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This paper proposed the modelling and simulation of generator protection for power system using digital reverse power relay. The operations of the power plant are often interrupted by the reverse power generation. Therefore, generators need to be closely monitored and controlled. In this study, 11 kV synchronous generators are connected to 220 kV load through a step-up transformer, and a new model of reverse power relay is added for generator protection. The reverse power relay proposed in this paper is a digital relay with high accuracy and high reacting speed. Several cases based on various types of mechanical inputs to the generator were studied to test the operation of the reverse power relay. This simulation was done using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the 11 kV generator protection is successful with this new model reverse power relay. Besides, the simulation results were similar result compared to the theory result. From the simulation results, the integral output of the relay will reach the threshold value ‘L’ whenever there is a reversed power flow fault found in the system. Consequently, the relay will be triggered to provide protection for the generator. This model has been added into online resources of MATLAB Power System Tools. In addition, this model may also help the engineers to develop the analytical skills under various conditions.

Recently assembly line balancing (ALB) is an ultimate focus issue in manufacturing industries for optimizing both common goals which were the number of workstations and the production rate. Metaheuristic is one of optimization problem-independent technique. This paper focusses on the short review of metaheuristic optimization in solving assembly line balancing problems. Hence, to produce a summary of the review, this paper selects some publications for the past 3 years from year 2016 to 2019. From the review shows the metaheuristic optimization that often used are Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Differential Evaluation (DE), Evolutionary Algorithm (EA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Simulated Annealing (SA). Besides, GA is most frequently used to solve ALB problems. Finally, recommendation for future research for solving ALB Problems using metaheuristic optimization are discussed.

In this paper brake performance is studied under varying brake pressure. This brake pressure depends upon the pedal ratio. Along with theoretical analysis software like ANSYS is used to determine the sustainability of the disc under varying load that are obtained by varying force applied on pedal and pedal ratios. A brake is a mechanical device that hinders movement by retaining kinetic energy from a moving component. It is utilized for halting a moving vehicle, wheel, tire, disc or to keep its movement, regularly achieved by means of friction. The parts involved in the braking system are simple but the performance of these brakes greatly varies with slight variations involved in it. Though there are many factors that vary the performance of brakes initially the variations can be done at brake pedal level. The proper selection of the pedal ratio is important for the brake performance. This importance of this small part is the concept of this paper. The importance of this part is described and its effects are detailed in this paper.

Because the winding resistance of small power transformer is far bigger than the inductance of winding, it is difficult to obtain the leakage inductance parameters of small power transformer winding accurately by traditional experimental methods. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a method of obtaining leakage inductance by applying step voltage, establishes the T-type equivalent circuit model of transformer, carries out the measurement experiment of leakage inductance, and carries out Simulink simulation with the parameters obtained by applying step voltage. The results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which verifies the validity of the method.Because the winding resistance of small power transformer is far bigger than the inductance of winding, it is difficult to obtain the leakage inductance parameters of small power transformer winding accurately by traditional experimental methods. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a method of obtaining leakage inductance by applying step voltage, establishes the T-type equivalent circuit model of transformer, carries out the measurement experiment of leakage inductance, and carries out Simulink simulation with the parameters obtained by applying step voltage. The results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results, which verifies the validity of the method.

The KDamper is a novel passive vibration absorption concept, based essentially on the optimal combination of appropriate stiffness elements, which include a negative stiffness element. In this paper, the implementation of the KDamper as a seismic Absorption Base (KDAB) is considered. The paper proceeds to the assessment of the performance of the KDamper as seismic absorption base in a typical flexible 5-storey concrete building structure with a fundamental period of 0.5 sec. The structure is excited by artificial accelerograms, generated to be compatible with the highly demanding Eurocode 8 case C with a PGA of 0.36g, and by real earthquake records. The performance of the KDAB is compared not only to the original structure but also to the cases of conventional and highly damped base isolation systems, as well as the case of a Tuned Inerter Damper (TID). Alternative options for the selection of the KDamper natural frequency are considered, leading to two limit cases. In the first case, the nominal KDamper frequency is selected equal to the low frequency of a conventional base isolation system, resulting in a drastic improvement of the overall structural performance. However, another interesting option is revealed, which foresees the implementation of the KDAB with a nominal frequency much higher than that of the base isolation system. This choice leads to a drastic reduction of the relative base displacement, in the order of few centimeters, combined with acceptable structural performance with respect to drift and absolute acceleration. As a consequence, the KDamper can be implemented as “stiff seismic absorption base”, overcoming the disadvantages of the conventional base isolation systems, and thus leading towards alternative seismic protection technologies.

