Search

Coking wastewater RO brine is considered to be refractory, toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Electrochemical oxidation has attracted wide attention in wastewater treatment because of its strong oxidation performance and ease of control. In this paper, the electrochemical degradation of NH3-N and COD were investigated at different anodes materials and current densities .The electrochemical oxidation using Ti/RuO2IrO2anode was effective and promising for advanced treatment of coking wastewater RO brine. COD and NH3-N concentration degraded 86% and 100% in 80min at the current density of 5 mA cm-2. Current density is the most important factor of organic degradation and energy consumption. When the current density was 10mA cm-2, the COD removal ratio quickly increased to 52.94% in 20min reaction time, but under high current density, the life of the electrode will be reduced. When the current density is too low, the electrolytic reaction time to reach standard needs to be 2h or more, which will perpetuate the equipment bulky, increase the cost of the equipment. The optimal current density is 5.0 ~ 7.5 mA cm-2. Unit per COD energy consumption is 114.4 kWh kgCOD-1, and unit per cubic meter wastewater energy consumption is 5.9 kWh m-3at the current density of 5 mA cm-2.

Pinus kesiya was cooked by diethanolamine and kraft pulping respectively. And two kinds of pulp were bleached by H2O2and ClO2single stage and multi-stage bleaching. Then, their bleachability was compared. The results show that pinus kesiya diethanolamine pulp is difficult to achieve higher brightness only by H2O2or ClO2single stage bleaching, and its brightness could exceed 80%ISO by OD0ED1multi-stage bleaching. For diethanolamine pulp, compared with H2O2, ClO2bleaching effect is more obvious. And the increase of diethanolamine pulp brightness is less favorable than kraft pulp under these same conditions.

Gallnut products are widely used in pharmaceutical, chemical, food, printing, aerospace, national defense and microelectronics industries due to their irreplaceable superiorities. In this paper, membrane separation technology was used to concentrate the tannin in the gall extract. Separation efficiency was investigated by different NF and RO membrane model, and the optimized purity of extracted tannin was 98% with yield of 97.5% that achieve the industrial tannin standards. Moreover, the flux capacity of membrane can be restored by corresponding cleaning solution.

With the increasingly competitive pressure, spunbond nonwoven products marketed is becoming more cost sensitive. Inorganic additives, which is mainly composed of calcium carbonate , has been mixed into the standard organic spinning solution for either reducing the raw material cost or enhancing some of the physical properties. Therefore, its necessary to find a test method to evaluating the quality of these products. This paper developed a test method for determining the amount of inorganic additives and calcium carbonate in nonwovens by thermogravimetry analysis, and proved its effectiveness.

In this paper the one bath process of scouring and bleaching was applied to degum and bleach tussah silk. In this process degumming and bleaching of tussah silk was achieved only through one step. The effects of salt, decolorizer, treat time and temperature on whiteness, degumming rate and break strength were investigated. The optimal degumming and bleaching condition was that the concentration of Na2SiO3 salt was 10 o.w.f. %, concentration of hydrogen peroxide was 10 o.w.f %, the scouring and bleaching time was 40 min and temperature was 95 °C. Under the optimal scouring and bleaching condition the whiteness of tussah silk was 82, degumming rate was 11.5% and the breaking strength was 370 N.

Biomass has attracted keen interest as a renewable resource and an environmental friendly material that is essential to realize a sustainable world. Lignin as biomass has been long labeled with waste material. But now the innate chemistry of lignin and a phenolic heteropolymer, has allowed it to make inroads into the high value polymer and natural biomass material industries. Supercritical fluids (SCF) have been shown to be a promising technique for future large-scale biofuel and base-chemicals production, especially for depolymerization production from lignin. This paper reviews the research progress of lignin-depolymerization processes, including effects of process parameters, such as reaction time, temperature, pressure and catalyst, product analysis, and reaction mechanism with different supercritical fluids. The problems of depolymerization with supercritical fluid technology and its development direction are also briefly discussed. Compared with conventional lignin production methods, the SCF technology processes of lignin can produce smaller fragments through breakage of the ether linkages and produce larger fragments through cross linking between the reactive fragments, and the depolymerization lignin processes are typically conducted at mild operating conditions, and the monomeric products have a high economic value because the aromatic products can be readily blended into current transportation fuels or used in chemical industry.

In this paper the two-stage method of enzyme-mild acidic hydrolysis was adopted to isolate lignin from the APMP(Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulp),then the isolated lignin was treated with a laccase-mediator system(LMS).The phosphor magnetic resonance spectrum (31P-NMR) measurements and Infrared spectral analysis technology were chosen to analyze the structural changes of LMS-treated APMP residual lignin.

In this paper, the magnetic graphene oxide (Fe3O4@GO) has been successfully prepared by decomposition of Iron (III) acetylacetonate in the mixture solution of triethylene glycol and GO. atomic force microscope, TEM, XRD and superconducting quantum interference device were used to characterize the material. The results showed that the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified graphene oxide has been obtained, and it has superparamagnetism with magnetization saturation of 16.4emu/g. the Fe3O4@GO has a good sustained-release performance, and vitro cytotoxicity confirmed that its security for Fe3O4@ GO as a potential drug carrier.

