate for EOR activities in Indonesia. This present study focuses on the chemical EOR activities involved surfactant and polymer. This research based on pertinent information from various resources such as journal papers, conference papers, and report from the government. Based on this information, this paper explain in detail the progress of each project and it shows the potential oil field employ chemical EOR in the near future. Generally, the EOR activities can be categorized into two phases such as preliminary study phase and field implementation phase. In the preliminary study, the activities simply involve experimental and/or simulation works. Following the preliminary is the field implementation phase which can be categorized into three phases such as field trial, pilot project, and full-scale. In fact, several activities have been conducted by Lemigas (government oil and gas research center), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Institut Pertanian Bogor. These activities focused on laboratory and simulation work. Those institutions have been developing the chemical formula collaborating with oil companies for applying the EOR method in their oil fields. Currently, status of chemical EOR activities include 5 oil fields under pilot project and 12 oil fields under field trial. There are 7 oil fields applying surfactant, 4 oil fields by alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP), 2 oil fields by polymer, 1 oil field by surfactant polymer (SP), and 1 oil field by caustic. According to this information, we will have insight knowledge about the EOR current activities, the main issues, future activities on chemical EOR in Indonesia. Moreover, this study can became the preliminary information for researchers who interested conducting further research and development on the chemical EOR activities in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of well placement plays a considerable role in the production and maximizing the net present value of the investment of oil field developments. However, the application of the optimization techniques in well placement developments is so complicated because many decision variables, objective functions, and constraints are involved in the well placement optimization case. Furthermore, many computational techniques; conventional and non-conventional, have been utilized to optimize well placement operations. This study displays the advancement of the optimization methods applied in the well placement. Subsequently, the study assorted the applied optimization methods, and it demonstrates the restriction and the range of implementation of each method to gain an appropriate degree of precision and simulation run time. Finally, the paper provides an inclusive review of the well placement optimization methods utilized in the petroleum engineering domain from conventional methods to modern artificial intelligence methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been five years since the official announcement of industrial revolution 4.0 has been made. This fourth revolution is all about automation of industrial manufacturing and practices and control of the industrial value chain without human interruption with data as the main driving factor of this transformation. So, to keep up with this pace, the oil and gas industry has also started embracing the technologies like big data, artificial intelligence, internet of things, and digital twin to lessen the cost, maximize productivity and minimize the risk associated with various oil and gas processes. These technologies have given the oil and gas industry many boons like real-time data analysis, 4D reservoir modeling, and production optimization. This further assist in reduction of non-productive time, increase in operational efficiency, lowering of maintenance cost and ease in coordination and management. But still, oil and gas industry 4.0 is at its opening stage. This paper initiates with overview to different new technologies used in Industry4.0. Then it has described their application across various field of oil and gas industry. At last, this paper discusses regarding potential challenges and opportunities of implementing industry 4.0 in oil and gas sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the application of horizontal drilling in an oilfield of Kurdistan region of Iraq. The most important developments in Petroleum industry were through drilling technology by producing more horizontal wells in the worlds since eighties. Horizontal drilling is considered as a cost-effective method for developing reserves because of continues breakthrough of hardware equipment in oil fields. The technology of Horizontal wells remains to be a remarkable enthusiasm of oil industry since they can give an attractive way to enhancing both production rate and oil recovery factor. The practice of drilling a horizontal oil well in Kurdistan region of Iraq will be highlighted in this paper. In the previous few years horizontal drilling in this region has given an exciting experience for petroleum engineers. A horizontal well will be drilled in the oil fields of Taq Taq and one of the important applications of this well is to recover production rate in thin/tight reservoir and saving in total growth cost. The aim of this paper is to show the structure and parts of horizontal well. Well plan viewpoints incorporate choice of bit and casing sizes, casing setting depths and penetrating mud density, casing, and hydraulics, technique for boring and well profile. An Iraqi oil field (Taq Taq field) is selected for designing horizontal well to increase the productivity and long rich position. Short to Medium radius horizontal well profile is suggested for the developing the field. This paper employs instructions learned and results obtained while applying a rotary drilling of an offset nearby well with liner system on conventional horizontal rig, during the designing and drilling operation arrangement. The main goal of this work is to show the impact of horizontal drilling application on the performance improvement of that oil field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Libyan Sirte Basin fields began production more than five decades ago, which led to a decline in production rates in recent years from these mature fields. A number of existing vertical wells have been shut-in or classified as observation wells, as a result of either their bad location - poor quality reservoirs - or the limited production life of these wells. The operating companies of these fields tended to search for economically effective methods that would improve oil recovery. Among these methods is the re-entry drilling technique, on which this paper has focused. This technology was able to convert the old vertical wells into horizontal wells by drilling a horizontal side-track at a lower cost, by save drilling cost from surface to kick-off point and saving well connection cost to surface facilities, therefore, returning them to production. It also used the geosteering technique that maintains the horizontal path of the wells in drilling. The results showed the success of using the re-entry drilling technique (horizontal side-track wells) in increasing production in two wells in the Sirte Basin, the first well in the Mesala oil field, where production increased from 73 to 2474 STB/D (chock size 48/64"), and the second well located in the Sarir oil field from 93 to 2531 STB/D (chock size 24/64") and zero water cut for the two wells. The geosteering technique also succeeded in maintaining a 1, 000-foot horizontal path for the two wells in the target layer. From the above results the practical