One of the vital components for the pebble reactor is the fuel handling system which was employed to load, recirculate and discharge the depleted fuel during the operation of reactor. The previous fuel handling design and experience of the High Temperature Reaktor 10 MWth (HTR-10) and HTR-PM were beneficial for the development of High Temperature Gas-cooled Reaktor (HTGR) in Indonesia such as for the Reaktor Daya Eksperiment (RDE) 10 MWth and PELUIT 150 MWth. One of the focus for the development especially for the control is an important factor to ensure that the reliability and the safety during operation were guarantee. Therefore, aims of this paper is to understand and develop the automatic control system of the fuel handling. The development was done by applying the logic flowchart of the fuel handling HTGR with the HTR-10 as the reference. Some modification was made considering the future application in Indonesia It was demonstrated that the automation systems with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) can control handling systems easily because each valve can be drive to open and close immediately as requested from the sensor. It was also demostrated that the timing chart monitoring confirms the control of flowchart process description for the new fresh fuel loading.One of the vital components for the pebble reactor is the fuel handling system which was employed to load, recirculate and discharge the depleted fuel during the operation of reactor. The previous fuel handling design and experience of the High Temperature Reaktor 10 MWth (HTR-10) and HTR-PM were beneficial for the development of High Temperature Gas-cooled Reaktor (HTGR) in Indonesia such as for the Reaktor Daya Eksperiment (RDE) 10 MWth and PELUIT 150 MWth. One of the focus for the development especially for the control is an important factor to ensure that the reliability and the safety during operation were guarantee. Therefore, aims of this paper is to understand and develop the automatic control system of the fuel handling. The development was done by applying the logic flowchart of the fuel handling HTGR with the HTR-10 as the reference. Some modification was made considering the future application in Indonesia It was demonstrated that the automation systems with Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)...

Operator support systems are extensively studied and developed to support human operators for their activities in especially an abnormal condition of a nuclear power plant. By the advancement of computer technology and artificial intelligence, an operator support system can provide detailed support information based on detailed models and utilizing detailed simulation of plant dynamics and/or complicated inference algorithms. However, human operators may not understand the detailed support information under high mental pressure in an abnormal plant condition. In such a case, it is important how to provide essential and understandable support information. This paper deals with a technique to simplify functional models in order to display operator support information that is generated based on detailed functional models. This paper defines eight cognitive states of human operators from the viewpoint of cognitive abilities of human. In addition, three ways to simplify functional models are identified.

The aim of the paper is to present a regulation and control model of the two link manipulator end effector position. Attention is paid to kinematic and dynamic analysis of the manipulator. Then the simulation model with a control algorithm of its end effector position is proposed. MSC Adams Control Toolkit is used for computer simulation. Finally the results of the simulation are presented in graphical form. An example of a robot model that will be the objective of the solution in the paper consists of two members. The industrial robot can be considered as an open chain mechanism consisting of rigid links and joints. The movable arms are mounted on a solid base ensuring its stability in operation. A working tool, in our case a basket, is fixedly connected to the movable upper arm. Our aim is to describe the movement of the basket of the end member. The control of the position of the end member was performed by the MSC Adams program, which offers the possibility to build a control system and also the possibility of using regulator. In this case a proportional regulator with Kp gain is used. The stability of the basket is eliminated by the control circuit by applying a balancing torque that allows the basket to stabilize during movement. For the control system a feedback control circuit is provided. The regulator controls the equalization torque to keep the basket in a horizontal position during arm rotation. The aim was also to obtain results from the manipulation of the robot’s end effector and to prove the ability and functionality of the designed balancing torque controller. The course of the current and desired angle while moving by trajectory is displayed graphically.The aim of the paper is to present a regulation and control model of the two link manipulator end effector position. Attention is paid to kinematic and dynamic analysis of the manipulator. Then the simulation model with a control algorithm of its end effector position is proposed. MSC Adams Control Toolkit is used for computer simulation. Finally the results of the simulation are presented in graphical form. An example of a robot model that will be the objective of the solution in the paper consists of two members. The industrial robot can be considered as an open chain mechanism consisting of rigid links and joints. The movable arms are mounted on a solid base ensuring its stability in operation. A working tool, in our case a basket, is fixedly connected to the movable upper arm. Our aim is to describe the movement of the basket of the end member. The control of the position of the end member was performed by the MSC Adams program, which offers the possibility to build a control system and also the possi...

