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Most of the vehicles all over the planet uses fossil fuel or gasoline for transportation. It is the significant usage of energy and consumes a large portion of the world's oil. These fuels are non-renewable and also poses threat to the atmosphere by creating environmental pollution. This also leads to global warming due to emission of greenhouse gases during transportation. In coming year, electrical vehicles (EVs) are going to be vital alternative for transportation as electricity is cheaper than the fossil fuels and also causes nearly no pollution. In this paper, Simulink model for EV is proposed which demonstrates the vehicle performance, dynamics and battery necessities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the literature on biodiesel manufacturing, combustion, performance, and emissions. This research is based on the findings of many researchers who published their study. As fossil fuels deplete, there is apressing need to develop an alternative fuel to meet the world's energy demands. Biodiesel is one of the best available alternatives for meeting the world's energy requirement. More than 350 oil-bearing crops have been identified, with some only being studied as potential diesel engine alternative fuels. Different oils and their mixtures with diesel were used in the testing by the scientists and experts. Short-term engine testing using vegetable oils as fuels are quite successful, according to the vast majority of scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) energy has recently made significant headway in meeting the world's ever-increasing energy demand. Moreover, to reduce the effect of using fossil fuels. Solar system development and implementation continue to face considerable challenges because to the high cost of PV materials, which continues to be a substantial obstacle. Another obstacle limiting the widespread use of PV systems is the low conversion efficiency of PV modules. As a result, a power converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) capacity combined with PV systems is required to advance the technology. This paper presents a detailed review of the MPPT approaches that are currently available, including both uniform insolation and partial shaded circumstances. The possibility of tracking the (MPPT) under the effect of solar irradiation has been demonstrated using conventional MPPT techniques. The difficult of tracking the correct MPP with partial shaded circumstances under conventional techniques. As a result, robust and new algorithms based artificial intelligence have been created that can find the genuine MPP under numerous peaks. MPPT tracking capabilities, design complexity, economic considerations are all factors to consider. This paper analyzes both conventional and stochastic MPPT approaches have been studied and demonstrated in this review paper. In comparison, the tracking performance of stochastic algorithms and artificial intelligence is great. MPPT techniques are still being researched in order to increase their efficiency in terms of tracking efficiency, convenience of use, and cheap system costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rooftop Photovoltaic (PV) is one of the renewable energy technologies that is increasing in development and use in the world in supporting the energy transition with the aim of leaving the use of fossil energy to use clean renewable energy (zero carbon emission). This change certainly has a positive impact on the environment. However, this energy transition process also has an impact on other factors. One of the factors is in the electricity business at the current utility power producers. This paper provides an overview of several studies that address the effects of rooftop PV on the utility power producers. The most significant effect is the influence on electrical financial structure of utility power producers which could impact on their life of electricity business, then could resulting utility death spiral effect. The effects must be a concern for policymakers of all countries throughout the world that are conducting energy transition, so that the transition can proceed smoothly, and utility power producers do not suffer a negative impact because of this change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is petroleum fuel that are clean energy that can be used in internal combustion engines without alteration. Such energy sources have characteristics that are equivalent to petroleum-derived oils and are less emitted througha greener burn, due to their increased oxygen concentration. The present study uses the transitory checklist to examine the effectiveness of an inter CI engine, which contains 3 aspects of biodiesel - diesel fuel. One of the testing outcomes that will be acquired is the braking capability, the special fuel consumption (SFC), the exhaust temperature, and the diesel engines. A tool platform is built and functioned from the circus for the motor testing cell. In the Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) method, biodiesel as compared to diesel fuel. As a result, biodiesel fuels could likely outperform fossil fuels in some of theirways. The application of biodiesel fuel as a trend to industrial petrol diesel or as a blending additive is described in this paper as an innovative search for sustainable energy. This report looked into the effects of blending biodiesel into a non-roaddiesel engine on emissions and performance. The findings were linked to findings from related studies that had previously been published. It should be noted that because these findings were based on a stationary diesel engine, no conclusions aboutengine output and emissions can be drawn for vehicles on the road. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has been a global challenge which researchers have been trying to curtail over the years using different scientific approach, a major contributor to climate change is the combustion of fossil fuel which has influenced the search for alternative fuel sources among which is biodiesel. However, Biodiesel is associated with its limitations including higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission. This paper therefore present various recent findings and impacts of blending nanoparticles with biodiesel and conventional diesel, the merits and demerits in terms of power output, fuel consumption and emissions as well as the possibility of using nanofluids as future alternative fuel for diesel and gasoline engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents experimental observations on the particle-based integrated gas turbine-solar heating system located on the campus of King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The system was built to achieve three primary outcomes: (1) use the concentrated solar energy to raise the particle temperature to more than 600°C. (2) achieve a significant solar contribution, which can help in limiting fossil fuel consumption. (3) demonstrate the ability to store the thermal energy in the solid particles for later use. However, only two objectives have been fulfilled; due to some deficiencies and limitations in the current system, the first objective has been successfully fulfilled while the second is partially fulfilled. The paper outlines the system deficiencies and the imperative recommendations towards efficient execution of the system. The system deficiencies mentioned above include the heat loss on PHR due to exposure to the wind, particle agglomeration tendency on some regions of the PHR, heat loss while charging the thermal energy storage, and heat loss during particle circulation. However, despite all deficiencies above, the system was able to bring the particle temperature (red sand particles) to more than 600°C. Furthermore, the results show that harnessing solar energy is possible if such deficiencies were overcome. In general, the results are encouraging, and additional precautions are currently added to the system to push the particle temperature even higher and achieve higher solar contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is heading towards the demanding hike and the downfall of fossil fuels leading to move the energy dependency of transportation and thermal energy production to unearth another reliable resource. One of the best developing and upcoming resources for the near future is biodiesel. It serves as the everlasting economically friendly resource. This paper deals with the effects on performance of the biodiesel obtained from the Tamarind seed, one of the best resources in the southern parts of India. The compression ignition engine was utilized for carrying out the examinations for the tamarind seed biodiesel (TSB) blended with petroleum diesel. The biodiesel was blended in the ratios B20, B40, and B100. The brake thermal efficiency at 50% engine operating load condition with B20 fuel was found to be corresponding with diesel fuel with 24.87 %. In contrast, the greater the blend ratios resulted in the lesser values of the brake thermal efficiency. The brake-specific fuel consumption was 0.34 kg/kWh, which is closer to the value of diesel having 0.31 kg/kWh, and unfortunately, the value increases for the progressive blends. From the obtained emission results for the tamarind seed biodiesel, the toxic gases like nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon emissions were noticeably reduced than the diesel fuel. The emitted carbon monoxide was lesser to that of diesel fuel at the 75% engine load operations. Considering the overall performance and emission characteristics, the B20 TSB performed well, and the results were closer to the diesel fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their adverse environmental impact and principal cause of climate change, non-renewable fossil fuel-based energy sources currently dominate the global energy use. As such, the search for less harmful and non-depletable alternative sources of energy continues. In this respect, this paper attempted to provide a brief review of commonly available renewable sources of energy; including solar energy, wind energy, hydro power, geothermal, biomass, and wave or tidal energy; covering their generation process, advantages and disadvantages, and suitability for use. Structured literature review approach was applied for this research. It was observed that various types of renewable energy sources have a number of advantages and disadvantages, in terms of their availability, ease of use, and initial installation cost, among others. It was concluded that the overall benefits of selecting a certain type of renewable energy source should outweigh its relevant drawbacks. The outcomes are expected to generate a general awareness among the stakeholders, and in hopes motivate the policy makers to gradually adopt suitable renewable energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technology improves we are getting attracted with the advanced product which has obvious quality and quantity. The vehicle population increases rapidly which may exceed the human population in the future. This would result in the consumption of fossil fuels and the extinction of non-renewable resources. So to overcome this it is a necessity to jump to hybrid and electric vehicles. Even though we have such technology we hesitate to use such an opportunity because of less attention made for infrastructure of charging station. In this paper, we discuss how to utilize the renewable sources available for free to implement the station and made the system automatic. Here we are using solar and windmill setup together to generate power. Once the power is generated it will be stored in the battery. Due to the use of this renewable energy power got may not be constant. So we should use a converter to boost up the power that is sufficient to drive the vehicle. From the battery, the charge is supplied to the vehicle plugged into the station. Though it is automatic we have used a parking sensor so that users can check the availability of free slots and make use of this. The slot information, charging level, and amount deducted will be shown on the LCD. Various sensors like parking slot, current, and voltage sensor is used in various ways for the safety of the vehicle. This will reduce the accident happen in charging station usually. An added advantage to save precious time is to use an RFID tag and RFID reader for payment purposes. The amount automatically debited from the