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The automotive industry's recent high requirements for high-performance machinery include the selection of materials and effective procedure for cam-follower design and manufacturing. Numerous authors have used several different ways to change the mechanical design, modelling or simulation, and performance of the Cam-follower mechanism. The Cam and follower mechanism are generally utilized for the IC engine's inlet and outlet valves. This paper presents the designing, modelling, and finite element analysis of the machine cam-follower mechanism. For this analysis, the finite element method is used. The Cam-follower is one of the essential parts in the engines of automobiles and other vehicles. In this project, the standard engine cam-follower is designed and analysed using SOLIDWORKS & ANSYS WORKBENCH 2020R2 software, respectively. An engine's basic needs create the model. Presently used material for cam- follower is steel. In this paper, the cam-follower material is getting replaced with smart materials. Static structural analysis and model analysis is done cam-follower model using cast iron, steel, and different composite materials. A comparison chart is also prepared for the four materials to confirm the best suitable material for the cam-follower mechanism. Hence, using the standard materials for Cam and follower mechanisms, these can be manufactured from composite materials or smart materials as it will provide better optimization in engine performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, some features confronted in finite element analysis of combined clinching and pull-force testing process for process optimal design are investigated to suggest an engineering approach to solve the problems occurring in conducting finite element analysis and clinching process optimal design. An optimized finite element analysis model with appropriate blank size and number of finite elements, based on elasto-plasticity, is proposed in terms of reliable prediction of pull-force. The optimized finite element mesh system in terms of good mesh regularity at the material-die interface is emphasized to obtain steady predictions of pull-force for clinching process design optimization. Rigid-plastic finite element method is criticized from the standpoint of pull-force prediction while implicit elasto-plastic finite element analysis is strongly recommended especially for clinching process design optimization. An optimal process design is conducted using the proposed schemes. The engineering insights obtained from this paper can help gain a better understanding of the deformation history and can pave the way for a more realistic optimal process design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General intention of this research is to investigate possibility to identify damages occurred in overhead contact line pylons of electrified transport during their exploitation based on eigenvalues of the pylons. Metal thin-walled pylons are considered. Vibration detector "LEPTON" is introduced to experimentally obtain eigenvalues of the pylons. Fast Fourier Transformation is applied as general approach to obtain Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of the structure. Results of experimental research of overhead contact line pylons of electrified transport are presented in this paper. Experimental data have been analyzed and conclusion about such an approach expediency is specified. Moreover, it is stated that basing on experimental data only (without any additional mathematical or finite element modelling introduction) main eigenvalue of the structure is able to be identified as 1.619-1.656 Hz range for twenty two observed pylons of Type I. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of soft soil, such as low shear strength and permeability with high water content and compressibility, pose a significant challenge for constructing structures and embankments. One of the most common techniques for ground improvement is stone columns, also known as granular piles or aggregate piers. The main aim of stone column installation is to reduce settlement, shorten consolidation time and increase the bearing capacity of soils. A comprehensive literature search has extracted many studies on finite element models, numerical simulation, and large-scale tests to identify stone columns' performance. This paper presents a brief review of the published work on the stone columns in the last 11 years (from 2000 until 2021) in order to describe the growth and the latest research developments of ground improvement by stone columns. The main findings from Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases are divided into two main subdivisions: the single/group stone column reinforced foundation and the ordinary/encased stone column, explicitly focusing on bearing capacity and mode of failures. Thus, this review paper provides the efficiency of the latest research trend as a guide for other researchers and industry practices that may be significant in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automotive wheel is an indispensable part of a motor vehicle as it is the first part that receives loads in various forms from applications such as falls, heavy cargo and cornering, etc. This paper presents the effectiveness of the analysis process using a finite element method to simulate the dynamic cornering fatigue test by comparing the experimental results with the finite element analysis (FEA) results obtained from three methods: full transient, modal transient and static structural methods. The static structural method was found to have the highest accuracy, with less than 2% error, and also the least computational time. It takes 97% less computational time than the full transient method. Therefore, this paper demonstrates that the static structural method is most effective in using the fatigue life analysis to improve design prior to actual testing to help reduce the cost and time of launching new products in the alloy manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate analytical model of the physical assembled structure is predominantly importance for engineers and designers to be used in predicting the dynamic behaviour of the structure. Powerful tools such as finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental modal analysis (EMA) can be used to determine the dynamic behaviour of the assembled structure. The assembled structure such as automotive structure is normally joined by a number of jointing types such as spot welds, bolts, and adhesive. However due to advancement of the jointing method, the laser jointing method have been significantly used in the automotive industries. However, it is challenging and cumbersome to accurately model a structure that are assembled by a combination of complex types of joints such as laser stitch welds. This is because stitch welds have been discovered as joining method that tends to present the local effect such as structure geometrical irregularities, heat affected zone (HAZ) on the welded areas and also the residual stress that occurs from the laser welding process. In addition, it is challenging to only rely on the prediction of the dynamic behaviour using FE method because predicted results are often found inconsistent with the experimental data. The inconsistencies of the results due to invalid assumptions of laser stitch welds are the significant motivation to the main goal of this paper by investigating the accuracy of the finite element model of the laser stitch welded structure. In this paper, the prediction of the dynamic behaviour of the structure are merely to address the local effects due to the laser stitch welds such as geometrical irregularities, HAZ and residual stress that influence the initial prediction of the