In this paper, the isolated DC-DC converters fly back, forward converter, and hybrid converter topologies are considered for analysis. However, each topology has definite boundaries that are hard to resolve that can be overcome by the hybrid topology. This paper presents a hybrid type of forward, and fly back converter, allocation of the transformer utilization factor a better manner, has exceptionally high voltage gain and high efficiency. Achieving soft switching with control and design is easy. The forward fly back converters are simulated using MATLAB Simulink employing the results are analyzed and compared the efficiencies with theoretical and simulated values. The theoretical analysis of flyback-forward converter using DSPIC30F4011 is verified by comparing the theoretical and simulation results with a prototype of 100W and 2 kHz switching frequency.

Cognitive radio (CR) is the latest type of wireless technology and provides more flexibility in terms of spectrum utilization. in CR, secondary user uses primary user’s spectrum during primary user’s absence without interrupting the primary user’s transmission. However, the secondary user’s transmission is interrupted as primary user reconnects to their spectrum. The secondary user needs to identify a new available spectrum for retransmission. This paper presents the development of cognitive radio network using Android based smart phone for the data transmission. Both Bluetooth and WiFi spectrum detection are focused here. The used sensing method is energy based sensing method. The CR is developed using Java based Android Eclipse. The developed CR network is verified using Android based smart phone. Result shows that the proposed CR network is able to sense the spectrum with accuracy of approximately of 81%. The developed CR network is able to help secondary users to sense and use spectrum (licensed) for data transmission.

Welding process is known as one of the well-known of hazard-expose operations in manufacturing. In every welding method or process, safety is the most important element that need to take care. Safety and health in employment is an area which aims to protect the safety and health of people who are working. This case study is about the welder that killed while his colleagues injured his left hand due to diesel tank explosion during welding. In this accident, the victims were welding on the diesel tank before the tank suddenly explode. Thus, this paper highlight report on hazard identification, and risk control applied in the accident. The aim of this case study is to investigate the work-related accident at welding workshop and the hazards working there. This case study had been conducted by using 3 method which is fishbone diagram, HIRARC table and Pareto chart way of a walk-through observation and the identified risk images were taken. From the experiment result, there are 5 hazards that can be related which is the hazard identification are exposure to fumes and gases, heat, fire and burns, Electric Shock, Bright Light and Noise. In conclusion, the highlight of the hazards and risk tend to make a corrective action on minimizing or eliminating the risk of injuries and to ensure a safe workplace

Safety is a main concern in nuclear power plant projects. The instrumentation and control system of nuclear power plant which propose to be built in Indonesia are expected to make extensive use of digital system. Common cause failures are among safety issues in digital technology which may compromise plant safety if occurred. The review includes investigation of available documentation of protection against common cause failures and diversity implementation. This paper describes the characteristics and nature of digital common cause failures. The instrumentation and control system require to be designed with defense against CCFs within and between systems. The result of review is a framework for defense against common causes failures that include: echelons of defense, diversity strategies and assessments of the adequacy of defense.

Heart failure is a condition that affects a great part of the world population. A heart transplant is one of the alternatives to survive heart failure. Since the organ donors are very limited and the wait list for the organ is very long it is difficult to find the organ. A viable alternative until the organ becomes available is the total artificial heart (TAH) and ventricle assisting devices. The total artificial heart is used to bridge the time to heart transplants. There are different types of artificial hearts. In this paper, we compared the various TAH devices by creating a database, and by using a simulation we determined which device is the best out in the market. We used Fuzzy Promethee as the methodology. It is observed that with pneumatic (SynCardia) TAHs as a bridge to transplant, promising results have been achieved, but still, they are not free of problems. Nevertheless, implantable total artificial hearts have a long way to go if they are to replace the natural heart permanently, made for destination therapy. So far, the only device that is commercially approved is SynCardia TAH, it's the only one in the market for patient use.

This paper discusses stereoscopic images gain using library in OpenCV on Python platform. The simple stereo camera system that can provide stereoscopic images in both as a picture (PNG) or as a video (AVI) is developed. The system comprises a stereo camera, a USB connector, a tripod, and a notebook with programming language of Python 3.7, along with the free library of OpenCV 4.0 installed inside the notebook. The system has successfully provided both images and videos. However, the spatial resolution and the frame rate depend to the specifications of the stereo camera being used. The camera resolution of 1280 × 360 with a frame rate of 5 fps is obtained based on the stereo camera specifications in this study. The disparity of the stereo camera as a function of distance of the camera to the object of interest is measured. From the experimental results, the p constant is 1059.4, q constant is -0.527 over a distance of 10–100 cm. It shows that farther the object from the camera, the disparity decreases. This system will be used for performing physical measurement in the future.