In this paper, the problem of high calcium carbonate content of desulfurization gypsum using limestone - gypsum wet desulphurization technology in coal-fired power plants questions, recommendations in running process from the control of absorption tower pH, lime stone powder, lime powder fineness activity to solve the above problems.

onic liquid, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mi Cl) was used to pretreat sugarcane bagasse (SCB), followed by regeneration of SCB by addition of deionized water. The regenerated SCB exhibited enhancement in enzymatic saccharification with an average 3.1-fold enhancement in yield of reducing sugar produced compared to untreated SCB in the kinetic study. The maximum yield of glucose and reducing sugar produced were 2.6% and 4.3% respectively for untreated SCB, whereas the maximum yield of glucose and reducing sugar produced were more significant with value of 7.2% and 16.6% respectively for IL-pretreated SCB. This paper suggested that the IL-pretreatment of SCB could be a useful pretreatment method to increase the yield of sugars produced in enzymatic saccharification.

The Masson thermomechanical pulp (TMP) which was obtained from the first stage refiner was pretreated with xylanase followed by refining with PFI refiner. The impact of enzymatic refining on wet-end chemistry and bleachability of pulp were studied. The results showed that the enzymatic pretreatment could improve the wet-end chemistry properties and enhance the bleachability of masson TMP. In contrast to the control pulp sample, the beating degree, the zeta potential, the dissolved charge, the filler retention, and the sizing degree was increased respectively by 18.8%, 17.5%, 10%, 19.6%, and 18.8% at the xylanase dosage of 0.3 AXU/g (o.d. pulp); the tensile index, the tearing index and the brightness was increased by 2.3 N·m2/g, 0.19 mN·m2/g, and 1.3%ISO, respectively.

This paper studied the removal effect of domestic sewage nitrogen and phosphorus during the start-up period of underground infiltration system. The experiment is conducted under the conditions of influent temperature 9~10°C, hydraulic loading 0.04m3·m-2·d-1, COD concentration 112.31~143.49mg / L, NH4+-N 20.93~27.26mg / L and TP 2.12~2.86mg / L. The experimental results showed the removal rate of COD, NH4+-N and TP was 80%, 98% and 95% respectively. In the start-up period, TN removal was not obviously for 34% removal rate. After treated the effluent nitrate nitrogen concentration was high, showing during the start-up period the nitrification was better than the denitrification. Lacking of carbon source and low temperature may account for this. To improve the conditions of the start-up period, promoting denitrification was the key to improve nitrogen removal rate by underground infiltration system.

This paper lists the results of the study of sunflower processing renewable wastes fruit walls (husk) sampled in various Russian regions for the purpose of their use in making various chemical matters and materials with useful properties. Sorption properties of various sunflower fruit walls with reference to Sakhalin crude oil compared to similar wastes of buckwheat and rice and inorganic sorbent (vermiculite). The content and structure of inorganic components of husk samples was studied depending on the sort. Water-soluble materials extracted from fruit walls in different conditions was studied. The content and structure of water/acid/alkaline extraction polysaccharides was found. The ability to use liquid and dry sunflower husk extracts as steel corrosion inhibitors was shown. Lipids contained in sunflower making wastes were described. It was shown that they contain mostly monogalactosyldiacylglycerides and phospholipids which are important bioactive matters.

Mechanisms and defiberation point of pinus kesiya diethanolamine pulping were analyzed in this paper. The results show that the delignification of diethanolamine cooking is divided into three stages: the initial delignification stage, which is from the beginning of heating to 170°C, and its delignification rate is about 30%; the bulk delignification stage, which is from 170°C to 200°C for 60min with the total delignification rate about 90%; the supplementary delignification stage, which is from 200°C for 60min to the end of cooking, and its delignification rate is more than 97%. And the defiberation point is at 200°C for 30min nearby.

The degradation rules of glycan in reed ethanol/water cooking process were studied. The degradation rules of polydextrose and polyxylose were obtained in the cooking process by means of ion chromatography determination of glucose and xylose in the reed ethanol pulp content under different holding time. Results showed that cellulose (polydextrose) removal rate obviously was divided into two stages, rapid removal stage at the holding time of 0-90min and slow removal stage at the holding time of 90-210min; hemicellulose (xylan) removal rate was also divided into two stages, slow removal stage at the holding time of 0-60 min and rapid removal stage at the holding time from 60min until the end; meanwhile the change rules of lignin and ash content were achieved.

Graphene is a fascinating new member of carbon materials with honeycomb and one-atom-thick structure, consisting of 2D hexagonal lattices of sp2 carbon atoms covalently bonded. Graphene has a huge theory specific surface area (over 2600 m2 g1), good thermal conductivity, high values of Youngs modulus and fracture strength, high thermal stability and chemical stability and fast mobility of charge carriers, etc.. In recent years, many researchers found graphene have outstanding adsorption capacity of dyes in aqueous solution due to its high specific surface area. This paper summarized the graphene, graphene oxide and functionalized graphene removing various dyes in wastewater.