laser stitch welded structure by producing highly accurate prediction model as close to experimental data. The inclusion of the local effects to the initial FE model are performed in the sensitivity analysis to identify the most sensitive parameters of the laser stitch welded structure. The FE model updating method was employed with corresponding to the measured result for reconciliation purpose. The results revealed that the inclusion of the local effects due to the welding process can significantly improve the prediction of the dynamic behaviour of the laser stitch welded structure and the implementation of the sensitivity analysis was successful in correcting the source of error by improving the correlation of the predicted results with experimental counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the evaluation of the performance of the FEMM software in comparison with the performance of the ANSYS/Emag software, where the magnetorheological (MR) valve needs magnetic designs and that the calculation by traditional methods is not easy, so need finite element modeling and analysis (FEM). As the ANSYS/Emag software is certified in most researches magnetorheological (MR) valves, in this paper, the magnetic designs of three papers were relied upon in which the ANSYS/Emag software for magnetic analysis was used. By using FEMM software for the same MR valve magnetic designs, the results of the magnetic density and magnetic flux density satisfactory and close to the ANSYS/Emag software depending on the same dimensions, metals, and the number of coils turns of the original design. The FEMM software is characterized by flexibility and ease of use, due to its specialization in calculating magnetic designs, and less complex than other software. (Some figures in this article may appear in color only in the online version). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose using the wave finite element method and genetic algorithms to design periodic waveguide structures with optimal stop-bands. Instead of modelling waveguides using the standard finite element method, we use the wave finite element method to model the waveguides. The wave and finite element method is based on using periodic structure theory and the finite element model of a unit cell of the waveguide to describe the waveguide's motion in terms of wave amplitudes rather than in terms of physical degrees of freedom. This results in a numerically efficient model of the waveguide which can be used in optimisation studies. In particular, the focus of this paper is on the optimisation of stop-bands in the waveguides which leverage this property of periodic structures. Genetic algorithms will be used to optimise the stop-bands. A numerical example where analytical models can be obtained will be used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach and its potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the study was to replace traditional steel leaf springs with composite materials while maintaining their size and geometry. This paper represents the design and static analysis of the mono leaf-spring. A Metal Matrix composite P100 Gr/6061 Al has been used to compare the existing leaf spring made up of stainless steel. This paper aims to design and perform static structural analysis comparison between mono leaf spring made up of metal matrix composite (MMC) and existing material steel. The structural modeling and finite element analysis [FAE] of mono leaf spring has been performed in Catia v5 R20 software and then imported to the ANSYS 2022 R1 workbench resulting in the improvement of the design of mono leaf spring along with weight reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prosthesis has been advancing since the day of its introduction, having a tremendous degree of advancement and examination in clinical field as well as in robotics. This has been an influence for researchers who made it conceivable with various types of prosthetics that are accessible these days in the market both commercially and uniquely crafted. This paper throws light on numerical simulation and design of a prosthetic leg. The work focuses on the optimization and simulation of a prosthetic leg, improving its strength and making it cost effective. The paper has described the design and analysis of two early-existed models of prosthetic leg, comparing their strength and durability through different material analysis and thereafter designing a new model with better strength, having a high deformation rate or durability, and having much cost-efficient design and material. The Finite element analysis (FEA) was done in Ansys software, the material properties and cost efficiency were kept in mind during the analysis as well as during selection of material. Prosthetics are modified for every person, remembering the utilization and actual properties. In any case, the conventional prosthetics are heavier, and the production is costly andtedious. The current study resolves this issue and proposes an elective plan for prosthetic legs. The designed prosthetic was simulated properly and has been compared with earlier existed models. The study concludes that the new design is much more efficient and user friendly that the wearer will feel comfortable, to live a normal life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presented a finite element method (FEM) analysis for a transient redox reaction on a single electrode microdisk via commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics®. The software capabilities in modelling have been well documented, however, a direct comparison of the 1-dimension (1D), 2-dimension (2D) axisymmetric, and 3-dimension (3D) models for electrode microdisk is scarcely available. The developed model is for cyclic voltammetry under semi-infinite spherical diffusion. Mesh refinement with its consequent number of elements (noe), computation time (tcom), and current, I(t) was compared on the 1D, 2D axisymmetric, and 3D model. This paper proved the software's consistency to produce less than 3% error between simulation and analytical results across all dimensions. 1D simulation took around 3 minutes to complete, giving less than 0.1% error. While the 2D axisymmetric simulation completed around 10 minutes with 0.5% error. On very fine mesh using a 3D model can yield a simulation with an error of 2.5%. It has the drawback of taking significantly longer tcom to complete. A slight discrepancy between 2D axisymmetric and 3D simulation results on finest meshing recorded to have less than 3% difference and that is due to CPU memory limit. Further investigations on complex electrochemistry using this platform are justified and highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A valve is a device that control or regulate the fluid in the pipe line, which is commonly used in all industries like oil and gas, process, power, mining, etc. Valves are mainly classified into two types, namely, linear motion valve and rotary motion. A butterfly valve is among the family of rotary motion valve (quarter turn valve) having a metal closure plate along with middle shaft, which acts as a rotating axis. The quarter turn valves are fast to open and close as they required only 90 degrees to rotate in order to fully close and open. The objective of this paper is to identify and study the various characteristics and performance of butterfly valves used in the process industries through various literatures. The most important key performance parameters are identified such as valve operating torque and sealing hence additional research is required to optimize the sealing performance and valve torque by using finite element analysis and engineering hand calculations. Also, it is concluded size optimization is the best methodology for valves according to the industrial valves market