Recently, the extensive usage of electronic devices in the electrical system increases the magnitude of non-linear loads, significantly. These devices are essential at residential, factories, commercial, and office premises. Modern equipment which produced non-linear load are computers, heat pump, air conditioning system, light dimmer, and others. These appliances inject pulses into the system’s current waveform and generate harmonics throughout the electrical system. This phenomenon will increase the heating of utility and other appliances which resulting in system resonance and failure of the device. A lot of harmonic mitigation methods are now available to minimize the effect. The methods categorized into the passive, active, and hybrid harmonic filter. The efficiency of each method depends mainly on applications and conditions of the system, while others need extensive systems analysis. This review paper describes the different harmonic mitigation approaches with their standard circuit connection dealing with the electrical power system.

The omnidirectional drive is the method of achieving the holonomic motion, which allows the system to move in any direction without changing the orientation of the vehicle and achieving the zero radii of rotation. The proposed transmission system enables the vehicle to achieve holonomic motion using Omni wheels in a single drive. This paper presents the development of the transmission system for achieving omnidirectional motion by using mecanum wheels. The system uses four mecanum wheels to achieve the movement in all directions, including sideways, and zero radii of rotation.

In this paper, a folded cascode operational amplifier is designed and analysed by using 0.13 µm CMOS technology. Several analyses such as DC analysis and AC analysis are carried out to analyse the performances of the proposed folded cascode op-amp. Through the simulation of Mentor Graphics, under 3.3 V power supply, the circuit’ s DC gain is 32.3590 dB, the phase margin is 83.754 degree with high stability, the bandwidth is larger than 10 MHz, the unity gain bandwidth is as high as 906.8953 MHz and the power dissipation is 86.9774 mW.

The quadrotor type of UAV (QUAV), is arguably the most popular type for civilian purposes, since it does not mandate a complicated remote controlling skill to operate it. This popularity, however, has yet to be balanced with research in mathematical modelling, design, and analysis. This paper describes a mathematical modelling process of a QUAV, by exploiting the usage of MATLAB/Simulink software. The main aim is to provide a proper mathematical model to design and evaluate the control system to maintain QUAV stability. Along with the model, three basic automatic control systems were also designed, i.e., the forward-speed hold, sideward-speed hold, and altitude hold system. Several simulations were conducted afterward, to test both the model and the designed control system, which showed satisfying results in representing a QUAV system. QUAV dynamic characteristics can be observed from the simulation, including the logical commands to alter the rotors thrust, the rotor limitation in handling many commands at once, the vehicle dependency of automatic control systems, and the fact that a motion in one degree of freedom can easily affected others. The developed model evidently has a good potential as a base for QUAV analyses and control design.

Cryptanalysis is the investigation of cipher content, ciphers and cryptosystems with the point of seeing how they work and finding and improving procedures for crushing or debilitating. Elliptic Curve Cryptography is one of the newest fields in cryptography field. This paper has proposed a new technique where classical techniques are replaced with new technique by changing characters with affine points. This technique avoids costly mapping.

The development of communication technologies shows that fiber optics is in the main communication improvement in the last decade. Fiber optics is moved from laboratory to be a reality. Transmission of the data using the light as a signal carrier is a revolutionary improvement in the communication era. However, to enable this technology several obstacles should be addressed, such as achieving the longest distance transmission with less possible bit error rate (BER). One of the solutions was performed by careful selection of the optical modes profiles with the help of the nonlinear electrical equalizer (NLEE) to solve the problem of the mode coupling. This paper investigates on the compensation of different modes profiles in optical communication systems over few-mode fiber (FMF) based on Space Division Multiplexer (SDM) with an electrical non-linear equalizer utilized to equalize nonlinear distortions. The result shows that the LG mode achieved the best transmission distance comparing to the other modes which make it the best option to be used. Basically, the evaluation of the system has been done based on standard evaluation metrics such as BER and Eye Diagram. These results can optimize the data transmission quality.

This paper presents the development of an optical-based fibre sensor system for pulse transit time (PTT) measurement. PTT is a promising method for cuffless continuous blood pressure (BP). In this study, the time delay between the R-wave peak of the Electrocardiogram (ECG) and the peak of the Photoplethysmogram (PPG) was measured and denoted as PTT. A conductive fabric based ECG electrode was deployed to measure the ECG on the chest. A plastic optical fibre (POF) was deployed as a medium to transport and receive light for PPG detection. A green LED (525 nm) was deployed as a light source to illuminate the skin tissue, and a phototransistor was deployed to measure the reflected light intensity. A cuff-based blood pressure (Ostar, P2) was used to measure blood pressure simultaneously with the PTTs. The ECG and the PPG signals were synchronized using a Nexus-10 MK II data acquisition device along with Matlab software for subsequent analysis. In this study, the PTT at three different positions (finger, wrist and foot) were recorded along with the BP measurement during a tilt table experiment. The results show that the system is able to monitor the PTT during a tilt table moving from supine position to tilt-up position (0° to 70°). A statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS software to compare the mean of BP and the PTT in supine and tilt-up position. The novelty of the developed system lies in the miniaturization of the POF system and the combination of POFs and textile electrodes that are well suited to smart textile applications.