The cross-linked/non-crosslinked styrene-acrylate micro emulsion with high solid content were synthesized using styrene (St), butyl acrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA), methyl acrylate (MMA), N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide (NMA) as the raw materials by seeded polymerization, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM); The coating for the coated paper was prepared by the two kinds of styrene-acrylate micro emulsion, whose effect on the viscosity and water retention of the coating was discussed. The results show that the particles of two kinds of styrene-acrylate micro emulsion are regular sphericity in shape; The apparent viscosity of the coating decreases with the increase of the shear rate, indicating a pseudo-plastic flow characteristic. There is no obvious difference on the viscosity between the two coating under the condition of high shear rate. Compared with the coating prepared by non-crosslinked styrene-acrylate micro emulsion, the coating prepared by cross-linked styrene-acrylate micro emulsion has a bigger viscosity and a better property of water retention.

This article studied the pulp contrast of reed three-stage counter-current cooking and single-stage cooking, meanwhile analyzed the regulation of the yield , the hardness of pulps and the properties of the waste liquor from each cooking stage of reed three-stage counter-current batch cooking with ethanol-water process. The SEM and IR-FT were employed to gain more understanding on the change of lignin on fiber surface and the structural change of lignin separated from waste liquor of each stage. The results show that single-stage cooking need to keep 190°C for 4.0 hours to get the best results, while the three-stage counter-current cooking need 1.5 hours more, but the highest temperature fallen by 20°C and the screened pulp yield increased by 3.9%, also the Kappa number decreased by 11. In the process of reed three-stage counter-current batch cooking with ethanol-water, the degradation and removal of lignin and glycan occurs mainly in the first stage. After the first stage cooking, most fibroblasts did not reach the fiber separation point and the screened pulp yield is only 38.7%. After the second and third stage cooking, the fiber separation became better ,the screened pulp yield increased to 49.72% and the Kappa number decreased to 25.6 . As the analysis of the results from the each-stages lignin by IR-FT, the structure of lignin had no significant difference .

The membrane-aerated bioreactor (MABR) was specially designed to evaluate its suitability for the treatment of an artificial sewage in laboratory. The paper presented the configuration of the MABR, the effect of variation of partial oxygen pressures on treatment efficiency (COD, NH4+-N, NO3--N), and the theoretical analysis on COD efficiency. The partial oxygen pressures were changed to investigate experimentally its influence on the removal of COD, NH4+-N and NO3--N. Results showed that when partial oxygen pressures was below 40KPa, COD and NH4+-N removal efficiency increased with its increasing, meanwhile, nitrification was the main control process in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND); with partial oxygen pressures above 40KPa, the COD and NH4+-N removal efficiency wasnt affected by it, and denitrification became the main control process in SND. However, denitrification would be restrained if the partial oxygen pressure overtops a certain value. The partial oxygen pressure had more significant influence on COD than NH4+-N removal efficiencies. The reaction rate of COD remove in the MABR had zero-order reaction characteristics.

The utilization of bioaugmentation in constructed wetland can enhance the effect of organic matter removal from wastewater. Obtaining effective COD degrading bacteria plays a key role in bioaugmentation. In this paper, in order to improve the capacity of organic matter removal of constructed wetland, four kinds of effective COD degrading sprains (A2,A11,B1,C4) were obtained from soil of constructed wetland by the way of segregation, primary screening and secondary screening. Through the test of microorganism construction to acquire matching groups with better growth situation and the test of technical conditions optimization inspecting the influence of PH, temperature and rotate speed of incubator shaker on COD converting rates, group A2A11,A11B1,A11C4 and B1C4 were acquired, among which the group B1C4 had the highest COD converting rates (73.74%) when PH was 6.8, temperature was 20 and rotate speed was 100r/min. Using the method of 16S rDNA sequence determination, we observed that sprain B1 had the most similarity with Bacillus simplex (T); DSM1321T; AJ439078, 99%, belonging to bacillus, and sprain C4 had the most similarity with Pseudomonas stutzeri (T); ATCC 17588; AF094748, 97%, belonging to Pseudomonas.

The soda pulping modified by green liquor pretreatment was adopted to explore optimal green liquor pretreatment conditions. Results shows that optimum pretreatment conditions are as follows: max temperature, 130°C; holding time, 90min; wood to liquor ratio, 1:4; and green liquor charge, 0.9L/kg. Pretreated reed was pulped under following conditions: heating-up time, 60min; maximum temperature, 160°C; holding time, 60min; NaOH charge, 20% (pretreatment alkali included). Results shows that this process produces pulp with screened yield of 49.05%, Kappa number of 14.6, and viscosity of 1274mL/g. Compared with the results of industrial simulation pulping (21% NaOH), screened yield increases by 2.14%, Kappa number decreases by 5.6 and viscosity rises by 556 mL/g. Therefore, green liquor pretreatment before soda pulping improves pulp performance and yield. Meanwhile the pretreatment utilizes material effectively, thus has practical significance to decrease alkaline consumption and pulping cost.