scenario. In future research, the factors influencing the design variables to be explored more by scientific methods and the relationship between the variables are to be investigated in order to find the impact of values changes in the variables by using research methodology and technique such as linear regression analysis, correlation coefficient, analysis of variance and etc., Further a reverse engineering to be carried out in high performance butterfly valves to explore the performances and same has been optimized by finite element analysis and engineering calculation without affecting the international valve design guide lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the research work is to present the free vibration analysis of plates composed of one of the materials that have good performance and can be applied in many fields like buildings. Material that has such properties is Functionally Graded Material (FGM). FGM consists of a mixture of ceramics and metals through varying volume fractions, ceramic material as a heat barrier at the high-temperature side, and metal material with rigid properties and high conductivity at the low-temperature side. In this paper, the FGM plate is investigated using the finite element method. We use 3-node Triangular Mixed Interpolation of Tensorial Components (MITC3), widely used by researchers or commercial software. The MITC3 element is a triangular element that gives good performance to analyze plate problems, especially isotropic plate problems. We performed the numerical analysis to examine the performance and convergence behavior of the MITC3 FGM plate element in the case of rectangular plates with varying length to width ratios, and the results are compared with the reference solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vehicle moving on the road is subjected to a continuous source of vibration. A shock absorber in the suspension system is used to isolate the vehicle from the force transmitted by road irregularities. A shock absorber converts vibration into heat energy. This paper deals with the conversion of vibration energy into electrical energy by employing a transmission mechanism which is called a mechanical motion rectifier. This mechanism converts linear vibratory motion into unidirectional motion, which is then supplied to the DC generator. A rack and pinion type gear, a one way clutch bearing, and a bevel gear arrangement are used in this mechanism. This paper focuses on the design of the mechanical motion rectifier, which has a compact size. Static structural analysis is carried out for the rack and pinion system to identify displacement by using finite element analysis software. The design based on the mechanical motion rectifier can also be used for other applications for energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a test problem for verification of the open-source software Code_Aster for the tasks of simulating strain gauge force sensors. Due to complex geometry, strain gauge force sensors are simulated using Finite Element Analysis Software. For robust design and optimization of strain gauge force sensors, their stress-strain state has to be simulated with good accuracy. In this paper, stress-strain state of a number of typical elastic elements used to manufacture strain gauge force sensors was analyzed using Code_Aster and ANSYS as the reference software. The comparison of strains and stresses shows that nodal strains obtained from Code_Aster are in good agreement with those calculated using ANSYS, and the stress results show reasonable agreement. The simulation fidelity and the open-source license of Code_Aster make it a good tool for educational projects and course works devoted to design of strain gauge force sensors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a finite element model for the amphibious aircraft spreader bar using a composite structure will be presented. The initial spreader bar cross-section is an ellipse with an overall thickness of 3.8 mm and an additional thickness on the minor axis. The spreader bar using a composite structure is proposed to replace the initial spreader bar using aluminium. Composite Toray-TCA T700S-12K-50C#2510 Plain Weave Fabric will be used to replace aluminium 6061-T6. The composite spreader bar cross-section is similar to the initial design by applying ply drop-off to vary the thickness of its cross-section. There are 44 plies for the thick zone and 18 for the thin zone. For stacking sequences, all zones use symmetric layers. Model verification has been performed by comparing the spreader bar cross-section from the computer-aided design and finite element model. The spreader bar is modeled with a 2D shell element to obtain the failure index and margin of safety using Tsai-Wu failure criteria. The side load while landing will be used in this paper because it is a critical load during the flight. The side load generates tension, compression, shear, roll moment, yaw moment, and torsion in the spreader bar structure. The spreader bar structure using composite material is 42.8% lighter than using aluminium. The margin of safety of spreader bar structure using aluminium and composite material are -0.37 and 1.54, respectively. This results mean that composite structure can be used as an amphibious aircraft spreader bar, which is safer than aluminium in terms of strength, but not better in terms of stiffness due to its lower elastic modulus than aluminium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gear transmissions are widely used in modern machines due to the high efficiency, invariability of gear ratio, large power range and compactness of construction. The design process of such machine parts is rather complex since multiple factors such as geometrical, technological, exploitation and material features has an impact on the obtained results. In this paper, the influence of the parameters of the zero-backlash spur gear wheel on the stress distribution is presented with using finite element analysis performed in ABAQUS. The obtained results shows the importance of proper shaping of the geometrical features of the gear wheel. The methodology presented in this paper can be used to improve the design process of zero-backlash gear transmissions as well as to analyze the existing designs in order to verify its exploitation properties. Additionally, the presented research has a didactic purpose to highlight main risks and problems with using dynamic FEM analysis for analyzing gear transmissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To calculate analytical model of buildings and receive stress-strain state results, triangulation of structural elements is required. Great attention should be paid to reinforced concrete multi-span floor slabs at the joints with vertical elements. Due to unevenness and complexity in form, the finite element mesh of slab in such places can become more concentrated, which leads to an increase in stress values and inadequately elements design. To prevent such negative consequences and create an even mesh all over the slab, additional mesh generation in such places is required. To simplify such problem and reduce human costs, adjustment of finite element (FE) mesh can be obtained by means of visual programming. The purpose of this paper is to obtain and compare the results of finite element analysis (FEA) of reinforced concrete floor slab in residential building and to adjust generated mesh at the joints with vertical elements by means of visual programming in SAPFIR-3D. The scientific and practical importance of the work stands in the describing of the method of adjustment of FE mesh generation of floor slabs at the joints with vertical elements by means of visual programming. The results of the research are based on the results of calculation in programming