Search

New electricity demand from e-mobility can incentivize investment in new clean generation and grid infrastructure, thus improving power system services. As electric vehicle charging is flexible, this demand can be shifted to follow supply from low-cost variable renewables, like wind and solar. In this working paper, we identify nine key barriers to effective e-mobility/ renewable energy integration, which revolve around upfront cost, locked-in governance and technology uptake. We present a framework of enablers for effective e-mobility and renewable energy integration. The framework divides enablers into four categories and subdivides them into ten subcategories. We identify enablers according to this framework, which will be used as a base from which to develop practical solutions in the Asia-Pacific context. Through presentation of a case study, we demonstrate how these enablers can make ‘win-win’ solutions in e-mobility and renewable energy integration a reality in making tangible contributions to Asia-Pacific countries’ decarbonization pathways while increasing access to mobility and electricity., {"references":["K. A. Collett, S. A. Hirmer, H. Dalkmann, C. Crozier, Y. Mulugetta, and M. D. Mcculloch, \"Can electric vehicles be good for Sub- Saharan Africa?,\" Energy Strateg. Rev., vol. 38, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2021.100722","J. Lukuyu, A. Muhebwa, and J. Taneja, \"Fish and Chips: Converting Fishing Boats for Electric Mobility to Serve as Minigrid Anchor Loads,\" in e-Energy 2020 - Proceedings of the 11th ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems, 2020, vol. 20, pp. 208–219, doi: 10.1145/3396851.3397687","K. A. Collett and S. A. Hirmer, \"Data needed to decarbonize paratransit in Sub-Saharan Africa,\" Nat. Sustain. 2021 47, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 562–564, May 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41893- 021-00721-7","C. J. Abraham, A. J. Rix, I. Ndibatya, and M. J. Booysen, \"Ray of hope for sub- Saharan Africa's paratransit: Solar charging of urban electric minibus taxis in South Africa,\" Energy Sustain. Dev., vol. 64, pp. 118–127, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j. esd.2021.08.003","J. Dixon, W. Bukhsh, C. Edmunds, and K. Bell, \"Scheduling electric vehicle charging to minimise carbon emissions and wind curtailment,\" Renew. Energy, vol. 161, pp. 1072–1091, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j. renene.2020.07.017.","N. Brinkel et al., \"Impact of rapid PV fluctuations on power quality in the lowvoltage grid and mitigation strategies using electric vehicles,\" Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 118, no. October 2019, p. 105741, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j. ijepes.2019.105741","F. Teng, Y. Mu, H. Jia, J. Wu, P. Zeng, and G. Strbac, \"Challenges on primary frequency control and potential solution from EVs in the future GB electricity system,\" Appl. Energy, vol. 194, pp. 353–362, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j. apenergy.2016.05.123","Nissan Motor Corporation, \"Nissan RE-LEAF: Power when it's needed, where it's needed,\" 2020. [Online]. Available: https://uk.nissannews. com/en-GB/releases/release- 93464f7850c37fb62e4 006e334145cfc-nissan-releaf- power-when-its-neededwhere- its-needed. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","K. S. Rogge and K. Reichardt, \"Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis,\" Res. Policy, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 1620–1635, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.004","L. Bouchene, K. Jayaram, A. Kendall, and K. Somers, \"Africa's green manufacturing crossroads: Choices for a low-carbon industrial future,\" McKinsey & Company, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www. mckinsey.com/businessfunctions/ sustainability/ our-insights/africas-greenmanufacturing- crossroadschoices- for-a-low-carbonindustrial- future. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","M. Chen et al., \"Recycling End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries,\" Joule, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 2622– 2646, Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j. joule.2019.09.014","The Faraday Institution, \"The importance of coherent regulatory and policy strategies for the recycling of EV batteries,\" 2020. [Online]. Available: https:// faraday.ac.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2020/09/Faraday_ Insights_9_FINAL.pdf [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","M. Toll, \"Gogoro's international footprint grows with major deal to expand battery swap stations into China,\" Electrek, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://electrek. co/2021/05/18/ gogoro-expansion-growswith- major-deal-to-buildbattery- swap-stations-ande- scooters-for-china/. [Accessed: 16-Nov-2021]","D. Prianjani, W. Sutopo, M. Hisjam, and E. Pujiyanto, \"Sustainable supply chain planning for swap battery system: Case study electric motorcycle applications in Indonesia,\" IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 495, no. 1, 2019, doi: 10.1088/1757- 899X/495/1/012081","Energy Asia, \"Gogoro Battery Swapping Revolution in Taiwan – How It Happened.\" 2021. [Online]. Available: https://energy. asia/gogoro-batteryswapping- revolution-intaiwan- how-it-happened/. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","H. Ting-ting and L. Hsin-Yin, \"Gogoro, Taipower partner up on bidirectional charging system,\" Focus Taiwan, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://focustaiwan. tw/business/202110260018. [Accessed: 11-Nov-2021]","Cenex, \"Commercial Viability of V2G: Project Sciurus White Paper,\" 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.cenex.co.uk/ app/uploads/2021/01/V2GCommercial- Viability-1.pdf. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","A. Jhaveri, \"Hero and Gogoro form JV for electric vehicles in India,\" TechRadar, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:// www.techradar.com/uk/ news/hero-gogoropartnership- india. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","C. Shu, \"Gogoro launches battery swapping stations in China,\" TechCrunch, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://techcrunch. com/2021/10/10/gogorolaunches- battery-swappingstations- in-china/. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","Gogoro, \"Gojek and Gogoro Announce Strategic Partnership to Electrify - Gogoro,\" 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www. gogoro.com/news/gojekpertamina- gogoropartnership- indonesiabattery- swapping-jakarta/. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2021]","IEA, \"Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector,\" Paris, 2021. [Online]. Available: https:// www.iea.org/reports/netzero- by-2050. [Accessed: 17- Nov-2021]","IEA, \"Electricity generation by source, Chinese Taipei 1990-2020,\" 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.iea. org/countries/chinese-taipei","LSE and Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, \"Strategic Framework for Sustainable Energy Policy - Taiwan - Climate Change Laws of the World,\" 2021. [Online]. Available: https:// climate-laws.org/ geographies/taiwan/ policies/strategic-frameworkfor- sustainable-energypolicy. [Accessed: 17-Nov- 2021]"]}