DTPMPA (Diethylene Triamine Penta Methylene Phosphonic Acid) was used as cooking additive in Bamboo pulping. The effect of cooking parameters such as alkali charge, maximum cooking temperature, and time at maximum temperature on bamboo kraft pulping adding additive Diethylene Triamine Penta Methylene Phosphonic Acid was studied. The results show that the optimized bamboo kraft pulping conditions are: alkali charge 17%, maximum cooking temperature 162°C, and time at maximum temperature 60min when DTPMPA dosage is 0.4%. On the optimized conditions of cooking, the highest screened bamboo pulp yield 49.52%, the kappa number of bamboo pulp is 24.68, residual alkali in kraft waste liquor 3.62g/L .

In this paper, the condition of aspergillus niger and the bacillus subtilis mixing fermentation to produce soybean peptides was studied. The results indicated that the best fermentation condition of the aspergillus niger and the bacillus subtilis mixing fermentation to produce soybean peptides is that: the initial pH of the culture medium is 8.0, the proportion of mixture strains (aspergillus niger vs bacillus subtilis) is 2 to 1,the fermentation temperature is 30°C and the fermentation time is 80 hours. In this condition the degree of hydrolysis of the fermentation bean pulp is 36.5%.

Green liquor has lower hydroxide concentration and higher sulfidity, which makes it a better choice for modified alkali cooking. This paper studied process parameters of pretreatment stage on pulping properties of poplar green liquor pretreatment-Kraft pulping process. Conditional experiments with green liquor charge of 0.50L/kg, 0.75L/kg, 1.00L/kg and 1.25L/kg, maximum pretreatment temperature of 95°C, 105°C, 115°C and 135°C, and holding time of 30min, 60min and 90min, were carried out. The results shows that optimal pretreatment conditions are as follows: green liquor charge, 1.00L/kg; maximum pretreatment temperature, 115°C; holding time, 60min; and wood to liquor ratio, 1:4.

In this Paper the Two-Stage Method of Enzyme-Mild Acidic Hydrolysis was Adopted to Separate Lignin from the APMP and the Modified Pulp Samples.And then Analyze the Lignin Structure Changes of the Modified APMP Lignin by Laccase and LMS(laccase/mediator System). it was Found that no Oxidation Took Place on Carbohydrates in the LMS, and Lignin Cα Hydroxyl Oxidization Produce α Carbonyl and H2O2 Bleaching can also Oxidation of Lignin, make the Conjugate C = α Increase;the Syringyl Structure Hydroxyl Content Increase, the Lignin Structure Macromolecular Side Chain Fracturing; Laccase and LMS Oxidative Degradation Chromophoric Group Unsaturated C = O, which can Improve the Brightness of Pulp and Create Better Conditions for Unbleached Pulp.

The feasibility of making new strength agent by cooking corn stalk rich in hemicellulose was studied. Corn stalk was cooked by normal ethanol pulping with best process parameters obtained by early discovery. The effect of corn stalk agent on physical strength of package board (made by 20% mineral fibre and 80% recycled fibre) was discussed as well. After cooked, all of the corn stalk suspension was added into the mixed pulp directly. Results showed that the package boards physical properties improved greatly. Tensile index, ring crush index, bursting index and folding index increased by 39.6%, 35.4%, 26.6% and 100% respectively at dosage of 5% while tear index and tightness changed slightly under the same conditions.

The Paper studied the effects of coating color on binder migration and affected factors. The z-direction distribution of the coating binder which was tagged with Br in coating layer and its concentration in coating surface were examined quantitatively by using SEM-EDXA and ESCA analysis. In coating colors the coating solid content, the binder dosage and type affects the binder migration. The mechanism of coating color on binder migration was also studied. The results indicated that the degree of binder migration was increased with reduced the coating solid content or added more dosage of coating binder. In low dying temperature the SB-latex was prone to migrated to coating layer surface than starch, the opposite is true in high dying temperature.

This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. Iodine adsorption method is used as a valuation means, the study was carried out on the co-carbonization of coal and biomass by the analysis of Iodine adsorption value. The research results show that the straw and cow dung has important effects on carbonization process; According to change rule of the Ignition loss rate and the iodine adsorption value, the iodine adsorption value of straw-coal co-carbonization product is higher than cow dung; Dashing treatment has significant effects on the iodine adsorption value carbonized product; the catalytic carbonization Biomass is the result of KOH effecting.