Nowadays the automobile industry is largely driven by designs that complies with the laws and regulations governed by environment concerns. For instance, to counter noise pollution designer came up with the idea of muffler that considerably reduces the noise produced by the engine. An effort has been made to try and compare different models of a reactive muffler through case studies after cumulatively incorporating various changes that are generally considered beneficial. This paper compares the stock muffler with new designs by considering transmission loss as the deciding factor since it is a property of the geometry alone. The more the transmission loss the better the muffler is at attenuating the noise generated by the engine. However, another important factor that should be considered when designing a muffler is the Backpressure it creates on the engine as backpressure negatively impacts its performance. The design with the highest transmission loss along with a controlled backpressure is declared as the most effective design.

This paper presents the results analysis of switching’s effect when capacitor bank operation against the amount of inrush current on the circuit breaker. The capacitor bank switching causes inrush current and high-frequency oscillation if there are two or more capacitor banks connected on the same bus. When it occurs repeatedly, the insulation from the electric equipment will weaken and breakdown. For this reason, we propose a method to reduce the inrush current using new controlled switching. Switching control is used to find the time (t) of circuit breakers’ switching. So it can be seen the configuration of capacitor banks’ switching causes minimal inrush current. We have done a case study 3 capacitors using Simulink. Variables used are inrush current (ii), controlled switching time (t), and damping reactor (Lreactor). Inrush currents can be reduced by 99.8% using the proposed switching control method. The amount of inrush current is below the capability of the power breaker rating so that it does not cause a power breaker to interrupt and also does not cause overcurrent in the system. If the circuit breaker does not trip when there is a high inrush current in a short time, it can be dangerous for the electrical system equipment.

This paper presents the maintenance scheduling of transformer oil in Banaran Substation, Indonesia. Based on the function of the transformer is important to distribute electricity. If there was a fault, it can decrease the reliability of the transformer. Therefore, it is necessary to schedule the periodic maintenance of transformer oil to improve the power transformer reliability. So in this research using Markov method to analyze the reliability and availability of transformer oil. It happened because of Markov method can increase estimates effectively. This research adds the used parameters, namely the results of the DGA test with TDCG and the results breakdown voltage test. These parameters will be processed by using Markov method to find the value of reliability and availability with calculated using the deterioration rate (λ) and the repair rate (μ). The calculation results are simulated using Matlab R2014a, and the results show us that the reliability and availability of transformer oil decrease every month. The biggest decrease occurred on day 180 in a period of 365 days, with the value of TDCG is 9.844% and 3.395% while the value of breakdown voltage is 32.19% and 24.83%. Therefore, maintenance is carried out at least twice a year to improve the quality of transformer oil which functions as an isolation transformer and prevents transformer failure.

Optical fiber has been considered as not only the substitutes of conventional sensors but also the unique solutions in the field of scientific engineering and industrial research. Fiber optic biosensor is optical fiber derived devices that uses optical signal to detect biological species such as proteins, cell and DNA. Because of high accuracy, smaller size and low cost these biosensors are growing demand in many fields which includes mainly: checking of ecological pollution control, in agricultural fields and food industries etc. In the present paper the classification of most advanced fiber optic biosensor has been sketched. Future scopes of work for the researcher working in this field have also been indicated.

The chain drives are the primary systems used in order to transmit power, and act as the effective means of material handling. Chain conveyors ultimately experience tension due to wear. The tension generated on this conveyor setup needs to be supplanted, consequently would affect the efficiency and increases to perform such an important activity of an industry. Roller and chain transports are predominantly used in the mills where sugar, paper, fertilizer and cements are produced in large quantities. Such material handling systems are more reliable and appropriate in the metal casting industries in which the foundry practices and heat treatment processes are inevitable. This report discusses on the physical responses of the chain drive upon elastic loading and also contemplates on the internal resistances. Analysis on such experimentations brings in fruitful results and suggestions so as to minimize the constraints related to time and cost, to the aforesaid industries.