user account will be shared with them via message. Here we used the Proteus tool for the softwaredemo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern days energy consumption is rapidly increased. Due to this fossil fuels are reduced. By using PV cells, we can directly convert solar energy into electrical energy. In this paper, we presented the materials required for solar panels installation, a brief introduction about challenges faced by solar energy generation and their methodologies, and also give a comprehensive review of the solar tracking system and different solar MPPT techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is a promising alternative for fossil fuels that can not only help in reducing pollution but can also provide livelihood to local farmers. The production of biodiesel from its sources is a relatively simple process but involves a number of process parameters. Optimal combination of these process parameters is essential to obtain a high yield or conversion rate. The selection of appropriate process parameters becomes a trickier job when multiple conflicting criteria are considered together. In this paper, a multi-criteria decision-making approach is used for selecting the optimal combination of biodiesel production process parameters such that energy, reactant consumption and waste generation is decreased. The reaction temperature, catalyst amount and ratio of methanol to oil are considered as the process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limitation of fossil fuel resources and the increasing of fuel needs has encouraged the effort to develop mew and renewable energy. One of the alternatives that has been in the progress of continuous development is biomass energy. Previous research had already studied the influence of mixing gasoline with low grade bioethanol at volume percentage 5%, 10%, and 15%. The obtained parameter are brake horsepower (BHP), torque, and specific fuel consumption (SFC). This recent study was conducted at composition ratio of gasoline and bioethanol number E10, with 100% throttle valve opening. The engine speed was varied at 4000 rpm, 6000 rpm, and 8500 rpm. Oxygenated additive used was cyclohexanol and cyclooctanol at ratio of volume 0.5% for each fuel mixture. As a further study of its previous series of research, this paper is expected to be able to answer the question whether the oxygenated additive would gave significant effect on the performance and emissions characteristic of spark ignition (SI) engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is becoming a key solution to reduce the use of fossil energies for many countries which have a good amount of irradiance per year. However, good resources of irradiance are always optimal in regions with arid environment and aggressive climatic stresses. These factors are harmful for the efficiency of the solar systems, so they should be considered during the choice of the location and of the type of technology to use. In the present paper, a study of the degradation of different materials dedicated to solar energy is presented. Two types of reflectors for the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) are tested in the same real conditions of exposure. One type presents higher loss in term of reflectance while the second type backside paint is less resistant to the climate which could accelerate corrosion through the metal layer. Three photovoltaic (PV) panels are exposed to real conditions in two different climates. The following up of their electrical characteristics during ∼700 days has shown that the degradation of output power could reach 21%. In addition, the study showed that one PV panel is not behaving in the same way in the two different climate conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy saving has gained increasing attention because it represents a strategy for the reduction of pollutant emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Nevertheless, many human activities are still energy intensive, thus requiring suitable energy efficiency measures. For this purpose, Energy Service COmpanies (ESCOs) propose solutions for industrial, commercial and residential activities with the aim to reduce energy consumptions. In terms of energy saving, the contribution of ESCO activity is often estimated as the difference between the measured consumptions and a reference one that would have occurred in the same operating conditions, if no modifications were made. When the ESCO intervention leads to a saving, both ESCO and customer share the earnings; otherwise, the ESCO must pay some penalties. As a result, the remuneration system is affected by the reference consumption modeling. This aspect is crucial especially for supermarkets, whose energy consumption might depend on many external factors, such as: climatic variables, thermal performance of the building, customer attendance, etc. Supermarkets require a consumption model for the estimation of the energy saving that must be based on the data available at the contract signature. In attrition, the saving estimation procedure has to be readily understandable by the customer, who often has little experience in the specific field. In this paper, three alternative models are proposed to perform the consumption prediction on monthly basis on 9 case studies. As a result, the maximum average annual error was around 8%, while other supermarkets often show average errors between 4% and 5%. Finally, robustness of provided guidelines is tested on an expanded case study, confirming the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inevitable growth of energy consumption leads to increase in the use of fossil fuel for energy production which ultimately threatens the climate and the health of human being. In contrast, renewable energy does not pollute the environment or produce greenhouse gases. Hybrid Renewable Energy System is one of the eco-friendly power generating system, which normalizes the supply demand mismatch that occurs in a single renewable energy producing unit. The presence of various components in the Hybrid Renewable Energy System makes the designing a bit complex. The objective of this paper is to discuss the various designing parameters and methodologies used for