application of the re-entry drilling technique (horizontal side-track wells) demonstrates an excellent potential to improve oil recovery from existing wells that have an improper reservoir zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of gas lift plays a substantial role in production and maximizing the net present value of the investment of oil field projects. However, the application of the optimization techniques in gas lift project is so complex because many decision variables, objective functions and constraints are involved in the gas lift optimization problem. In addition, many computational ways; traditional and modern, have been employed to optimize gas lift processes. This research aims to present the developing of the optimization techniques applied in the gas lift. Accordingly, the research classifies the applied optimization techniques, and it presents the limitations and the range of applications of each one to get an acceptable level of accuracy and simulation run time. Finally, the paper provides a comprehensive review of the gas lift optimization techniques applied in the petroleum industry range from traditional method to the recent artificial intelligence techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since it was conceived in the 1910s by a Russian engineer, A. Arutunoff, the electrical submersible pump (ESP) has advanced dramatically. Now, ESP is the second most extensively utilized artificial lift technology in oil production, with over 100,000 installations worldwide. ESPs produce substantially more crude oil, but they have a restricted use window. It may be quite difficult for production engineers working in the petroleum industry to make decisions in real-time, particularly when there are numerous wells present, each of which has its own unique set of operating parameters and production behaviors. In this paper, a Middle East oil field with 21 production wells installed with electrical submersible pumps and producing 136,000 (STB/day) of oil was evaluated. The goal of this work is to use Real-Time Production Optimization (RTPO) on a numerical model of the output system as a decision support tool to discover ESP frequency values that optimize oil production while respecting several operational limitations by using a robust method based on the Basic-Open-Source Mixed Integer (BONMIN) framework applied to mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) to construct a Real-Time Production Optimization (RTPO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock porosity represents the main property that controls the fluid distribution and hydrocarbon extraction from the reservoir rock. In this study, information from five wells was integrated with post stack seismic data acquired from a 3D seismic survey of the northern part of Rumaila Oil Field to perform seismic inversion to derive porosity. The used well log data includes gamma ray, resistivity, density, acoustic impendence (from compressional velocity and density) logs, check shot, and VSP surveys, in addition to the tops of formations (which are converted to time-based logs) after performing check shot correction and generating a synthetic seismogram. Seismic inversion analysis is an attempt to correlate seismic attributes like acoustic impedance (A.I) to rock properties (porosity). The inversion analysis is used in this paper to predict the porosity distribution. 3D seismic surveys (migrated post-stack) of the northern part of Rumaila oil field and well data used for this study. Information from five wells integrated with post-stack seismic data to perform seismic inversion through the area surveyed seismically. Four horizons picked within the seismic 3D volume that Shaw maximum crest at the northern part in the field and guide initial model for low frequency in addition to using it in the extraction of slices through converted 3D A.I. and calculated porosity data, the porosity slice guided by the picked target Shaw enhancing porosity with upward direction. The zones with low A.I. in the slices extracted through A.I. volume indicate high porosity zones. Integration of well and seismic data show a more accurate distribution of reservoir property than using well data alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on case studies of safety incidents in chemical factories in Malaysia. The processes used for identifying and evaluating both existing and potential hazards in a palm-oil work site and the way of controlling it is hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control or known as HIRARC. Many that have already done risk assessments have recorded successful changes to their working procedures, and conditions of work in establishing and taking the appropriate effective actions. An ergonomic, physical and chemical hazards is a main factor in occurred in this study that could cause damage to humans, systems and environments. The assessment was done in estate area, involving the process of oil palm harvesting and collecting operation, oil palm manuring, and oil palm field upkeep and maintenance. The overall methodologies in this study consist of fishbone concept, HIRARC and PARETO analysis towards the working procedures at loading ramp station in palm factory. At the end of this paper, a list of recommendations is made to ensure the risk assessed can be minimzed in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the main measures for the disposal of oily waste, examines resource-saving issues related to the formation, systematization and disposal of waste petrochemical production. There are examples of special tanks for environmentally friendly storage of oily waste. The authors present a list of organizational and technical works that reduce the impact of pollutants on the environment during the development and operation of oil fields. There are environmental safety criteria and requirements for dealing with oil sludge and ensuring environmental sustainability. The paper proposes innovative ways of dehydrating accumulated oily waste and an appropriate apparatus design of the technological processes. Despite the development of global oily waste recycling projects, this article examines the urgency of the problem of recycling oily waste from oil and gas well operations. The composition of oily wastes (oil sludge) is quite diverse and is a complex system consisting of oil products, water and mechanical impurities (sand, clay, etc.), the ratio of which varies within a vast range and is listed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delays and disruption are a common issue in both community and personal building programs The problem exists all throughout the world, but it is particularly prevalent in Iraq, where millions of dollars are squandered each time as a outcome. Delays and interruptions may have serious consequences not just for Iraq's construction plans, but also for the country's economic and social status. While numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the factors driving delays and disruption in Iraqi construction projects, slight consideration has been given to by what means project management implements and approaches have affected the occurrence of project delays and disruption. After analyzing the crucial reasons for delays and instability in public and private construction projects in Iraq, this paper aims to improve the recording and recommendations using Project Supervision concepts. A thorough investigation was conducted to identify the critical factors that are causing delays and disruptions in construction projects in Iraq's public and private sectors and present project management application procedures