This article presents the effects of haze attenuation on Radio over Free Space Optic (RoFSO) transmission system in KLIA Sepang, one of the towns in Malaysia. The haze condition which affects the FSO link transmissions was considered on October 2015 and on October 2017 at KLIA Sepang referring to the reading record of Air Pollution Index (API). In this paper, OptiSystem simulation software is used as a preliminary study before configuring the real RoFSO setup. We model the RoFSO by converting the radio frequency (RF) signal into light where the light source intensity is modulated with the RF signal. RF signal travels through free space while light propagates through fiber optic channel. Single-FSO and four- FSO channels are compared and analyzed in terms of bit-error-rate (BER), received optical power and eye diagram pattern. The results show that the performance of RoFSO with four-FSO channel system in comparison with single-channel has better receiver sensitivity and clear eye diagram. For future work, deploying multiple RoFSO system can fulfil the increasing demand for optimizing the communication bandwidth.

Noise has always been a major disturbance for every living creature. Noise pollution is, thus, a threat to environmental pollution too. The noise created by a helicopter draws a great contribution to the noise pollution. Reducing the noise that creates from helicopter rotor blades, tail rotors, engine etc. is a one step closer to this crisis. Helicopter noise reduction is a topic of research into designing helicopters which can be operated more quietly. The major source of the noise come from the rotor blade vortex interaction. By attaching spoiler in the helicopter main rotor blades and tail rotors reduce the noise and silence the operation. The spoiler is made of supple, resilient, and durable non-ferrous material, such as rubber, a rubber like material, plastic, rubber-impregnated with thin steel mesh, canvas reinforced rubber, rubber composites, and other durable materials that do not prematurely fatigue. The spoiler attached at the trailing edges of blades have free edges exhibits a non-repeating pattern of feather-like projections that collectively break up the vortex formed by blade rotation by providing clean air for each successive blade. The blade efficiency is also increased by using spoiler. This paper addresses the use of spoiler and comparison of noise level of rotor blades with or without spoiler.

Industry 4.0 implementation faces crucial problem when applied in labor-intensive manufacturing industries, which are common industries in Indonesia. The problem is that it requires a well-connected and transparent data among production elements. The purpose of this study was to solve the aforementioned problem by building a cyber-physical workstation system as bridges between the production elements in real world with object models in virtual world. The system acts as a tools monitoring system for obtaining real-time information of actual tools utilization, especially for hand tools which are mostly used in labor-intensive manufacturing industries. The utilization of cyber-physical workstation system model may be the best method for determining the actual utilization of production tool with simple architecture, affordable and minimum negative impact. Workstation monitoring system transforms attendance data tools in the work area and start-finish operation time event into actual tool utilization information. The major contribution of this paper is that the implementation of industry 4.0 on labor-intensive manufacturing industry has become enabled by using cyber- physical workstation system. It was shown that the usage time of each tool on each production operation can be monitored. Furthermore, the estimation of the actual duration of each tool utilization can be calculated. The resulted data will be further utilized as primary data input for building smart tools model.Industry 4.0 implementation faces crucial problem when applied in labor-intensive manufacturing industries, which are common industries in Indonesia. The problem is that it requires a well-connected and transparent data among production elements. The purpose of this study was to solve the aforementioned problem by building a cyber-physical workstation system as bridges between the production elements in real world with object models in virtual world. The system acts as a tools monitoring system for obtaining real-time information of actual tools utilization, especially for hand tools which are mostly used in labor-intensive manufacturing industries. The utilization of cyber-physical workstation system model may be the best method for determining the actual utilization of production tool with simple architecture, affordable and minimum negative impact. Workstation monitoring system transforms attendance data tools in the work area and start-finish operation time event into actual tool utilization informati...

The Micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) have been adopted into various applications such as navigation or positioning, consumer electronics, medical electronics. It provides low fabrication cost, lightweight and low-power chip-based accelerometers and gyroscopes. The signals for inertial measurement unit (IMU) is greatly depends on the sensor’s proper installment. Due to this fact, these low-cost sensors are in great need of a calibration procedure. This paper presents evaluation and calibration of an inertial measurement unit, Ultra-Miniature 6 (UM-6). An experimental setup has been developed for this purpose. The UM6 sensor was placed on the setup and the sensor frame rotating around the standard coordinate system. An electrical circuit was designed to connect the sensor with personal computer. An UART serial protocol was used for communication. Data acquisition system based on Visual C++ was used for archiving of the measurement data, whereas further data processing was performed in Origin Pro 8. This raw experimental data was placed on a mathematical equation for developing calibration data and compare it with sensor provided calibration data for evaluation. The algorithm is shown to give good results using data from the IMU units. The experimental maximum error was 10%, 16.67% and 18.18% for gyro calibration and 9.34%, 7.92% and 13.07% for accelerometer calibration consecutively x, y and z coordinates. Hence the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method of calibration.