complexes SAPFIR-3D and LIRA-SAPR, also analysis of literary sources and practical experience of the authors. The article revealed the possibility usage of visual programming to adjust FE mesh of floor slab with aim to simplify its shape at the joints with vertical structural elements. There is considered method and options for visual programming in the SAPFIR-3D. In this paper, results of the 8-storey skeleton reinforced concrete residential building with basement, have been analyzed and compared. The practical importance of the results of this paper lies in the presentation of the proposed method to adjust FE mesh of floor slab by means of visual programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stents are used in Angio-plasticity (to make the blood flow through it, as an alternative for veins). Reason for choosing material to be shape memory alloy (SMA) is that It should be flexible and resilient. Along with it, it should expand on heating and contract on cooling. A study like this will help to understand more about the behavior of the stent and provide designers with valuable information on how to improve the quality of the stent for different biological loading conditions using FEA. Research and development of new products in biomaterial can be made more cost-effective by implementing this technology. This paper with the help of this FE analysis, two cardiovascular stents made of Aluminum and Nitinol alloy have been thoroughly examined. Comparative results are validated for the different shape memory alloy (SMA) material to know their nonlinear behavior during excessive blood pressure conditions. The outcome of this paper is to determine the FOS and which material is reliable amongst the material. The total deformation of aluminum alloy obtained from the FEA analysis was 1.9174 mm, this total deformation value is greater than the nitinol material. Hence from the analysis its concluded that the nitinol is better than the aluminum alloy when designing a cardiovascular self-expanding stent with more life, less deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a two-dimensional finite element (FE) modeling utilized to simulate experimental testing of reinforced concrete (RC) beams externally strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced laminate (CFRP). Four models of concavely flat and curved soffit RC beams were developed. These beams were simulated to be simply supported and loaded statically up to failure by a mid-span single load. The simulations are undertaken to predict the failure mode and load- carrying capacity and gain further understanding of the influence of curvature on CFRP delamination behavior. In this study, eight experimentally tested RC beams were used for comparison with the FE models. The curved soffit beams were constructed with different degrees of curvature of 5, 10, and 15mm/m. The experimental and FE simulation results showed that specimens with 5, 10, and 15mm/m degree of curvature had an average change in the load -carrying capacity of up to 2.5, 6, and 3%, respectively. Furthermore, simulation results showed the failure mode was CFRP intermediate-span crack- induced (IC) de-bonding as observed experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro tunnel boring machines (MTBM) are the smaller size of tunnel boring machines for installing pipelines beneath the earth's surface with minimum disturbance to the regular life of the community above the tunneling location. The micro tunneling process is a remotely controlled continuous process to insert the pipes under the ground with the different types of soil and rock conditions using the hydraulic pipe jacking technique. MTMB consists of several components such as cutting shield, shield skin, shaft, bearing, motor, thrust cylinders, slurry pipes, etc., The cutting shield is driven by the shaft that experiences the loads transferred from Earth pressure, water pressure, building loads over the tunneling locations and seismic loads. Also, the shaft may experience sudden jerks during the restarting of the evacuation process. There are many possibilities in failures of cutting blades, shaft, and bearings during the excavation process. The accessibility and repair of failures in micro tunneling are challenging because of the smaller diameter of pipes. Therefore, the shaft is the major driving system that needs to be designed to withstand all the operating loads. In this paper, the major loads acting on the MTBM machine and the loads that transfer to the MTBM shaft are carried out and the shaft design is verified for its safety by Finite Element Analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the design of a strain gauge loadcell with a range of 10 kgf, intended for installation in a test machine. The basic rules used in its design are given. A strength-strain analysis of the elastic element of the loadcell was performed using the finite element method. The steps of production of the loadcell are outlined. The manufactured loadcell is calibrated using the experimental setup described in this paper and the loadcell is built into a test machine. The system for measuring the strength of the test machine is verified, evaluated and classified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a polymer matrix composite (PMC) which is widely used in Aerospace, automobile and other engineering applications, which is reinforced with fly ash is taken in different weight ratios for manufacturing of Fly wheel cup. The principle target of this paper is to determine the behavior of fly wheel cup which is manufactured by deep drawing process using polymer matrix composite (PMC). In order to find the behavior of finite element analysis technique is used to find the deformation and equivalent elastic strain. Deformation of Fly Wheel Cup was found in the range of 0.0017 m – 0.008 m, and the level of equivalent elastic strain was found in the range 0.0087 – 0.04. And compared the results with Mild Steel, which is presently in use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a nonlinear 3D model analysis of composite steel-concrete beams with web openings using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The core of the study forms the fundamental procedure of finite element (FE) model building focused on the behavior and structural performance of concrete. Results from various finite element models are compared in the study. The study objective is to define different constitutive models and observe their influence on the structural performance of numerical models of the composite beams at particular load stages. The corresponding deformations, stresses, strains, and fracture patterns were determined. The results show how load-bearing elements consisting of concrete parts can be analyzed using FEM software with various options in order to create the most suitable numerical model. The paper demonstrates the versatility of ANSYS software usage for structural simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A passenger-bus represents one of the vehicle types that can cause serious damage during the accident. Its frontal crashworthiness may threaten substantial damage to life and property. This is because the design of a bus structure does not meet frontal crashworthiness standards and regulations. Currently, the design of a bus structure and manufacturing in Thailand only focuses on the overturned test. The front crash standard have not been yet considered as structural requirements. This paper introduces a novel design of a passenger-bus considering the frontal crash based on the standard of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Regulation No. 29 (UN ECE-R29). A simulation model was done to determine the structural strength against the produced load considering a full-frontal impact. Finite element analysis was applied