in order to establish recommendations to successfully reduce work disruptions and instability in Iraq This paper identifies the top crucial factors contributing to construction project delays and disruptions in Iraq. It further identifies project management Tools and techniques that, when used appropriately, have the potential to address the major causes of delays and interruptions. Following that, a new set of guidelines for applying Project Management methodologies and strategies to address the identified delay and disruption issues is provided, with the objective of aiding practitioners in minimizing the possibility for construction delays and interruption in Iraqi projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drilling variables and Penetration rate (PR) Optimization has a significant impact on the hydrocarbon well drilling cost. Maximizing the drilling PR and selecting the optimum drilling variables have a significant role in the process of oil and gas well drilling planning. There are many factors influence the PR such as size of bit (SB), formation depth (D), formation properties (FP), weight on bit (WOB), Drill string revolutions per minute (RPM), drilling mud flow rate (Q), and pump pressure (P). Due to the fact that formation properties cannot be changed during the drilling process, other drilling factors should be optimized to enhancing PR. Despite the importance of using direct method to optimize the drilling variables, practical knowledge is still being used select these variables in the field work. For the reason that PR is influenced by many variables, it is hard to select the optimum, drilling variables using traditional mathematical methods. Thus, in this paper Artificial intelligent has been used to develop a new model to optimize the drilling variables and PR due to its ability to solve the complex mathematical relationships. 4030 drilling data measurements of an Iraqi oil field has been used to develop the new model. In this model the PR has been computed as a function of total flow area (TFA), SB, D, WOB, RPM, Q, and P. Our results demonstrate that PR can be accurately predicted from the new model. The new intelligent model can optimize drilling variables and compute the PR very low error (8%) and a very high R (0.96) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relative permeability data are very important factor in characterizing the two-phase flow of fluids in porous media. It is also a key data to predict the performance of immiscible displacement in oil reservoir thus why many equations and correlations were made to predict them. This paper is to calculate and compare the results of the most common correlations used to identify relative permeability, which are Corey, modified Corey and Wyllie and Rose. The comparison was made based on real saturation data taken from two different Iraqi oil fields, the basic difference between the two fields where API value. The data from the first well (titled X-4) were taken from X oil field which is located in the southern part of Iraq, this field has heavy oil with about 20 API approximately. The data from the second well (titled Y-37) were taken from Y oil field which is located in the northern part of Iraq, this field has light oil with about 40 API. Each well was tested two times in two case studies. Results indicate that the modified Corey correlation was valid for light and heavy oils (both wells) and gives acceptable match values in all case studies, almost a perfect match in heavier oils (X-4), while Wyllie and Rose correlation gives better results in lighter oils (Y-37). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses a mathematical model for describing heat distribution in the surface layer of soil from various sources of heat, or cold, which, together with seasonal climatic changes, form unsteady thermal fields in the soil. The developed algorithms are focused on high-performance computers and were used in the design of various oil and gas fields located in permafrost zone. The main attention is paid to adequate setting of boundary conditions and maximum consideration of various parameters, including technical characteristics of engineering objects, climatic conditions and soil lithology in the field of modeling thermal fields. The presented numerical calculations show the possibility of using these models and algorithms for forecasting of the development of thermal processes in the soil. Minimization of heat effect of the systems inserted into permafrost will avoid accidents, in particular, at oil and gas fields related to the changes in temperature of the soil, and increase the stability of the building with pile foundations. In the paper the possibility of the heat impact compensation in permafrost is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous reservoir engineering, production engineering, and project management tasks require data to be selectively compiled, organized, cleaned and put in a database on a proper basis. In many oil companies, much of this data still resides on the older corporate mainframe systems often with inconsistent key field formats and clumsy sort options. In response to the advancement of the internet of things and data analytics, for the first time, this paper presents an innovative methodology to integrate operational data, production data, and surveillance information into a consistent database to use in conjunction with Oil Field Manager (OFM) Software from Schlumberger. The strategy of this approach is to provide technology, data management, rapid monitoring, and the use of a tool to work as a key decision-maker for future evaluations. The solution is delivered through a unified platform where daily operational datasheets with a big amount of data of surface and subsurface data will be organized, collected, cleaned, and processed to be transmitted to the main database and transferred to the main software for analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the problem of calculating the remaining oil reserves and determining the forecast production rate of wells. The mathematical model for the calculation of this problem. Created computational algorithm and software for mathematical model. Forecast production rate was determined and calculated residual reserves the example of the well-birth Umid place to use to create a program. Show amenities, calculated using established task program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the analysis of cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) application results for producing wells on Permian-Carboniferous deposits of Usinskoye oilfield of high-viscosity oil, the Republic of Komi, Russia. Among the wells considered are both wells treated with steam only, and in combination with chemical compositions of two types, oil-displacing and flow-diverting. The compositions used are thermotropic, using the energy of the injected fluid to activate the necessary chemical reactions, such as gelling or the formation of an alkaline buffer system. The analysis of the efficiency of the CSS on a large data set was carried out, the asymmetries in the efficiency distribution of the wells were revealed. The influence of chemical compositions of various functional purposes on the efficiency of cyclic steam stimulation has been studied. It was concluded that for the new wells, the first cycle of CSS is most effective, and the use of chemical compositions is not necessary, but for subsequent cycles, it is recommended to use chemical compositions that will provide afterwashing of residual oil and reduced water cut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author suggests