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Efforts to build "secure" computer systems have now been underway for more than a decade. Many designs have been proposed, some prototypes have been constructed, and a few systems are approaching the production stage. A small number of systems are even operating in what the Department of Defense calls the "multilevel" mode: some information contained in these computer systems may have a classification higher than the clearance of some of the users of those systems. This paper reviews the need for formal security models, describes the structure and operation of military security controls, considers how automation has affected security problems, surveys models that have been proposed and applied to date, and suggests possible directions for future models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to introduce computer scientists to the new field of bioinformatics. This area has arisen from the needs of biologists to utilize and help interpret the vast amounts of data that are constantly being gathered in genomic research--and its more recent counterparts, proteomics and functional genomics. The ultimate goal of bioinformatics is to develop in silico models that will complement in vitro and in vivo biological experiments. The article provides a bird's eye view of the basic concepts in molecular cell biology, outlines the nature of the existing data, and describes the kind of computer algorithms and techniques that are necessary to understand cell behavior. The underlying motivation for many of the bioinformatics approaches is the evolution of organisms and the complexity of working with incomplete and noisy data. The topics covered include: descriptions of the current software especially developed for biologists, computer and mathematical cell models, and areas of computer science that play an important role in bioinformatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]