Coking wastewater is a kind of recalcitrant wastewater including complicate compositions. Advanced treatment of coking wastewater by Fenton-Like reaction using pyrite as catalyst was investigated in this paper. The results show that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of coking wastewater decreased significantly by method of coagulation combined with two-stage oxidation reaction. COD of wastewater can decrease from 250mg/l to 45mg/l after treatment, when 2g/L pyrite was used in each stage oxidation and the dosage of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is 0.2ml/l for first stage treatment, 0.1ml/l for second stage treatment respectively. The pyrite is effective to promote Fenton-Like reaction with low cost due to high utilization efficiency of H2O2, moreover, catalyst could be easily recovered and reused. The Fenton-Like reaction might be used as a potential alternative to advanced treatment of recalcitrant wastewater.

Green liquor, a process liquor of alkali recovery in pulp and papermaking industry, pretreatment used in poplar kraft pulping process and the influences of pretreatment conditions on pentosan extraction have been studied. The results show that the influence of green liquor dosage on pentosan extraction is the most remarkable, with temperature taking the second place and time the third. Under the conditions of liquor ratio 1:4, green liquor dosage 1.5 L/kg (based on oven dried material), temperature 100 °C, time 90 min, higher pentosan extraction ratio of 13.81% (based on the pentosan content of raw material) is achieved. The wood was pulped under normal KP conditions after pretreated by the optimal pentosan extraction conditions. Comparing two kinds of pulp with and without pretreatment at similar stock yield level, the results show that the former has a little lower viscosity, significantly decreased Kappa number and excellent paper physical properties.

In this paper, poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofiber was prepared by an electrospinning method. Graphene oxide sheets was obtained via filtration from graphene oxide aqueous solution which synthesized by Hummers method. By sonication, a homogeneously dispersed and well distributed poly acylic acid and graphene oxide nanosheets solution were obtained, and this can be used to modify the neat poly (vinylidene fluoride) nanofiber membrane for not only increasing the hydrophilic properties but also improving the mechanical properties. The poly(vinylidene fluoride)/graphene oxide composite membrane was characterized by SEM, FT-IR, pore properties and mechanical properties. The composite membrane showed an appropriate pore size, excellent mechanical property comparing with pure poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane. The results showed the membrane could be feasibly used as a MF membrane.

In this paper, the poplar Alkaline Peroxide Mechanical Pulp (APMP) pulping wastewater was treated by the SBR. The pulping wastewater was from the processes of washing, soaking and defibrination. The COD of the pulping wastewater was 5671 mg/L and the BOD was 1862 mg/L. The B/C (biological oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand) ratio of the pulping wastewater was 0.32, which indicated that the wastewater was suitable to be treated by biological methods. SBR technology was used to treat the pulping wastewater. After a series of experiments, the best conditions for the pulping wastewater was achieved as follows: time 6hrs, original pH about 8. Under these conditions the removal ratio of COD can reach 81.4% and that of BOD can reach 91.5%;but the removal ratio of the TSS and the Chromaticity were low, the removal ratio of TSS only reach 31.8%.

It is the first time to remove sodium from the fly ash red mud by soda-lime sintering process to determine whether the fly ash red mud can be used in cement production. This paper studies the effects of the reaction time, the reaction temperature, the ratio of liquid to solid, and the amount of sodium removal agent on the removal of milk of lime method of fly ash red mud in sodium. The optimal reaction conditions are that: the reaction time is 120min, the reaction temperature is 90°C, the ratio of liquid to solid ratio is 6:1, and the ratio of sodium removal agent Ca (OH) 2 to the red mud of Na2O use ratio is 9:1. Under this condition, the sodium removal rate (Na2O, the same below) to 57.2%, the total sodium content in fly ash red mud decreases from 4.7% to 1.8% after sodium removal, achieving the expected goal.

In this paper, the possibility and potential of biohydrogen production by co-fermentation of starch wastewater (SW) and WAS under thermophilic temperature was studied in batch fermentation tests. WAS was first pretreated by thermophilic enzyme together with low intensity ultrasound (LIU) to improve the biochemical degradability. Then After 8 h pretreatment, all soluble substances were much higher than raw sludge without pretreatment. In addition, the SCOD, carbohydrate and protein of the tests which were accelerated by low-frequency ultrasound were 11.5% 18.4%, 17.8% higher than the control, respectively. Results from the co-fermentation further demonstrated that the sludge had high pH buffering capacity. A mixing ratio of 1:1 was found to be the best among of all co-fermentation tests. Moreover it was proved in this study that hydrogen production by co-fermentation of starch wastewater and sludge was a promising technology to recovery energy from the waste.

The effluent from biochemical treatment of pulp and paper making wastewater treated by heterogeneous Fenton fluid-bed reactor was evaluated. The results showed that in the condition of COD 350mg/L, and the optimum conditions of pH at 3, FeSO4 2.5mmol/L, H2O2 3.4mmol/L, and reaction time at 20 minutes, the removal efficiencies of COD and color are more than 85% and 90%, respectively. The best drug dosing ratio of heterogeneous Fenton fluid-bed reactor has positive relations with COD of raw water, and the mole ratio of COD, FeSO4, and H2O2 is 6.4:0.74:1.