using analytical and experimental cellular models to synthetize smart control systems for oil treatment facilities at oil and gas fields. The paper describes the mode setting method for the model of crude emulsion heating in a PTB-10E unit according to the field operation data using the software tools of model-based design. A simulation study of the heater dynamics was performed and an example of how to develop the smart control system for the heater using an MPC controller is provided. The conclusion was drawn regarding the possibility to use the created reference model to synthetize smart control systems for oil heaters and advisability of continuation of the works in the field of mathematic simulation for oil treatment facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When implementing the water-gas effect, the stability of the water-gas mixture directly affects the success of the method. During the injection process, the mixture is affected by various factors, which in some cases leads to separation into liquid and gas. In this paper, we consider the known data on the phenomenon of coalescence of gas bubbles. It is shown that the behavior of gas bubbles in a water-gas mixture is affected by a complex of factors of different nature. Data are given on theories that indirectly indicate the nature of the phenomenon of coalescence, or its suppression. Special attention is paid to the study of the negative impact of the gas phase on the equipment that is used to obtain and pump the mixture. The analysis of the given data made it possible to prove the effectiveness of the set of measures recommended to prevent coalescence. A further direction of studying the technology of creating stable water-gas mixtures is also formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate definition of the reserve volume is crucial in calculating reserves, selecting production strategies, and overall reservoir management. It becomes one of the most important tasks to accomplish in order to reduce risk and uncertainty, both of which are integral to the reserve estimating process. As a result, the reserve estimate difficulty is determined by time and data availability. Based on production data and PVT data generated in PVTP software applying Glaso correlation, the Original Oil In Place (OOIP) for the Zubair field/third pay reservoir was calculated in this paper using a material balance equation (MBE) identified using MBAL software. Also, the Carter-Tracy method delivers good responses to match the aquifer in this field, where the kind of aquifer is regarded an edge water drive aquifer. Finally, future reservoir performance (cumulative oil production and reservoir pressure drop) was predicted, leading to reservoir optimization, implying that the reservoir might be developed in a way that is extremely relevant to commercial operations and offers advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on case studies of safety incidents in Malaysia. The processes used for identifying and evaluating both existing and potential hazards in a palm-oil work site and the way of controlling it are hazard identification, risk assessment and risk control or known as HIRARC were addressed. Many that have already done risk assessments have recorded successful changes to their working procedures, and conditions of work in establishing and taking the appropriate effective actions. An ergonomic, physical and chemical hazards is a main factor in occurred in this study that could cause damage to humans, systems and environments. The assessment was done in estate area, involving the process of oil palm harvesting and collecting operation, oil palm manuring, and oil palm field upkeep and maintenance. The overall methodologies in this study consist of fishbone concept, HIRARC and PARETO analysis towards the working procedures at loading ramp station in palm factory. The hazards that were identified including slippery, awkward posture, repetition, falling object and gases. It can be concluded that health and safety are the important things need to be considered and taken seriously by each employers and the employees himself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time monitoring of dynamic liquid-level is very important in oilfield. A novel method combining pressure measurement and temperature profile measurement is proposed in this paper to measure dynamic liquid-level of oil-well in real-time. A fiber Bragg grating pressure sensor based on an eccentric-pushrod structure is used to measure downhole pressure, and the multimode fiber is used to measure temperature profile. The initial position of the dynamic liquid-level can be determined by the inflection point of the temperature profile. The density of the liquid in the well is calculated from the initial pressure and the dynamic liquid-level. Base on this data, the real-time position of the dynamic liquid-level can be obtained only by using the pressure data. Experimental results show that the method that combining pressure measurement and temperature profile measurement can provides real-time and accurate monitoring of oil-well dynamic liquid-level data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drilling and completion in shale formations create problems in terms of wellbore instability in certain situations globally, which causes substantial additional expenditure for the drilling industry by increasing Non-Productive Time (NPT). It is also important to take into consideration the role of shale concentration in contamination by drilling fluids that could result in wellbore instability problems. This paper studies the effect of variations in shale concentrations in cases with water based muds (WBM) to determine the rheological properties of such muds. The shale samples employed in this study were drawn from the Rashdia region of the East Baghdad oilfield. The base drilling mud has a density of 8.86 lb/gal, and its specific rheological properties were measured using a viscometer. Different shale concentrations were then added to the base mud (0.5%, 2%, 5%, 8% and 10%), and the rheological properties for the resulting new muds measured and their plastic viscosity determined. The increases in the respective rheological values were 11.8%, 21.2%, 25.6%, 33.0%, and 54.7% for the specified shale contamination levels in this mud system. This confirms that the proper design of drilling fluids must be considered when drilling shale formations to minimise or mitigate potential instability problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding the demand and growth of global energy consumption and the paucity of light crude oil, using heavy and extra heavy crude oil has received much more attention, but the application of this kind of oil required in most cases high cost and complicated processes due to its very high molecular weight. In this study, Sharqi Baghdad Iraqi heavy crude oil was used, which was obtained from Baghdad east oil fields with API 22.2°. Nanoparticles (silica and gamma-alumina) were added as enhancers or therapy for the viscosity and API of Iraqi heavy crude oil. The effect of nanoparticles dose (500, 1000, 1500 and 10000 ppm) at different temperatures (25 °C, 50 °C, 75 °C) on the efficiency of viscosity reduction systems was studied. This nano-gamma-alumina exhibited superior results when The viscosity reduction percentage improvement for nano gamma-alumina is greater at temperatures over 25 °C, when a viscosity reduction of 37 % is obtained with 10000 ppm, and at 75 °C, the maximum viscosity reduction reaches for nano-silica to 25 % with 10000 ppm and 75 °C. The greatest API value was found at 1500 ppm, which was 26.2 when nano gamma-alumina was used, while with nano-silica, the API value was about 23 at any temperature, at 10000 ppm; the API was reduced, for nano gamma-alumina was 20.7, while for nano-silica the API 20.45. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper on the base of new mathematical model a software complex is developed for simulation and prediction of thermal processes in permafrost with presence of various engineering structures, which are sources of heat (cold). As a rule, these sources are production wells and other facilities located at oil and gas fields (in Russia 93% natural gas and 75% oil are produced in permafrost). The developed model and the software codes can be used for long-term forecasting of changes in permafrost and deep layer of freezing (thawing) of soil (active layer thickness - ALT), in depending only with the climatic conditions, as an input for the software, in particular, with average temperature and intensity of solar radiation. An essential feature of this method is "binding" by the original algorithm to a specific geographic location, as determined by latitude and longitude. The software is designed for multi-processor computer systems and will be adapted to the cloud technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the slow growth of EOR development in Indonesia, CO2 EOR has recently gained its momentum due to its versatility to diverse reservoir systems in Indonesia. Optimizing CO2 Injection in EOR activity is a must, since no incentive or tax holiday is given in Indonesia for this activity, contrary to the majority of policies around the globe. This study offers an innovative approach of CO2 flooding injection rate determination using closed loop optimization in project economic evaluation. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was implemented as a method of optimizing the injection rate of CO2. These novel algorithms are known and proven to be able to work with massive number of datasets, as well as identifying and separating bad dataset(s). The result is optimum injection rate that brings maximum economic value to the project. Utilization of this method increases the NPV of the project by 10.4% and 12% increase in RF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new era of social and economic development and transformation, the development of China's lowpermeability oil fields is also increasing. In this context, due to the relative lack of natural capacity of China's lowpermeability oil fields, this will reduce the production of low-permeability oil fields to some extent. To this end, in order to effectively improve the recovery rate of low-permeability oilfields and improve the mining effect, it is necessary to rationally apply a reasonable injection-production system for low-permeability reservoirs. We will further delay the production of low-permeability oilfields while ensuring sufficient energy for the formations. The speed of the decline. Based on this, this paper mainly analyzes and explores the rational injection and production system of low permeability reservoirs in reservoir engineering methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia’s crude oil production is currently in a declining stage where the majority of oil comes from mature fields. Along with the ever-increasing oil demand, the challenge in sustaining production still need settlement. Therefore, characteristics of palm oil-based surfactants were studied in the laboratory to address that arising challenge and especially to determine the most favorable surfactant solution for the "K" field in South Sumatera. In the laboratory, the palm oilbased surfactant was formulated into five-volume concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 1%. The compatibility test was done to assess if those solutions dissolve completely in injection water. Interfacial tension of each solution was measured to select the solution with interfacial tension value below 1.00E-02 dyne/cm. Eventually, the oil recovery factor of selected solutions was obtained through a spontaneous imbibition test. The compatibility test performed in five surfactant solutions has given the solution's appearances ranging from clear to milky. The interfacial tension value was measured to support the selection of surfactant solutions that will be used in further tests. Hence, surfactant solutions with a volume concentration of 0.3% and 0.5% are selected. The oil recovery factor of 78.07 % and 73.77% has been obtained from the spontaneous imbibition test on 0.3% and 0.5% surfactant solution. Besides being the efficacious future solution for "K" field in South Sumatera, the use of Palm-oil based surfactant for CEOR must also be considered for other mature oil fields in Indonesia. Along with it, this paper also signifies that studies relating to palm oil-based surfactant derivatives are developing rapidly in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ledor Valley oilfield is a tectonic-lithologic multi-layer sandstone reservoir. There are four sedimentary units in the M-II-1 oil layer in the middle block. The reservoir microfacies of each sedimentary unit have different developments. The oil layer has a positive rhythm and It is in line with rhythm, the coefficient of variation of permeability is above 0.5, the heterogeneity of oil layer is serious, and the stable layer is formed between each sedimentary unit; the well spacing of the well is large, the water injection well point is lacking, and the degree of water flood control is low. In the process of oilfield development, it mainly relies on natural edge water energy and elastic energy development, but the edge water energy is relatively weak, which can not meet the needs of oilfield development. The formation pressure continues to decrease, and the differences in the use of oil layers are large, which can not achieve the desired development effect. This paper will focus on the artificial water injection layer mining technology, from the research of development potential, optimization of layer well network adjustment, economic benefit evaluation, etc., systematically demonstrate how the Ledog Valley oil field can improve water under the guidance of artificial layered water injection scheme. The degree of driving control, fine layered water injection management and other means to improve the development effect of the M-II-1 oil layer in the middle block, and finally improve the oil recovery in the Ledog Valley oil field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy crude oil, which is found within the pore of carbonate reservoir rocks, represent a significant portion of the oil reserve of the northern Iraqi oil fields. Production from heavy crude oil wells is usually associated with material deposition that results in reduction in production rate or blockage by forming obstruction inside the well and/or surface facilities and connecting lines. Predicting future deposition profiles for asphalting, wax and scales in heavy oil systems can help in avoiding flow assurance issues and keep production continuous. Therefore, this study came to predict deposition profiles within a heavy oil system using OLGA Commercial simulator and fluid characterization software. This study investigated the deposition profiles and trends and it will help the field operator to schedule remedial or work over plans that best suits the depositions in place and avoid production interruption of unplanned downtimes. Results showed severe asphaltene deposition using different models, reaching as high as 19 mm in the well, on the other hand wax showed mild deposition not exceeding 1 mm and scale deposition was around 2.6 