to evaluate frontal impacts. As a result, the energy absorption corresponding to the UN ECE-R29 regulation is 55 kJ, while the test model structure could absorb about 52.4 kJ of energy. In fact, the total deformation from the UN ECE-R29 signifies the severe deformation in the frontal structures, which caused the significant damage to the driver dummy. Clearly, reinforcement of the thin-walled tubular construction could improve a bus's structural strength. Consequently, the driver dummy is not affected by the structure's distortion, enhancing the safety and reliability standards for passenger-buses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the widespread development of numerical methods for solving complex mathematical problems with the help of modern computer technologies, there is a real opportunity to obtain specific qualitative and quantitative characteristics of various complex dynamic processes. In this paper, when modeling the unsteady movement of water flow in water management facilities, the two-dimensional flow 5 in space is taken into account, which ensures the improvement of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of objects, as well as the choice of their best parameters of objects for design and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformers are among the most expensive items among power system apparatus, and they plays a crucial role in the resulting power systems. Oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushings form a key part of many transformers, and the status of these bushings may thus affect transformer performance. Monitoring OIP bushings is thus important for the safe operation of transformers, and one of the factors that can negatively affect OIP bushings is moisture. Effective evaluation of moisture in OIP bushings is thus required to ensure the safe operation of power systems. The dielectric frequency response (DFR) method has been commonly used in the last decade to study moisture impacts on OIP bushings. In this study, however, the moisture level in OIP bushings was evaluated using a neural network trained on a database formed from previous DFR results for various OIP bushings. Using the finite element method (FEM), a 96 kV OIP bushing was simulated under six different moisture content levels. Statistical indices were then used to extract features from the obtained tanδ-f curves of the simulated bushing under these different moisture contents, with, fitting analysis used to generate additional data. A database was then established using the generated data, and a neural network proposed to categorise the database into three groups based on moisture levels. The results revealed that the neural network effectively categorised 99.5% of data correctly by moisture level, suggesting that an adequately tuned neural network can be used to evaluate the moisture level of OIP bushings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) is a radio telescope consisting of two types of antenna arrays – for low and high frequency. In this paper we discuss the High Band Array – HBA and represent option to better its accuracy, using the FEM (Finite element method), that can help us increase the precision of the modeling of antenna elements in large antenna arrays, which is the case of the HBA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlocal theories are widely used in the mathematical modeling and analysis of solid structures and materials, particularly in micro-nano/structural studies, including fatigue assessment and crack analysis of these structures. Hence, contrasting the outcomes of these theories can significantly help in the selection of a more appropriate and practical model. In this paper, two nonlocal theories, the nonlocal elasticity model, and the stress intensity factor model were employed to analyze an elastic plate with a tip crack. An elastic plate with a tip crack under the impact of axial tension was examined and the results of maximum stress component along the crack line for various crack sizes were compared. Also, the effect of characteristic length in nonlocal models was investigated. Furthermore, ABAQUS CAE software was utilized for finite element modeling by applying the mechanical properties of an elastic steel plate to numerically investigate the elastic plate with a tip crack. The results illustrate the mesh sensitivity of finite element modeling and its compatibility with the stress intensity factor model; however, the numerical study cannot demonstrate the characteristic length effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geological hazard such as slope failure poses a great threat to human life and properties all around the world. Slope stability analysis is conducted to identify the critical slip surface and the factor of safety of the slope. It may be induced by many factors such as the infiltration of rainwater and surcharge loading including the groundwater movement where all the possible causes may reduce the strength of residual soil that is tremendously influenced by weathering condition. Commonly, the stability analysis is conducted by using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) utilising analysis by using various method of slices. Alongside the innovation of technology and the development of knowledge, the Finite Element Method (FEM) has come to its function as a quick and robust tool for slope analysis. The main objective of this paper is to determine the stability of a slope in Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (UPNM) campus based on finite element utilizing strength reduction method (SRM) using Plaxis software. The new slope construction on granitic residual soil in UPNM campus requires a study concerning the stability of slope as high groundwater table in this area had been discovered with spring water that seeps through soil and fractured rock at several locations particular at slope section greater than 45˚. From the result, it is observed that the safety factor for slope angle reduced from 2.254 to 1.188 when the inclination angle increased form 15˚to 45˚ respectively by limiting the height up to 10 m at the uphill section. The results of this study had shown that FEM software such as Plaxis can be practically used to accessed stability of existing slope by utilising strength reduction method approach. In comparison, the slope with greater angle of 45˚ exhibits the least value of safety factor and smaller slip surface compared to that of more gradual slope in this study. This could help us identify the potential failure zone and implement possible remedial measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Main Spillway and Diversion Tunnel construction at the Manikin Dam, Nusa Tenggara Timur, is constructed in a claystone Bobonaro Formation. Alongside the construction process, this paper aims to evaluate the engineering geological condition and tunnel excavation method that is expected to provide technical consideration in the process of selecting the fieldwork method. Field investigations were carried out in evaluation of rock mass quality for tunnel boring log. The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) method determines rock mass quality. Subsurface samples were laboratory tested for soil/rock parameters in numerical modeling using the finite element method with numerical evaluation by Phase2 (Rocscience) software. The results of tunnel modeling are in the form of displacement with additional effect earthquake analysis and without earthquake analysis (static load). As a result of subsurface geological mapping, the dominant lithology which passes through the tunnel is scaly clay with the category of rock mass quality as Poor Rock and Fair Rock. Based on the Bieaniawski (1989), the excavation method can be multi drift, benching, or full face. The multi drift