Additive manufacturing technologies are quickly becoming more accessible and are being integrated in the workflow of the manufacturing industry. These technologies are often used for prototyping in the product design process. However the fact that there is a limited choice of printing materials means that prototypes of rubber components can rarely be printed from the desired material as used for real production. This paper investigates the possibility of producing prototypes of vulcanised rubber components by injection moulding process using 3D-printed Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) inserts. This would allow the production of a batch of rubber parts without needing to produce a metal mould, which is both costly and time consuming.

In this paper is presented a concept of IMPI (Intelligent Mission Planning Interface) which besides the basic functions of any GCS also is presented an obstacle collision avoidance function without human intervention. IMPI is based on three main functions: mission post-flight analysis, mission planning, real time monitoring and autopilot calibration and static obstacle collision avoidance. Therefore, the obstacle avoidance problem is perceived as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) based on a Receding Horizon approach. This implies to consider the time division of the overall mission flight duration into intermediate, fixed or variable time slots, for which UAV states are measured and control input commands are derived. For this was used a quadcopter having on board a proprietary autopilot and on which we performed MATLAB simulations that reveals the fact that the obstacle collision avoidance was assured, making us consider moving to the next stage, namely practical implementation.

Reliability program plan (RPP) for instrumentation and control (I&C) system with Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology for the system platform should develop to ensure the reliability of systems and components both hardware and software since reliability is one of mandatory requirement from the regulator and industrial standards of nuclear power generating station safety system. Therefore, it is very important to arrange which methodologies and tools that will be used to verification and validation (V&V) both hardware and software which is concerned as reliable I&C system since it is mandatory to meet the safety system criteria because have to handle the complex safety I&C system. This RPP should be designed by referring to the condition of the type of the reactor. To be applied on 10MW high temperature gas- cooled reactor-test module (HTR-10) which is a high temperature reactor with gas coolant system, the design should be conditioned for high temperature environment. This paper present the RPP...

Electromagnetic pulse welding is an innovative technology suitable for joining various similar and dissimilar tube and sheet metal parts including dissimilar material combinations, which are difficult to join by conventional, i.e. thermal welding methods. In case of proper choice of process parameters, a high joint quality can be achieved. In literature this is often demonstrated by failure in the base material during destructive testing. However, no standard testing procedures for magnetic pulse welded joints have been agreed on and thus industrial implementation is severely complicated. Specifically, investigations regarding non-destructive testing are rarely available. The paper evaluates different testing and characterization methods. Specifically, metallographic analysis and lap shear tests are taken into consideration. Finally, Laser UltraSound (LUS) is presented as a new alternative for characterizing magnetic pulse welded joints. The technique is based on measuring laser ultrasound waves which are either transmitted through or reflected by the weld seam. A comparison of the results to those of the more established destructive testing methods shows, that LUS measurements absolutely allow qualitative and quantitative conclusions regarding weld quality. Due to high automation potential, the method is a promising alternative for quality control in industrial manufacturing.

The determination of PN system through reduction methods in recent years focused by many researchers. In a petrinet model of a flexible manufacturing system (FMS), places represents unassertive elements like materials, moderators, vessels etc. A black dot in a place implies a variability of a specified materials, number of black dots denote the availability of number of resource operations at a particular time. In this paper by making use of resource oriented petrinet (ROPN) which can be taken away from the petrinet model, which completely decreases the complexity and reduce the size of petrinet models. ROPN allows only to calculate the total production cost in order to minimising costs to centre stations. Some net models are presented in an example by assuming that workstations are not homogeneous that is for example the cost for running is not the same. The running cost is to be optimized on the total cost of production in addition maximize line time of centre station.

The paper deals with the problem of accuracy increasing of small distance changes measurements in radar level gauges with frequency modulated continuous wave signals. In the considered task advantages of estimation of time delay differences as indirect parameter of beat signals full phase are shown. This approach is shown to be more informative in comparison with traditionally applied estimators of time delay difference, which based on a frequency and initial phase estimation as separate parameters. For the model of beat signal of level FMCW radar in the typical interference conditions it is proposed to use the phase-based estimator which was investigated by us in the previous works. The obtained results shown that in the considered conditions the proposed approach allows one to reduce the variance and bias of level increments estimates by several times in comparison with traditionally used estimators.