modelling Hybrid Renewable Energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil energy is non-renewable energy. The use of fossil energy power generation does not only increase the consumption of energy but also bring environmental pollution. Wind, light and other renewable energy are rich in China. New energy power generation is beneficial to energy security and sustainable development. Due to the characteristics of regional, intermittent, random and unpredictable of wind and light, large-scale wind power and photovoltaic power in state grid are seriously challenged by the overall dispatch of the power system. Firstly, the paper analyzes and improves the evaluation model of intermittent energy generation capacity by analyzing and processing the real data of a certain province power network. Secondly, the maximum intermittent energy generation capacity can be obtained under the current wind and photovoltaic power installed condition in the province power network in yearly and monthly scales. Finally, the input data of the province power network, which is in accordance with the input condition, is input into the proposed optimization model and the results are credible. In addition, the input data and output results are displayed in visualization formed by graphs, which provides effective guidance to the management of the province power network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cogeneration and trigeneration systems can contribute to the reduction of primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in residential and tertiary sectors, by reducing fossil fuels demand and grid losses with respect to conventional systems. The cogeneration systems are characterized by a very high energy efficiency (80 to 90%) as well as a less polluting aspect compared to the conventional energy production. The integration of these systems into the energy network must simultaneously take into account their economic and environmental challenges. In this paper, a decision-making strategy will be introduced and is divided into two parts. The first one is a strategy based on a multi-objective optimization tool with data analysis and the second part is based on an optimization algorithm. The power dispatching of the Lebanese electricity grid is then simulated and considered as a case study in order to prove the compatibility of the cogeneration power calculated by our decision-making technique. In addition, the thermal energy produced by the cogeneration systems which capacity is selected by our technique shows compatibility with the thermal demand for district heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While human population has been multiplied by four in the last hundred years, the world energy consumption was multiplied by ten. The common method of using fossil fuels to provide energy and electricity has dangerously disturbed nature’s and climate’s balance. It has become urgent and crucial to find sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to preserve a livable environment with unpolluted air and water. Renewable energy is the unique eco-friendly opportunity known today. The main challenge of using renewable energy is to ensure the constant balance of electricity demand and generation on the electrical grid. This paper investigates whether the solar electricity generation is correlated with the urban electricity consumption in hot climates. The solar generation and total consumption have been compared for three cities in Florida. The hourly solar generation has been found to be highly correlated with the consumption that occurs 6 h later, while the monthly solar generation is correlated with the monthly energy consumption. Producing 30% of the electricity using solar energy has been found to compensate partly for the monthly variation in the urban electricity demand. In addition, if 30% of the world electricity is produced using solar, global CO2 emissions would be reduced by 11.7% (14.6% for India). Thus, generating 30% solar electricity represents a valuable asset for urban areas situated in hot climates, reducing the need for electrical operating reserve, providing local supply with minimal transmission losses, but above all reducing the need for fossil fuel electricity and reducing global CO2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarises the key findings and recommendations of a 3.5 year study into the research, development and demonstration priorities to establish a solar fuels industry in Australia. While Australia has one of the best solar resources in the world, it also has an abundance of conventional fuels such as coal and natural gas. The country is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for its primary energy supply and international trade, and is seeking pathways to reduce emissions intensity. While renewable electricity will be able to displace fossil fuels in the electricity sector, this only addresses about 16% of energy consumption by end use. Concentrating solar fuels (CSF) are produced either in full or in part from concentrated solar energy, and can provide either complete or partial reduction of the CO2 emissions associated with energy consumption. Our study reviewed the various potential solar thermal technology pathways and feedstocks available to produce a range of CSF products such as hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and synthetic gasoline or diesel. We conducted what we believe to be the broadest and most sophisticated evaluation of the many options to identify those that are most prospective, including an evaluation of the expected final fuel costs. The study identified the following opportunities for CSF: ∙ Australia: substitution of imported liquid fuels (gasoline and diesel) with synthetic CSF options would provide fuel security through the utilization of domestic resources. Ammonia is also a potentially attractive CSF product as it is produced in large quantities for fertilisers and explosives. ∙ Export markets: Australia has significant trading relationships with many Asian countries in the energy domain, and CSF fuels could provide a long term future to enable such relationships to continue - or grow - in a carbon constrained world. Japan in particular is considering how to