excavation method is estimated to earn a lower displacement value than other methods. It produces an estimated roof strength factor value of >1.25, which indicates the tunnel construction is in stable condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission towers are vital channels for distributing high-voltage electrical power from power plants to substations. This infrastructure is the backbone of a productive modern society. However, a number of these towers may fail due to earthquakes. This failure may disrupt the electrical network, yield a substantial amount of replacement cost, and, more importantly, interrupt recovery efforts and business operations. This paper presents attempts to analyze the seismic risk of the transmission tower by developing its fragility curve. Fragility is defined as the probability of damage exceeding a certain level, given an extensive range of seismic intensity. A finite element computational model was analyzed under a nonlinear static procedure (pushover) to obtain a nonlinear response, specifically a capacity curve. Then the fragility analysis was performed by determining certain damage states in the capacity curve. The inter-segment drift ratio (ISDR) was employed for the damage states. The result is expressed as a fragility curve that provides fundamental and rational insights into the mechanical and probabilistic performance of transmission towers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 10th, 2021, 3296 houses suffered light damage, 1964 houses suffered moderate damage, and 1552 houses suffered severe damage due to the earthquake that occurred in Malang, Indonesia. The iMPact on public facilities included 203 damaged schools, 16 damaged health facilities, 171 damaged places of worship, and 40 other damaged public facilities. Most of the damaged buildings were non-engineering buildings with various types of damage. In Pacitan Regency, there are many low-rise to medium-rise non-engineering buildings. In addition, Pacitan Regency has a coastline that is part of the Indonesian Ocean and is located very close to the subduction zone between the Indo-Australia plate and the Eurasian plate. The main potential sources of earthquake and tsunami events in this region are thrust systems. Seismic fragility curves play a pivotal role in the assessment of the comprehensive vulnerability of civil infrastructure to prospective seismic events, as well as in the anticipation of the consequential socioeconomic repercussions. This paper presents an analysis of the fragility of non-engineering buildings and estimates of their collapse using the finite element method. Seismic fragility analysis produces fragility curves that show the probability of structure damage under various damage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the world of technology, where technology helps to explore almost everything, including outer space, planets, etc. However, due to the unknown extreme conditions at unexplored places, there is an interest and need to develop a technology which helps explore more about space. Here, we attempted to develop the Artificial Intelligence (AI) enabled rover model to be used for such space exploration scenarios. In this paper, firstly, finite element method (FEM) based design and analysis of the rover model are discussed. The operational and constructive features are explained, such as the real-time camera feed feature, measuring the temperature and humidity values, and detecting the object while measuring the obstacle distance. The AI-enabled rover model uses a real-time object detection algorithm which helps to analyze the object in a real-time manner. The rover model is designed in such a way that it can easily climb on different surfaces having obstacles. The rover model is then fabricated, where wheels are made from a buoyant substance such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). A special suspension frame based on a modified rocker-bogie system is created to adapt the walker to uneven ground. This means that even in hostile surroundings, the rover can explore independently. The proposed model has a comparable cost as compared with published literature work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind turbines are considered one of the tallest buildings vulnerable to lightning strikes as they lack a protection system for large-scale carbon-fibre epoxy composite structures. Blades are more affected by lightning due to their large scale, which is the highest point in wind turbine structure. Knowledge of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning, lightning protection system (LPS), electrical field relation and receptor configuration are explained. A design from an actual wind turbine blade is used to study the effect of lightning. The receptor plays an essential role in determining the efficiency of (LPS). To investigate the impact of receptors with different shapes and sizes, two different types of lightning protection receptors are used to perform their effect on lightning. Three different radius of lightning copper receptor disks, 0.1m, 0.2m and 0.4m, have been tested. A triangle with a head to the downside simulates the lightning terminal. This paper is aimed to study and analyze the most suitable lightning protection for wind turbine blades to suggest the best parameters for receptor type and size. The electromagnetic Finite Element Method simulation recommends the minimum and maximum electric field that builds up around receptors, which has been used to determine the correct size and forms of receptors. Results from the lighting strike Simulation 0.1m receptor gives the highest value of electrical field interception 56.3MV/m compared with larger size receptor 0.4m with 18.7MV/m. This research revealed the effectiveness of different types of lightning receptors and the effect of the receptor's radius, which will offer better protection to the wind turbine [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic behaviour prediction scheme of contact surface of bolt joints has found to be extremely difficult to model due the complex behaviour of the structural joints. In this paper, the bolted structure was used with aim to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the bolted structure using practical modelling scheme via finite element modelling and updating method. A simplified FE model of the bolted structure was developed using CBEAM element to represent geometrical shape of the bolt and Thin Layer Element (TLE) was used to represent the contact surface of the bolted structure. Subsequently, the normal mode analysis using NASTRAN103 was used to predict the dynamic behaviour of the FE model. Potential updating parameters of the FE model was analysed by implemented sensitivity analysis formulated in Nastran SOL200. The model updating method is then used to update the initial FE model of the bolted structure based on the experimental modal analysis (EMA) result. The comparison of the results is used in verifying the accuracy of the updated FE model of the bolted joint structure. The result suggested that the CBEAM and TLE can be used efficiently to represent the bolted joints and the contact surface of the bolted joint of the assembled structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the Ritz method to find approximate solutions to boundary-value problems for ordinary differential equations. We present the approximate finite element solution by a linear combination of the basis functions. Here we get co-efficients of the optimal interpolation formula in W 2 (1 , 0) space as basis functions. The difference obtained in numerical results and exact solutions illustrates graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper algorithms for constructing a finite element mesh of compound domains and minimizing