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The article comments on the paper related to social development in the Philippines. The author of the paper had neglected the vast body of European and American study of and in both Western and non-Western societies. Even though it is justifiable that conceptualization and methodology must be developed in relation to the particular "time-space characteristics" of the research situation, it not justifiable to adopt some as yet undeveloped and essentially unknown "new" theory. The author of the paper had discarded too lightly the enormous experience of "Western" social scientists in observation and interpretive analysis of socio-cultural patterns ranging from the most "scared" to the most nearly "secular." The use of scientific experience remains the most powerful intellectual guide which man has yet devised. The de-emphasis of "quantitativism" in favor of field and problem-oriented study is vitally necessary. The author of the paper easy slip into the concretistic error of assuming that the historical peculiarities of Philippine societal development require unique interpretive tools.

A conference paper about the Asian influence in Europe is presented. It talks about the Tartar influence in European Russia. The author discusses his travels through Russia and the crossing of the Caucasus Mountains into Europe. Subjects of the paper also include tribes of Jews in the mountains, the Armenian Plain, and Tartar mill-work.

This paper discusses the new economic and social tendencies of the European civilization. Individual freedom and political rights and national sovereignty and independence have been governing the ideals of the modern world. While they have been conquering public opinion and being given conscious political sanctions, a new set of social and economic conditions have been coming into existence. The age of nationalism has been marked by the growing internationalization of social and economic life. At the time of the French Revolution, each European people was distinct in its culture, its customs, its ways of thought, event its costumes. The victory of political liberalism and the acquisition of individual liberties appear to have been accompanied by an increasing loss of individual independence and initiative in the ordinary business of life. This also is the result of economic causes. It has come about that the center of social gravity has shifted from the political to the economic field. People still preserve the old political forms, but it is the economic issues that control their lives. The true feature of the new society, according to professional historian M. Lucien Romier, is not the class struggle but the growth of great economic interests which transcend the boundaries of nation and class.

This paper discusses the existence of an open-field type of cultivation in Mediterranean lands and in the Atlantic Coastal lands of south west Europe. In certain islands of Brittany, France traces of an open-field type of cultivation still exist. Exposure to the westerly winds retards, and in many cases entirely prevents, the growth of trees, but in sheltered spots they may be found, as well as such sun-loving plants as mimosa, myrtle and vine. The islanders are occupied with fishing and farming. In the Balearic Islands also, the Minorcans are fishermen, while the Mallorcans have been enterprising navigators from earliest times. In all these islands the sillon is the basis of land tenure, and many sillons are cultivated in common. Communal methods of working were also characteristic of other occupations in the islands. The fertility of the soil is maintained by the application of manure in the form of seaweed, and there are very strict regulations concerning the cutting of this plant. In Ile d' Arz, France, with a two-field scheme, the ancient jachère morte has been replaced by the Jachère verte or green fallow. Barley and wheat, both varying in their species as much as the soil varied in its composition, were the cereals most usually grown. The mountains in Greece have limited the extent of the fertile land, and the dry climate has limited its green pastures.

In a paper which the author had the honour of writing for the "Sociological review," the author attempted to describe the regional and vocational influences that produced the ancient architecture of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome and medieval Europe-the place, work and folk, and the resultant habitations. The river and the clay buildings of Mesopotamia, the river and the clay transmuted into granite for the buildings of Egypt, the mountain stone and marble buildings of Greece and Rome and the forest and timber buildings, afterwards translated into stone of Northern Europe. In all countries throughout the ages, the great building people have always been the agriculturalists, the peasants. Their settled place of abode-the regular routine of their seasonal duties gave a permanence to their works that the other vocations missed. If the sailor has not the high spiritual imagination of the shepherd, he has many other valuable qualities, and an imaginative range that even exceeds the shepherd's. His vocation brings him into contact with foreign countries and men of all nations; he is a trained observer and has ample time during his long voyages to meditate and digest what he has seen.

The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the features of the history of sociology and to indicate the lines upon which enquiries may be pursued, to see to what extent the development of sociology is itself a historical phenomenon of a unique kind and to locate its origins. The history of sociology may well be perceived to fall into two parts,an early period of mainly speculative activity and a later period of empirical, albeit limited studies. Throughout its history we can detect periods particularly favourable to the development of the subject, but whilst the conflicts of a process of industrialisation in Europe, especially in recent times, may account for much of this development and, whilst these vicissitudes in Europe and elsewhere may have increased the swell of a new intellectual wave, sociology sailed on a tide which began to flow much earlier, and which is to be seen in the currents of eighteenth century philosophical thought, rather than in the plash of nineteenth and twentieth century economic and social turbulence.

This article focuses on causes of crime of native born individuals of European immigrants. This higher crime rate of the native born of foreign stock has been generally attributed to the fact that the cultural guides of their parents' social heritage have been swept from them in their strange new turbulent environment and those of the new cultural milieu have not yet been instilled in them. The purpose of this paper is to analyze somewhat critically this general thesis. To do so, certain widely accepted remarks concerning urban and rural crime rates are presented as a basis for discussion. Many criminologists have observed the marked disparity in crime rates between urban and rural districts. The European immigrant, landing on American shores, was forced to find cheap lodgings as he was usually penniless. Anti-social behavior first becomes evident in the delinquencies of predatory boy gangs. Boys naturally tend to play with other boys. Behavior patterns organized in the former were carried over into and accentuated by the latter. Sons, both of native and foreign born stocks, made this promotion from juvenile delinquent to adult offender with equal facility.

This article examines the manifestations or tendencies that make European society more thoroughly disorganized than it has been since the barbarian invasions of the Roman Empire. This paper analyzes if the phenomena of this kind of society simply anarchistic or may they be said to have rather definite movement and direction. The reasons for this tendency are numerous. Europe is beginning to see that the supremacy of the white man's civilization is threatened. Practically all political parties in Europe favor organized international cooperation. The industrial revolution was greatly accelerated by the scientific progress forced by the war. Europe is placing less emphasis on the materialistic and more on the intellectual and philosophical. It is beginning to see a decline in the game of exploitation of natural resources.

This article discusses the book "La vie juive dans l'Europe Contemporaine." Seventeen years after the war, with its catastrophic consequences for the Jewish communities of Europe, about a hundred social scientists gathered in Brussels, Belgium to exchange views on the state of west European Jewry, and to discuss subjects and methods of future research. Such research was intended to be not only of academic interest, but also of practical help to those organizations, and their leaders, concerned with the planning of future communal facilities. The contributions on demography give background information on Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium. The theme dominating these demographic papers is that "we are today still witnessing the consequences of the German murderers a substantial portion of those who survived tend to be at the assimilated fringes of the community. Accordingly, in all the communities surveyed we find references to substantial marginal elements, to the problems of families living in isolated townships, to a high proportion of inter-married families, to death-rates which exceed birth-rates." The precise figures are, perhaps, unimportant and in many cases unascertainable; but it is clear that it is as yet too early to know the size of the nucleus that will form the community of tomorrow, and to know whether inter-marriage and other aspects of assimilation will continue at present rates.