transition to a hydrogen economy, and could be a customer for CSF hydrogen or possibly ammonia as a hydrogen carrier or future fuel The project recommended that Australia continue to develop a range of CSF technologies to provide a pathway to progressive decarbonisation. In the short to medium term, solar fossil hybrids can produce conventional fuels at costs comparable to crude oil derived counterparts (at ~$100 barrel). In the longer term, redox cycles have the potential to provide CO2 neutral fuels from solar energy alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As Malaysia progresses towards 2020, the depleting resource of oil and gas has forced a re-look at alternatives to replace fossil fuels as energy sources. Among the viable options is nuclear energy, enabling us to meet energy needs and sustain national development in the twenty-first century. Three essential steps Malaysia must take to introduce nuclear power into its energy mix are: energy planning, infrastructure development, and deployment. Malaysia has to face a series of challenges, including public acceptance, waste management, minimizing proliferation risk, and ensuring the security of nuclear plants and materials. Timely development of qualified and competent manpower is a key limiting factor in the development and transfer of nuclear technologies -- and education and training take time, effort and money. There is a need for political will. Within the Asian region, China, Korea and Japan are in the forefront in utilizing nuclear power to meet electricity demands. Countries such as UAE, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Turkey are moving ahead with the nuclear option for electricity generation and they have begun planning and construction of nuclear power plants. Against this backdrop, what are Malaysia's moves? This paper discusses various options and challenges, obstacles and repercussions in meeting future energy demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change due to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is one of the most complex challenges threatening our planet. This issue considered as a great and international concern that primary attributed from different fossil fuels. In this paper, regression model is used for analyzing the causal relationship among CO2 emissions based on the energy consumption in Malaysia using time series data for the period of 1980-2010. The equations were developed using regression model based on the eight major sources that contribute to the CO2 emissions such as non energy, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), diesel, kerosene, refinery gas, Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) and Aviation Gasoline (AV Gas), fuel oil and motor petrol. The related data partly used for predict the regression model (1980-2000) and partly used for validate the regression model (2001-2010). The results of the prediction model with the measured data showed a high correlation coefficient (R²=0.9544), indicating the model's accuracy and efficiency. These results are accurate and can be used in early warning of the population to comply with air quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuels are contributing the largest share in meeting up energy demands of urban lifestyle across the globe. May it be gasoline or coal, all sort of fossil fuels are drilled out of earth crust to burn on the earth surface creating huge burden on air quality. Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels cause pollution of carbon monoxide and other gases. It also eats away the breathable oxygen from atmosphere. Rampant use of coal in power sector causes above problems adding to the global warming phenomenon. Magnecules and magnehydrogen are seen to be best additives to fossil fuels which can effectively enhance the combustion efficiency of fossil fuels. Present paper discusses the enhancement in combustion efficiency of fossil fuels in terms of increased utility of carbon and improved quality of emission reducing the amount of obnoxious gases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the increased consumption of energy in world, in addition to the risk of quick exhaustion of fossil resources, has forced industrial firms and organizations to utilize energy technology portfolio management tools viewed both as a process of diversification of energy sources and optimal use of available energy sources. Furthermore, the rapid development of technologies, their increasing complexity and variety, and market dynamics have made the task of technology portfolio selection difficult. Considering high level of competitiveness, organizations need to strategically allocate their limited resources to the best subset of possible candidates. This paper presents the results of developing a mathematical model for energy technology portfolio selection at a R&D center maximizing support of the organization's strategy and values. The model balances the cost and benefit of the entire portfolio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an energy end-use model of the Jordanian SMEs industries is presented. The industrial sector in Jordan consumes about 23% of the country's total energy. To establish the end-use model, a survey covering 150 facilities of different types of industries was conducted. The results show that the main electricity end-use consumers are electrical motors with a share of 55% of the total electricity consumption. On the other hand, fossil fuel is mainly used for hot water and steam generation with diesel fuel as a dominant fuel. The results of the study can be considered as an insight into the energy usage pattern of the Jordanian industrial sector for the policy maker. Furthermore, the results could provide important guidelines and insights for future research and development allocations and energy projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Will automobiles be predominately propelled with petroleum or other fuels during the 21st century? This paper carries out a comparison of five automotive technologies (efficiency, fossil, biofuel, electricity and hydrogen) under four basic criteria (infrastructure, vehicles, resources, and environment). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]