The fibrous plants can grow from Northern to Southern Arctic Circle. Different parts of these lignocellulosic plants are valuable sources of lignocellulosic fibres used in textiles and eco-friendly composites, sources of human food, nutrients, animal feed, agro-fine-chemicals for cosmetics and other area of application. That they are completely sustainable, renewable, and biodegradable and they recycle the carbon dioxide (CO2). Fibrous plants were well known to mankind more than 7 000 BC. Some of these bast fibrous plants like flax and hemp could be explored for reclaiming the soil polluted by heavy metals. The total production of all natural fibres is expected at the level 35-40 million tons/year. Special treatment and functionalization of these fibres provides new promising features and expected new properties of these fibres. Natural fibres can be processed for production of woven goods, knitting, nonwoven, technical and 3D textiles, also as the reinforcement of more friendly composites. These whole plants and woody parts (shives) and fibres can be used for production of special pulp and paper and seeds some for obtaining the agro-fine-chemicals. Natural fibres and derived products have very important properties like: excellent air permeability, high hygroscopicity, high heat absorption, no release of substances harmful for health, they not cause allergy effect, as well as safer behaviour in flame and fire combustion versus man-made fibres. The new emerging method of genetic modification (GM) of these fibrous plants provides promising performance e.g. higher level of cellulose, possibility of creating polyhydroxy-alcanate (PHA) natural polyester in statu nascendi. Such GM modified plants are resistant to special herbicides, better resistant to drought also with controlled level of lignin and pectin.In 21st century the coexistence and competition between man-made and natural fibres is stabilized, especially in area of quality, sustainability and economy of their production.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ability ofMicrobacterium liquefaciensstrain MNSH2-PHGII-2, isolated from a Mexican silver mine, for removing Ni and V from spent catalyst at 80% (w/v) pulp density in a glass-column system at laboratory conditions. Firstly, microbial culture was adapted to spent catalyst at 0.1% (w/v) in liquid culture then, it was assayed by its ability to remove Ni and V from a spent catalyst in a glass-column system. Spent catalyst was packed at 80% (w/v) pulp density and inoculated at 20% (3x108CFU/ml); air was supplied at 80 ml/min and then incubated at 30°C during 14 days. Parameters such as microbial growth, pH, Ni and V residual concentrations, in catalyst, were determined at days 7 and 14. The result showed thatMicrobacterium liquefaciensstrain MNSH2-PHGII-2 in the glass-column system was able to remove 1007.4 mg/kg of Ni while V was removed at an extent of 5360.5 mg/kg. Microbial removal for other metals in catalyst was non-significant, that indicated the specificity ofMicrobacterium liquefaciensto remove Ni and V.

This study focuses on the biodesulfurization of lignite specifically the reduction of organic sulfur, namely aliphatic mercaptans/thiolsviabioprocess methods. The process was conducted by using multistage artificial biotreatment (A-Bmt) andPseudoclavibactersp.SKC/XLW-1 strains as biocatalysts. The aims are to improve the recovery of clean coal by reducing the organic sulfur both in nodules and globular forms on the maceral surface during the stage of coal biooxidation prior to column bioflotation stage, in which it is still possible to achieve higher recovery of fine coal grains without sulphide mineral. The results shows that the A-Bmt method carried out through biooxidation stage followed by column bioflotation stage has better performance compared to the method without biooxidation stage. The results of this study show that the content of organic sulfur are lower by 25%.

Peru is mining country with a great diversity of mineral resource. The high grade ores are declining, and there is a need to implement new techniques for recycling metals (Cu, Au, Zn, Pb, etc) from low-grade ores. In order to answer this question, the bioleaching of copper from sulphide ore (FeS2 45.30%, CuFeS2 1.90%, ZnS 8.90%, FeAsS 13.12%, PbS 3.69%) was evaluated with different concentrations of Fe2+ using an iron-oxidizing native microbial consortium.The samples were collected from drainage acid mine (4100 m.a.s.l.) located in the south of Huancavelica region and the sample of ore from middle Huaraz region (3200 m.a.s.l.). Microorganisms were isolated in 9k medium at pH 1.8, 22oC. Bioleaching test were performed in two consecutive steps to 150 rpm at 22oC, monitoring pH, ORP (mV). Assays varying the concentration of Fe2+ (0 mM – 53 mM) were performed with a pulp density of 1% and 2% at each step, and with an inoculum 10% (v/v) to a microbial concentration of 108 cel/mL.We isolated a microbial consortium after 8 weeks with presence of bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans-like. In assays, copper was solubilized. The microbial concentration in the tests was (2x107- 4x107cel/mL). In the first stage, the test with 21 mM Fe2+ recovered 62% copper. In the next step, with the bacterial concentration of the first step, bioleaching time is reduced by 22% for copper recovery (63%) in absence of Fe2+.With these data, we observed that the addition of iron is not necessary in a stage adaptation when the mineral contain iron.