the ribbon width of the system of resolving equations by the finite element method (FEM) are considered. A technology for constructing a finite element mesh by connecting elementary subdomains, a semi-automatic method for partitioning a two-dimensional multiply connected domain with a curvilinear boundary, and ordering the node numbers of a finite element mesh is described. In this case, the algorithms allow, by ordering the numbering of nodes, to determine such a sequence in which the ribbon width of non-zero coefficients of the system of resolving equations by the FEM will be locally minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Finite Element analysis the size of mesh plays a critical role. It is closely said that accuracy and number of mesh required for the meshing of the element. This paper presents the effect of the von misses and various constraints on the accuracy of the result. On the basis of the papers referred and guidelines obtained for choosing the appropriate mesh size in finite element analysis has been provided and explained about the von misses stress occurred in the model. The web reinforcement should be strengthened enough to carry tension forces as well as compression forces so that the compression wrinkling is avoided. Von mises proves to be the perfect safe value for the designing of composite structures which involves various stress theories and failure criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focus on optimization of assembly process using DFMA on portable bluetooth speaker. However, the problem regarding this speaker is it comes with box shaped that is outdate and bulky. It also does not resistant to water as it limited to dry places only. The objectives of this paper are to redesign a much compact and sleek looking portable bluetooth speaker that meets the needs of the music lovers and to assure the speaker to be water resistant. The design of portable bluetooth speaker is using CAD software and then transfer to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to analyses the capabilities of part design. At the end of this paper, this research will give understanding about design using CAD software and do analysis that improved the portable bluetooth speaker. Hence, Sonic Gear Pandora Mini Portable Bluetooth Speaker in grey colour was chosen as a benchmark in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with finite element analysis of fundamental deformation of robot soft finger. The aim of this paper is to develop a simple contact static model of cylindrical soft flexible finger for effective power grasping. In this paper, the geometrical relation connecting different contact parameter, for example, distortion, flexible contact width, and contact angle of developed soft finger are derived. Formula for total force on fundamental deformation has been analyzed using simple mathematics. Selection of appropriate soft elastic material required for modelling of flexible finger is based on fundamental deformation and change in contact width with respect to applied normal load ranges from 0 to 100 N. Experiment is performed for 3 different nonlinear hyper soft elastic materials: Neoprene W, Viton E-60C and Silicone R401/70. Furthermore, deformation of cylindrical finger was determined by performing compression testing for each finger with load step 10 N. Contact width was determined by measuring vivid print observed above the recording paper. Additionally, coefficient of friction (COF) flanked by soft finger and target was measured by performing inclined test. Further, experimental result was successfully validated with finite element simulation performed on ANSYS software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the effect of cylinder length on the rocket motor tube's safety factor and weight ratio using a thin-walled cylinder. The outer diameter, wall thickness, cap thickness, and cylinder fillet radius were 550, 8, 50, and 100 mm, respectively. The length of the cylinder was varied 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, and 5 meters. The internal pressure used is fixed, which is 12 MPa. The materials used are Aluminium 7068-T6 and Aluminium 7034-T6. Stress analysis using the finite element method with Ansys Workbench software to select the optimal length of the rocket motor tube in terms of the safety factors and tube weight ratio. The simulation results show that the longer the rocket tube, the lower the safety factor ratio and the weight of the rocket tube both when using Al 7068-T6 and Al 7034-T6 materials. The highest ratio value is when the rocket tube has a length of 3 meters using Al 7034-T6 material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Friction contacts on equipment components made of rubberlike material is often encountered as in tires and seals. The friction contact phenomena are influenced by many factors such as contact load, surface roughness and sliding velocity. However, friction analysis related to the sliding velocity is still rarely performed. This paper discusses the effect of the sliding velocity on friction contact phenomena between a rigid spherical indenter and a Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) surface, namely SBR-25 (compounded with carbon black) and S-SBR (compounded with silica). Due to the nonlinearity behavior of the rubber, analysis was carried out numerically using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the rubber material was modelled as a hyperelastic type. Specified sliding depth and contact surface roughness were applied here. The analyzed parameters along friction were stress field, contact force and friction coefficient. In general, the results show that those parameters greatly fluctuate for high sliding velocities and oscillation occurs at the rubber surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rail crack is the most threatening defect in railway industries. The crack can cause the train to derail. Using artificial neural networks (ANN), the paper aims to predict the crack location and depth in a rail track panel under clamp boundary conditions using artificial neural networks (ANN). In this study, the model of rail track was used based on 60E1(European standard EN 13674-1) and has been modelled as a reliable structural using CATIA software. The free vibrations analysis of the rail track with the various crack models had performed using MODAL analysis in ANSYS software. The finite element analysis can observe that the modes shape of vibrations had different values with the various crack models. The results obtained were used as data for training, validation, and test for the ANN model. The acquired results were used for the ANN model's train, validation, and test phases. Cascade-forward Back Propagation (CFBP) was used in the ANN models to predict rail track cracks). furthermore, the regression analysis determination coefficient was used to test the validity of the ANN model (R2). ANN performance indeed found the R2 (coefficient of determination) values both for train and test data to be 0.998 and 0.998 accordingly. The ANN predicted crack prediction analyzed outcomes to the ANSYS simulated results to measure the ANN model's accuracy in predicting crack lengths and locations. The result can observe that the predicted results were in excellent agreement with the finite element analysis results (FEA). In general, this study is beneficial and adds significant knowledge to predict the location and depth of crack using the ANN model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an investigation on human body tibia bone of three siblings (male, female and a child) is presented. The age of the male, female and a child are 23, 21 and 12 years old. The work was carried out to know the tibia bone behavior through 3D modeling. The 3D model of tibia bone was created