Mechanical clinching is recognized as a promising industrial technique to join dissimilar metal sheets by cold forming. In this technique, the metallic layers are joined by local hemming with a punch and die. The present paper aims at providing a finite element model for the mechanical clinching processes. To accomplish this, a locking-free element formulation (Q1SP) is employed which is essentially based on the reduced integration technique with hourglass stabilization. The performance of Q1SP element against locking is first demonstrated through a benchmark test. Then, a finite element model for the clinching process is developed. It is shown that the Q1SP element can efficiently reproduce the severe plastic deformations observed in a real clinching process. The results obtained by the FE model are then compared with experimental data. Additionally, the performance of the employed element is compared with the standard Q1 element. It is also shown that the standard Q1 element exhibits an artificial stiffness which may result in the underestimation of mechanical interlocking value. This deficiency can be adequately overcome by applying the Q1SP formulation.

Industrial robots are often used in positioning and material handling purposes. Due to low accuracy and high stiffness, the researchers are more concern on to improve in control operation like high accuracy trajectory tracking. This paper presents a real time position control of 6 DOF Mitsubishi robot and deals with Cartesian parameters monitoring and controlling. Feed forward control method is used. The robot movement is on Cartesian co-ordinate mode and operates from remote computer. These Cartesian parameters have to be continuously monitored and control in real time by the user. The Virtual Instrument is created using LabVIEW software which creates Graphical Control and monitoring system. An Ethernet User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is used for developing an online transmission process between client and server. This helps in easy and fast transmission of data in form of messages between the client PC(s) and server robot. With the help of internet protocol, client provides the value of set point according to which the control actions are taken by the server. Finally, experimental validation is performed using a Mitsubishi robot to verify the correctness and accuracy of the approach.

In this paper, a three-dimensional CFD simulation of the air flow in a 14.4 MVA hydrogenerator in service at EDF is performed. This machine was selected because it presents a large axial temperature gradient in the stator core that imposes some load limitations. The computational domain includes all the main components of the hydrogenerator (rotor, stator, frame and housing) except for the coolers since they would require a much higher meshing and computational effort. The numerical results show a significant axial flow maldistribution across the stator ducts with a flow blockage in the bottom duct that is most probably responsible for the overheating observed in the bottom region of the stator core. This finding has been validated through air flow measurements that were performed at the outlet of several stator ducts using a custom sensor developed at Hydro-Quebec’s Research Institute. Furthermore, the computed windage losses in the hydrogenerator were compared with the measured ones and a discrepancy lower than 1% was found. Consequently, this numerical investigation has successfully proven the capability of a CFD model to reproduce the ventilation anomalies present in an operating hydrogenerator, as long as the input parameters of the model are carefully fixed. Moreover, this approach can provide engineers with useful information that could help them solve cooling issues.

The main objectives of this paper is to verify, for the first time, the possibility to model a solar optimizer developed in laboratory and connected to an un-shaded photovoltaic (PV) module, where his behaviors have been simulated by a commercial software, the Proteus Design Suite of Labcenter Electronics. For two different PV modules (a roof PV module and a PV module dedicated to 12V battery recharge) software simulations of I-V characteristics are compared to experimental curves. The very small differences between simulation and experimental results lead us to consider that such modelling is realistic for simple configuration, namely a solar optimizer supplying a single load. In a second time an association of two solar optimizers by output parallel coupling is designed and simulated with Proteus software. Large data files produced by Proteus software simulations require to reduce duration of studied phenomena, or else errors like insufficient memory may appear. Simulated behaviors as current injection of small PV module may be encountered when the physical conditions are not gathered, which is very astonishing, while other behaviors comply perfectly with physical reality. So, to verify the real behavior of parallel coupling an experiment is designed to highlight variations of electrical variables like PV module voltage and current without forgetting load voltage. This last experiment confirms effectively how PV modules with different specifications influence each other. Partial mismatch between simulation and experiment implies future strengthening in modeling process with Proteus software, expecting to verify that reason is not the complexity of the parallel association when electronical circuit begins to be heavy to treat. As other tracks of investigation, DC-DC converter model has to be improved, particularly with a more precise characterization of the autotransformer which is the key component of high voltage step-up. Finally, additional experiments have to be also planned with various loads (pure resistors and electronical load) to confirm or deny phenomena encountered when using particular load as incandescent lamps.

This paper discusses the incorporation of relift Luo converters for vehicles’ front lighting purpose. As the technology is improved, there is an immediate need to improvise the efficiency and attractiveness of front lighting systems of the next generation automobiles. Therefore, the use of Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting systems is highly recommended to facelift the luminance and its efficiency rather than conventional ways. In this work, we compared two relift Luo converters to choose a suitable topology for the above-mentioned application. All the modern equipment relies on power conditioning system to improve the efficiency and longevity of the system. Hence, it is required to analyze dc-dc converter topologies and its performance. Simulation of the relift circuits is carried out in Psim and the theoretical results are validated.