Groundwater contamination due to mining, industrial and agricultural activities is a source of concern, especially with the advent of more stringent environmental legislation. Water sources in South Africa are multi-functional as the same water used in industrial processes is also used in agriculture.[1] Mining activities in the Northern Cape of South Africa, is largely as a result of manganese mining where Mn (II) and Fe (II) is removed. The treatment of the effluent discharged to the environment is therefore seen as a priority.Biosorption has proven to be a viable alternative to the use of conventional heavy metal removal methods. [2, 3] The re-usability of the biomaterial was investigated using a batch system. The biomaterial was contacted with Mn (II) sulfate, after which the supernatant was analysed for metal content. The biosorbent was then dried and desorbed using HCl. This process was repeated 3 times to investigate whether the biomaterial deteriorated and whether the biosorption process was affected by multiple use of the same biomaterial. The results showed that the biosorption capacity reduced with each successive use of the biomaterial.

In this paper, the effect of residual chlorine of hypochlorite (H) on high yield pulping with H2O2/CoSO4of wet stored bagasse was studied. Compared with control sample, the pulp of the bagasse wetstored with H or Ho (without residual chlorine) bleaching waste water had better pulping yield and the pulp optical property was lost seriously, but the pulp return yellow performance was control. If it had no requirement on the brightness or the pulp must be kept at the condition easy to return yellow, the wet storage with H or Ho bleaching waste water was a good method to improve the pulping yield, control the change of brightness and save clean water.

For petroleum industries, CO2 can cause corrosion, and heating-value reduction. However, CO2 can be used to enhance the oil recovery for oil production. However, the amount of CO2 supply is not enough because the cost of carbon capture is high. The main sources of CO2 come from power generation. The technology to capture CO2 is carbon capture and storage or CCS. Currently, the effective technology to remove CO2 from the power plants is chemical absorption and chemicals used in this technology play a key role. Nowadays, the commercially used solvents are monoethanolamine (MEA). Nevertheless, it also has disadvantages such as low capacity and high energy requirement for regeneration thus making CCS costly. Therefore, many new solvents such as 2-(methylamino) ethanol or 2-MAE have been developed to improve efficiency and to reduce the cost of CO2 capture. Therefore, the objective of this work is to measure the solubility data of CO2 in a 5M aqueous solution of 2-MAE as a promising solvent at the temperature from 30 °C to 80 °C and CO2 partial pressures ranging from 5 to 100 kPa. The solubility results of CO2 in 2-MAE solution are compared with those of aqueous solution of MEA. In term of cyclic capacities, the results show that 2-MAE provides higher performance which is up to 86.8% and 150.9% higher than that of MEA at 15 and 100 kPa, respectively. Furthermore, the results present that the CO2 loading can increase as partial pressure increases and decrease at higher temperature. It can be concluded that an increase in cyclic capacity leads to the decrease in energy requirement for solution regeneration and liquid-circulation rate, leading to the reduction of the overall capital and operating costs and resulting in the decrease in cost of carbon capture.

The biopolymer material, lignin, was recovered from the black liquor by acidification of the black liquor using sulfuric acid. Several purification techniques were carried out to produce the high purity of lignin such as gradual precipitation of lignin from black liquor (first stage: precipitation at pH 7, second stage: precipitation at pH 2) and the diluting of crude lignin by sodium hydroxide then followed by re-precipitation at different temperature. Subsequently, the impurities of lignin product resulted from each purification techniques was determined as ash content that analyzed using temperature program furnace; and the content of lignin was investigated using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The result showed that the content of lignin of material produced from gradual precipitation was approximately 77.6%. It was higher than the content of lignin about 3.4% of material produced from direct precipitation to pH 2. In addition, the elevating of temperature from 40 to 60°C was no considerably affect to the content of lignin in precipitate produced from re-precipitation of crude lignin solution in sodium hydroxide. Nonetheless, the content of lignin of precipitate improved 15% when the temperature of re-precipitation of crude lignin solution in sodium hydroxide was raised from room temperature to 40-60°C.

The application of photodegradable polyethylene is increasingly important for agricultural uses due to its ability to degrade after suggested shelf life and to counter measure pollution issue caused by conventional polyethylene films. The photodegradable polyethylene (PE) mixtures were formulated with added polypropylene (PP) and photodegradant (RM master batch) and tested in oil palm seedlings cultivation. PP is known to have photodegradable ability and RM master batch is proven to induce photo degradation of polyethylene. Thus, the mixture of these three components according to different ratios was processed into agricultural plastic films. There are four formulations that are tested in this study, namely T1 (80% PE:20% PP:5% RM master batch), T2 (70% PE:30% PP:5% RM master batch), T3 (80% PE:20% PP:3% RM master batch) and T4 (70% PE:30% PP:3% RM master batch). All formulations except control sample were added with photodegradant to impart degradation reaction and compatibiliser was also affixed to allow coalesce between polyethylene and polypropylene. Carbon black was added 0.5% into the formulation as for poly bags application, dark environment of soil is crucial for root development and growth. Penetration of sun light into the planting soil could commence development of shoot instead of root growth. All four formulations showed observable morphological changes on microscopic images on the surfaces after being used in oil palm nursery. From the study, it is shown that T1 and T3, with 20% of additional polypropylene had demonstrated clear surface disintegration when viewed microscopically. The addition of 3% and 5% of photodegradant into the formulations did not show any expressive difference thus suggesting that 3% of photodegradant is the optimum amount to induce photo degradation.