mm in case of 50% water cut. Furthermore, asphaltene alone will contribute to 27% production loss in the future; this is even without considering the additional pressure loose that is induced due to irregular deposition shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper are proposes a technology for solving the inverse problem of identifying parameters of the aquifer for an oil field. The solution is to determine the boundary conditions, including the definition of their type, and spatial location. On the example of one of the fields, the computing technology of solving the inverse problem was tested to restore the parameters of the aquifer. Using the proposed algorithm, maps and graphs of aquifer activity were plotted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original method of faulty inquiry of distribution network in Hailar Oilfield has not met the demand of oilfield line power supply. It is necessary to use the distribution network fault detection system to detect the fault condition of the distribution network line and the operation of the line in real time, accurately locate the fault area, record real-time data and fault alarm information, shorten the search time of the accident point, and improve the power protection of the oil field power system. Supply capacity and intelligent management level. This paper mainly studies the faults of distribution network lines, studies the types and types of short-circuit and ground faults, analyzes the causes of faults, studies the fault performance characteristics, analyzes and detects the fault characteristics, and finds the advantages and disadvantages and development trends of various detection methods. Analyze and study the distribution line of Hailar oilfield, study the shortcircuit fault and ground fault condition and type, and study the fault judgment method for fault situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper systematically studies the problems of high loss, high pollution, high energy consumption and low efficiency in the collection process, analyzes a series of problems in the collection process, and proposes reasonable, effective and feasible measures to correct the collection technology. The transportation method was proposed to effectively increase the income from oilfield development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rumaila oilfield is a super-giant oilfield located in southern Iraq. Since the reservoir pressure dropped and water cut became higher and higher in the last several years, more and more natural flow wells have ceased. Since 2013, in order to maintain the natural flow of these ceased wells, the large-scale application of the through-tubing PosiSet plug for water shut off in the bottom interval water flooded wells has been implemented in Rumaila oilfield, with a very high success rate. Based on the actual operational experience in Rumaila oilfield, this paper describes the technical principle, operation steps and application effects of using PosiSet through-tubing plug for water shut off, and analyses the applicable well pattern for this technology and the key factor for setting depth design of the PosiSet plug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rumaila oilfield is a super-giant oilfield located in southern Iraq. Since the reservoir pressure dropped due to insufficient water injection and water cut became higher and higher in the last several years, more and more natural flow wells have ceased. In order to maintain the natural flow of these ceased wells, water injection enhancement and water shut off operations are necessary and urgent. Since 2011, the large-scale application of water shut off using coiled tubing has been conducted in Rumaila oilfield. This paper taking R-XXX well as an example, systematically elaborates the method, principle and key technology for the water shut off operation using coiled tubing, providing references for the promotion and application of this technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of separate pressure testing data of injection wells and the actual situations of oilfield development, this paper discusses several application examples of these testing data in evaluating the effect of reservoir development, optimizating injection wells scheme adjustment, guiding oil and water wells to increase production and injection and preventing casing damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents investigation results on the oil composition and properties of the Novoportovskoe, Arctic, Gydan and Trans-Polar fields occurring in the Lower Cretaceous and also Russkoe oil field in the Cenomanian Upper Cretaceous. A comparison is made for the chemical composition of oils from two facial areas in the north of Western Siberia. Differences are found among the compositions of the oils under research and those in the Arctic area of the Russian Federation in the Komi Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the status of the two system of some 35KV users' substation in Daqing oil field, the deficiencies of the two system of the existing 35KV substation are found out. And put forward the opinion of acceptance in the future work. I hope it can able to work in the future on the protection of professional help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the acceleration development of oilfield exploration and development, higher requirement for the precision of seismic interpretation is needed for that only higher accuracy of horizon calibration can match reservoir within the scope in the work area more effectively with full well to further lay a solid foundation of fine reservoir calibration which guarantee further fine structure interpretation and reservoir inversion. In this paper, some shallow understanding on how to improve the quality of synthetic seismogram is suggested including curve reconstruction, multi-resolution analysis, and extract wavelet in divided time window and so on to solve problems in the practical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is one of the gases that play significant roles in greenhouse effect and cases global warming. In order to determine the concentration values of carbon dioxide emissions from the Garraf Oil Field (GOF) towards the surrounding areas and cities used the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The results shown that the most of values of CO2 emissions from towards two cities the city of Al-Rifai, which amounted to about (41.790%), then the city of Qalaat Sukkar with a percentage of about (26.210 %), then Al-Nasr district with a percentage of (21%), and the least effect of the emissions percentage was on Al-Fajr city by about (11%). The most important factors affecting the spread of carbon dioxide desperation were the direction and speed of the wind, as well as the distance from the isolation area and oil wells in the field, which affect these areas in the emission of gases. The high CO2 concentration found in Southwest of GOF, opposite direction of wind speed. The inversely proportional found between CO2 concentration and the distance from GOF. The lowest CO2 concentration found was (410 ppm) at (8 km). CO2 emission concentration was toward Al-Rifai city and other area near it about 41.79%, Qal'at Sukkar city with other area near it about 26.210%, Al Nasr city about 21% and Al fajr city about 11%. This result refer to the wind direction and distance from the GOF. The objective analysis that explain there are two main reasons for CO2 dispersion, that wind direction, and CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drilling efficient and economical directional well require best drilling practices