from CT scan data and DICOM images. Finite element analysis is used to study the deformation, von-Mises stress and factor of safety upon applying the static load. The observation from this investigation may be helpful to orthopedic surgeons to analyze the load bearing capacity of the tibia bone of a male, female and child of a single family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotechnical is a branch of Geological science that studies soil and rock and their relation to the surrounding buildings. Geotechnical assessment on a slope that is indicated to be prone to landslides is very important to do, especially if the slope is in a location that is often passed by humans. In this paper, a geotechnical assessment is carried out on the landslide-prone road cut slope on the Jabungan-Mluweh Road, Semarang, Indonesia with the aim of knowing the level of vulnerability to landslides on the slopes around the road. The method used is remote sensing and field observations. The remote sensing methodology for determining the distribution of landslide-prone by 5 parameters, that is rock resistance, land use, slope, fault fracture density, and normalized difference vegetation index. After that, detailed observations were made in the field and it was found that there were 10 locations prone to landslides, at those 10 locations a more detailed analysis was carried out to determine the geological strength index (GSI), slope geometry, and joint conditions. Slope modeling is done using phase 2 software by finite element method. The results of the analysis show that Geotechnical assessment on road cut slopes can be done using laboratory data, but an empirical approach using Schmidt hammer rebound value (SHRV) can also be applied in the assessment if the observed terrain is quite difficult and dangerous. The slope stability analysis show that there are 7 slopes in unstable conditions, 1 slope is marginally stable, and 2 slopes are stable. Therefore, several suggestions are proposed to forstrengthen the stability of the cut slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling the interaction of engineering structures with the soil is a non-trivial task that constantly arises in the design of transport structures. Simplification of the design scheme using the hypotheses of the theory of elasticity does not always give correct results. Therefore, to refine the design models, it is necessary to take into account the nonlinear work of the soil using various algorithms of the theory of plasticity and soil mechanics. The authors have developed a software module for determining the stress-strain state of a soil mass, taking into account physical nonlinearity. The paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of calculations of soil mass in a linear and nonlinear formulation at various gradients of the mesh density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In engineering practice, solving problems of convective-radiative heat transfer is of particular interest. As a rule, problems of this kind still do not have an analytical solution and are solved approximately, approaches based on numerical modeling techniques are often used. Considering the construction industry, it is worth noting that this class of tasks is of particular importance. Thermal panels are widely used in water heating and cooling systems (convectors, radiators, ceiling panels, floor panels). The most widely used plates belonging to the "convector" type, consisting of a set of a certain number of plates connected to each other by a pipeline with a heat or cold carrier circulating inside. In this regard, thermal panels are quite complex objects from the point of view of mathematical description. Such system is crucial in many heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, including air conditioners, chillers, fan coils, heating equipment, etc. In this paper, for the first time, a mathematical model of a stationary temperature field in a rectangular plate with an arbitrary distribution of heat sources was developed, taking into account convective-radiative heat exchange with the external environment. The analytical model was tested on the problem of determining temperature fields in a heating device, for which a numerical solution was also obtained by the finite element method in the ANSYS Mechanical APDL software package. The resulting mathematical model will allow designers to determine the output integral parameters of the heating system necessary to ensure comfortable conditions for people to stay in heated rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a way to analyze the geometrical nonlinear buckling problem of truss structures with dependent boundary constraints using the finite element method. For determining the nonlinear buckling behavior of the structural system with multi-freedom boundary constraints based on the finite element method it is necessary to implement the dependent boundary conditions to the nonlinear master stiffness equation for building a modified solving system. The author proposes using the augmented Lagrangian method, the connection between the penalty augmentation method and the Lagrange multiplier adjunction method, to implement linear multi-freedom constraints to the nonlinear master stiffness equation. The solving system of equation is constructed by minimization of augmented Lagrange multiplier function to convert a constrained problem into an unconstrained problem. The incremental-iterative algorithm is established based on the arc length method to solve the nonlinear system of equations. Based on the proposed incremental-iterative algorithm the calculation program is written for analyzing the buckling and post-buckling behavior of truss structures with multi-freedom constraints. The numerical test is presented using a written calculation program to investigate the buckling behavior, equilibrium path for plan truss with multi-freedom constraints. The results of the numerical test show the advantages of the proposed method in geometrical nonlinear analysis of truss structures having complicated equilibrium path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel approach to solve the dynamic problem of truss with temperature variation under harmonic load considering geometric nonlinearity based on the mixed finite element method. In solving the nonlinear dynamic problem of truss structures using displacement-based finite element formulation it is required to incorporate the temperature variation as a dependent boundary constraint to the master stiffness equation for producing a modified system of equation. For overcoming the mathematical difficulties of implementation of the thermal load the mixed finite truss element with temperature variation considering geometric nonlinearity is built in this research. The mixed dynamic equilibrium equation of the truss system subjected to harmonic load is constructed based on the principle of stationary potential energy. For solving the dynamic equilibrium equation of the truss system under time-dependent harmonic force the incremental iterative algorithm is established based on the combining Newmark integration method and Newton Raphson technique. Based on the established incremental iterative algorithm the procedure is built and a calculation program for investigating the dynamic response of truss system with temperature variation under harmonic load is written using Matlab software. Using the written calculation program the numerical test to investigate the time-dependent response of truss system with temperature variation under harmonic load is presented. The numerical test results show the efficiency of the proposed formulation in nonlinear dynamic analysis of truss with temperature variation under time- dependent load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]