The objective of this study is to investigate the ability of Elaeis guineensis fruit fiber or known as oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) to adsorb nickel from aqueous solution. As one of the major oil palm producer, Malaysia has abundantly oil palm waste that potentially be used as biosorbent. Limited studies used OPMF as biosorbent to remove nickel, thus it was used in this study. The effects of pH, initial metal concentration and contact time on nickel uptake were studied. The OPMF was soaked in nickel nitrate aqueous solution and the Ni-loaded OPMF being digested to analyse the nickel concentration by using ICP-OES. The adsorption was investigated in the pH range of 2.0-8.0 and the optimum pH for nickel removal was found to be 7.0. The contact time was varied between 5 to 120 mins and the nickel adsorption was found to achieve equilibrium in a very short time (i.e. R2 of 0.98. The kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second order model is the best model with the correlation coefficients of > 0.99 for all concentrations. Overall, the adsorption of nickel by OPMF gave positive results and the used of OPMF as biosorbent has great potential to be applied in the future.

In this study, d-limonene as green solvent was used as an alternative to n-hexane to recover the residual crude palm oil (RCPO) from the OPDC. The OPDC obtained from the palm oil mill contained about 12.55±3.15% (dry basis) of RCPO. Similar as n-hexane, the results proved that d-limonene as solvent was able to recover 100% of the RCPO from the OPDC successfully. The recyclable of d-limonene was 90%, higher than n-hexane (70%) and not much variation on fatty acids composition of extracted RCPO were observed. To ensure complete RCPO recovery, microscopic observation and FTIR spectra analysis on OPDC before and after the extraction were performed. This study concludes that d-limonene is comparable to n-hexane. However, the residual oil is classified as non-edible as it is not extracted via mechanical method. Therefore, further analysis is necessary in order to determine the potential use of the residual oils in other industries such as pharmaceutical, food packaging, fiberboard manufacturing and others.

PBO (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) short fibers, attached fine fibrils that are called PBO pulp, may precipitate directly from stirred PBO/methanesulfonic acid (MSA) solution by the use of water coagulant in fibrous pulp form. Scanning electron micrographs show that the precipitated PBO pulps have a ribbon-like structure similar to Kevlar pulps. The thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA) show there were no appreciable mass changes until 550 °C in the air. The process yields PBO pulps with different specific surface areas (SSA) depending on the stirring speed, stirring time and the concentration of the PBO/MSA solution. High SSA PBO pulps can be produced by increasing the stirring speed, prolonging the stirring time and reducing the concentration of the PBO/MSA solution.

The microalgae Chlorella sp. grows well in POME medium sparged with a mixture of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas and air under 10,000 lx of lighting. The percentage of CO2 in the mixture, and the flow rate of the mixture (representing agitation) have important effects on the microalgae biomass yield. However, the percentage recovery of CO2 as microalgae biomass was very low in all cases, indicating that most of the sparged CO2 did not dissolve in the POME and was not sequestered by the microalgae but has in fact escaped with the bubbles into the head-space and out into the atmosphere. This result indicates that in order to increase the percentage of CO2 recovered, the area of improvement is mainly in the mass transfer of CO2 from the gas phase into the liquid phase. To ensure that dissolved CO2 does not re-form bubbles, the mass transfer has to be demand-driven, where the rate of uptake of dissolved CO2 by the microalgae has to be higher than the rate of mass transfer of CO2 from gas phase into the liquid medium.

Graphene oxide (GO) reduction is a promising way for graphene large scale synthesis. Pre-exfoliated graphite was oxidized and reduced. The material was compared to commercial graphene oxide and its reduced sample. The reduction process of graphene oxide is accomplished using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) with variable-valence metal ion – cobalt – assistance. The reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The particle size and suspension stability were determined. Electrical conductivity measurements of GO and RGO samples have been done in temperature range from-150°C to 85°C. Pre-exfoliation effect was determined.

A reduced graphene oxide/nickel (rGO/Ni) composite has been succesfully synthesized using a combination of Marcano’s method for synthesizing graphene oxide (GO), subsequently followed by a facile microwave assisted reduction method. X-ray diffraction results show the presence of graphene and nickel on the prepared samples. In addition, the Fourier Tansform Infrared Spectroscopy measurement showed that the absorption peaks of O-H, C=O, C-OH, and C-O only appear in the GO sample. A Scanning Electron Microscope photograph shows that the morphology of the rGO samples contain nano-layered forms. A Raman spectroscopy characterization of the prepared rGO samples show a peak of G band’s wave number at 1586.5 cm-1. From the calculation of the G band’s wave number, the average number of graphene layers is 1.15.