and high techniques to optimize drilling operations. The primary goal of this research is to provide a general review of Drilling optimization by using High drilling techniques as well as available studies and applications for using high drilling techniques to solve problems with drilling o peration in order to achieve cost effectiveness and perfect drilling well performance. The most common High drilling technologies especially that used in Buzurgan oil field are surface hole motor drilling, Rotary steerable system, Mange pressure drilling and reciprocating liner. These techniques are compared with conventional technique to show their effectiveness to optimize drilling operation with best performance and lowest cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal contamination in the environment has attracted attention in recent decades due to its accumulation in soil and water, as well as the human body.heavy metals have a significant health risk when Increased concentration level and duration exposure. In this study, Specifically, we looked at the presence of certain heavy metals, such as lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), in the human blood of oil using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that average concentrations (ppm) of Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni for the workers in oil field were 0.094, 0.177, 0.462 and 0.042 respectively. While, the average concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu and Ni for the non-workers were 0.044 ppm, 0.048 ppm, 0.414 ppm and 0.005 ppm respectively. The conclusion of this study, there are direct effected of increasing the concentration of the working from working environment and duration of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bokor Betty Rejuvenation & Brownfield project involved in objective not only to increase the field production of gas and oil but the project also aligned with PETRONAS sustainability initiative and its aspiration to achieve Net Zero Carbon Emission by 2050 as part of its holistic approach to sustainability that balances Environment, Social and Governance (ESG). This project execution was starting in 2018, the rejuvenation and brownfield project of an existing field that has been produced for many years. In Malaysia, it recorded the annual CO2 emissions rate in 2020 is 272.62 million t lower than the previous year in 2019 with 278.88 million t [1]. The overall strategy developed during the front-end study of this project, the objective to achieve zero continuous flaring and zero venting, was the main objective for the project apart to sustain the production from this oil and gas field in Sarawak, Malaysia. It was a crucial project to support the international agenda and target for the zero-emission producing platform, yet still, prolong the production of gas and oil from the field. The challenges were also to work the hook-up and commissioning of the new facilities on the existing brownfield platform. This new facility needs to install a knock-out drum, flare system, EVRU, and decommissioning existing facilities such as vent platform and compressor. Through this comprehensive, detailed engineering and study, the construction commenced and translated the actual execution during the offshore works & the team successfully installed all new facilities with the existing platform and integrated the system. The integrated commissioning and start-up were structured detailed in and out to ensure the ultimate sustainability target for the project on zero venting and zero continuous flaring are achieved. Offshore execution for this project was held from 2018 until 2021, and the team achieved decommissioning of the existing old remote vent platform. This ensures the zero venting for this field that has been producing for many years, and finally, we reached zero venting for this field and supporting the PETRONAS sustainability target for net-zero emission by 2050. The project also successfully converted the vent to the flare system of the existing brownfield platform with the integration with the new Central Processing Platform (CPP). A successful project that ended the 40 years of venting gas into the atmosphere is a significant milestone for a sustainability project to save our environment from carbon emissions. The project successfully reduced Greenhouse Gas (GHG) 2.25 million t CO2e/year from its operation with the decommissioning of the vent system, redevelopment of its facilities, and monetizing the gas from wells with the upgrading of its gas processing facilities. This GHG 2.25 million is equivalent to Greenhouse Gas emissions from 489,330 passenger cars driven for a year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The condensates of associated natural gas are a liquid mixture of different hydrocarbons that are found in the form of gases in crude oil. They are produced from a variety of different oil fields where this mixture of associated natural gas condenses to a liquid when its temperature is decreased below the hydrocarbon dew point temperature of that gas at a set pressure. Iraq produces from its northern and southern fields about (18000) eighteen thousand barrels/ day of the condensates of associated natural gas, which is a good amount if we know that (82-85%) of it is gasoline, i.e. (14760-15300) barrels per day and this amount contributes significantly to meet the local market needs of gasoline and reduce its import, thus annually saves huge amounts of hard currency that can be invested in development and service projects for the benefit of the citizen. In this research, we did a full test of the raw material (the condensates of associated natural gas) and the products separated by the atmospheric distillation process, which we divided into (3) three main products, which are LPG and pentane n-C5H12 i-C5H12. These products are used in many petrochemical industries and gasoline, according to the needs of the local market. Also, this research includes the technology that is used in the process of separation; in addition, we suggest a method for treating gasoline and also made economic feasibility calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical studies indicate that more than 70% of cementing operations carried out on wells in oil and gas fields are unsuccessful. The reasons for failure are many and varied. The loss circulation of the cement slurry during cementing is one of the most important reasons for this failure. Loss circulation leads to the non-arrival of the cement slurry to the specified height of the annular space. This problem is a frequent occurrence in the fields of the central region in Syria (fields of Abu-Rabah and North Al-Fayd ... etc.), and it leads to great material losses and often hinders the operations of completing the well and putting it into production. Although many methods are used, and studies are conducted to solve this problem, it is still recurring and aggravating. We aim in this research to try to solve the problem of loss circulation of cement slurry during cementing by using texotropic cement slurries, as these fluids form a gelatinous structure immediately after they stop moving in the formation, which gives the cement slurry a period to solidify and close the loss circulation areas. This study shows that adding bentonite at a concentration of 15% (weight) to the cement mixture at w/s = 60-70% leads to form a suitable texotropic cement slurry and adding sodium silicate at a concentration of 6% and at a ratio w/s = 70% gives the cement slurry a gel strength. It helps a lot in solving this problem. The proposed fluids have suitable rheological properties that enable them to be used in the field to carry out cement operations. They also give a cement stone with appropriate insulating properties and mechanical resistance as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rate of penetration models are essential to obtain a maximum drilling rate and minimum drilling cost. Traditional rate of penetration models has limited field application because they build on specific condition and did not incorporated logging data to develop models for dynamic drilling processes. The aim of this study is to construct rate of penetration models for AL-halfaya oil field by using routinely available mud logging data from a range of drilling conditions. The data used in this study are provided by PetroChina Company Limited Iraq Branch (from Contractor Bohai Mudlogging), that working in AL-Halfaya oil field south of Iraq, for the horizontal well called (HF119-M119 H) for Mishraf formation. This formation represents group data. A Statistical software called (Statistical Analysis System (SAS)) was used to perform statistical calculation and regression analysis of modeling data. For regression purpose, the ROP was considered as a dependent variable, while the (WOB, RPM, HSI and Torque) were considered as independent variables. A data set are considered in the modeling which represented formation. Systematic statistical approaches have been developed in this study for handling the logging data. These approaches include examination of data, removing outliers, make moving-average and grouping data. Data processing analysis were performed in various methods according to the completed building model. The values of ROP were predicted based on grouping data. The results of R2 were calculated to be around (0.842) and RMSE (0.74) for a group set data. The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and the correlation coefficient (R2) were indicating the strength of the model. It was a comparison between the actual values and the predict values of ROP of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 13th five-year period, class II reservoirs of DaQing Oilfield first layer series development will be fully completed, secondary up or down layer development is facing new well drilling or the use of old we ll pattern network method chosen, need to determine development mode of oil block. In this paper, the system economy model is established, the up and down oil layer of the block is considered as one system, and through the comparison of the two models that new well drilling or the use of old well pattern , we can determine the development mode of the block. And take b1ddd block as an example, determine the block need to use what method to develop in different oil prices. Result show when the oil price is $40/bbl, using exiting well to production, when oil price is $70/bbl., using new drilling development model. The method to fill the theory and methodology on selection about reservoir development mode, can provide technical support for DaQing Oilfield the 14th five-year planning and long-term planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Enhanced Oil Recovery methods used to increase oil production from a reservoir. The purpose of this study is to determine the type of Enhanced Oil Recovery method that is most appropriate for use in an oil field with certain conditions. Before choosing the method to be used, first perform screening criteria. Screening criteria is done by matching the field data with the data of the parameters specified in the method to be used. There are nine parameters that are used as a reference for screening. One of the samples of the oil field that was analyzed with screening criteria was the Jatibarang Field. Based on the existing parameters in the Jatibarang field, there is a 55-60% similarity between the field data and the screening criteria parameters for CO2 flooding, namely permeability, porosity, density, SG, viscosity, oil saturation and reservoir temperature. So based on the discussion that has been carried out on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the oil field in Jatibarang is suitable for using the CO2 flooding method for the enhanced oil recovery process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research area is situated in Banggai Basin, eastern arm of Sulawesi. It was formed as a result of collision Banggai – Sula microcontinent with East Sulawesi. Subsequently deposited post-collision sediment and syn-collision sediment known as Salodik Group. This research focused to analyze lithofacies, diagenesis, facies distribution, rock type, and sonic velocity characteristic from the Vp, Vs, and Vp/Vs ratio to identify the influence of syn & post-depositional effect in carbonate rocks of Minahaki and Tomori Formation. This study is expected to define more detail for identifying lithofacies and different layers of hydraulic unit, which further contribute for exploration activity in the surrounding area. The Methods used were lithofacies & diagenesis identification based on thin section, facies distribution map from the integration of lithofacies and regional study, rock typing using FZI method, and relationship Vp/Vs ratios and diagenesis. Petrographic analysis concludes that the lithofacies in the Tomori Formation is predominantly skeletal wackestone – packstone and the diagenetic environment is shallow burial or mixing zone. The Minahaki Formation is dominated by foraminiferal grainstone – packstone lithofacies and the diagenetic environment is marine phreatic. Both Minahaki and Tomori Formation were deposited in Shallow Marine, precisely at Inner Shelf facies. Based on porosity and permeability transform has been resulting 7 rock types. It has no effect of facies control within the formation, however diagenetic process is affecting. Based on hydraulic flow unit, RT-1 & RT-2 has the best quality compared to RT-7 which has poor quality for flowing fluid. The muddy carbonate lithofacies tend to have higher Vp & Vs but lower Vp/Vs ratios compared to grainstone lithofacies which have lower Vp & Vs but higher Vp/Vs ratios. Diagenetic and rock type parameter reveals they didn't show any direct relation to the Vp/Vs ratios variation in this area. According to Vp/Vs ratios, lithofacies are the main factor that influences of the Vp/Vs ratio variation, not the diagenetic nor the rock type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tectonic mechanism is well-known to implicate conditions influencing the dynamics of poroelasticity. This phenomenon is also associated with the role of loading factor, hence pore pressure is strongly affected by tectonic regimes. The study aims to evaluate the effect of effective stress on pore pressure and velocity relationship, particularly when the impact of the loading mechanism is not prevailing. The research data was originated from several wells in Rantau Field, North Sumatra Basin, Indonesia. This oil field is located in the transcurrent fault structural area, where thrust fault regime becomes deeper, and is assumed to be a strike-slip fault regime, obviously observed from seismic-magnetoteluric data interpretation. The log data, including sonic, resistivity and density were selected to accompany seismic data acquired in 1994, due to the fields actively producing property. Therefore, the initial and historical production data up to 2017 were coupled. The result shows an increment in pore pressure, following the water injection activity, which further triggers matrix bonding, and increases the velocity values. This phenomenon is not common on instances where there is a normal fault tectonic regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]