How can fossil fuel usage for powering automobiles be reduced? Climate scientists are in agreement that the transport sector must be decarbonized to help curb climate change, but society has no settled answer on how to achieve this goal. Current leading methods include biofuels and electric vehicles, in which both technical and political factors influence the debate. How can shredded paper be processed into an ethanol-based biofuel fit for use in automobile engines? A technically successful process was designed in which the shredded paper was broken down into glucose via acid hydrolysis and then fermented in a batch fermenter to ethanol. A single distillation column followed by a system of drying involving molecular sieves was utilized to separate ethanol from water to 99.5 percent purity. The process is energetically favorable with 85 percent of the heat of combustion of finished ethanol product needed to run the process equipment. However, the process is not economic without a very high government subsidy, concluding that shredded paper not be used as a feedstock for biofuel at this time. The biofuel lie: why Americans haven’t ditched the pump for the plug. Despite the clear advantages of electric vehicles over biofuels in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the American public still views biofuels as viable alternatives. Biofuels are still viewed as viable despite scientific evidence to their inferiority because special interest groups, such as corn growers’ associations, lobby politicians for favorable legislation. These groups also heavily promote biofuels to the public, using slogans like “American grown” and “energy independence” to invoke emotions to support corn ethanol. Some even go as far to publish their own research that is partial to ethanol. Due to the powerful biofuel lobby, before making decisions, the public, politicians, and automakers should consider the stake that the authors of biofuel research and advertising have in the adoption of biofuels as the answer to the climate crisis.

How, and how effectively, different electric vehicle (EV) related policies will work is an immediate and important question for California as the state updates its EV policies. Adding urgency, Assembly Bill (AB) 615, which was signed by the Governor, requires the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to produce a report by December 2018 on related topics, in consultation with the University of California Institute of Transportation Studies (UC ITS). Senate Bill (SB) 498, also signed, also requires CARB reporting with somewhat different but overlapping topics. The need is to define the state of the research on policies to support EV deployment in a manner that is directly usable by California in updating policies. The specific need for CARB is material estimates of these factors (called out in AB 615): "impact of income caps, increased rebates for low-income consumers, and increased outreach on the electric vehicle market, as well as a quantification of emissions reductions attributable to the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project."This white paper is one in a series summarizing recent research findings for the state of California. The topic of the series is evaluating the important components of electric vehicle adoption and its effects. The goals of these white papers are to: 1. Synthesize the best published and on-going research available on each topic; 2. Highlight important research gaps and propose areas for future research; 3. Provide the reader with a framework for understanding the various dimensions of each topic; 4. Make a clear link between research findings and policy implications, if possible; and 5. Be accessible to an informed and interested, but non-technical audience.

Battery thermal management is essential to efficienct and safe operation of Li-ion batteries, particularly in challenging applications such as fast charging. This work proposes a thermal management control framework based on MPC. The novelty of this approach resides in the focus on incorporating disturbance prediction into the control decision. Simulations show that this methodology allows for (1) lower peak and mean battery temperatures during fast charging for a similarly sized battery thermal management system; or (2) battery thermal management system downsizing for similar thermal performance.

Battery thermal management is essential to efficienct and safe operation of Li-ion batteries, particularly in challenging applications such as fast charging. This work proposes a thermal management control framework based on MPC. The novelty of this approach resides in the focus on incorporating disturbance prediction into the control decision. Simulations show that this methodology allows for (1) lower peak and mean battery temperatures during fast charging for a similarly sized battery thermal management system; or (2) battery thermal management system downsizing for similar thermal performance.

UPEL students, M. Muneeb Ur Rehman and Hongjie Wang, published three research papers at COMPEL 2015, the annual IEEE conference for Control and Modeling for Power Electronics. The research work is part of the AMPED project for which UPEL is working with a multi-disciplinary team including the University of Colorado at Boulder and Colorado Springs, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Ford Motor Company. The project is funded in part by the United States Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects (ARPA-E)., https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/engineering_news/1169/thumbnail.jpg

In this research, a new model development and innovation of conventional boat named plug-in hybrid electric recreational boat (PHERB) was introduced to overcome the fuel economy nowadays. This paper focus on the comparison simulation results of PHERB with advanced vehicle simulator (ADVISOR) and an automotive simulation and analysis tool (AUTONOMIE) models in terms of electric machine, energy system storage, propeller and boat model. The model of the PHERB is consequent and applied mathematically in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to study its functioning performance. Besides that, fuel economy and emissions of PHERB, ADVISOR and AUTONOMIE model are equated and the pros and cons were discussed in this paper based on simulation result.

This paper analyses what post 2020 targets may be necessary for the European CO2 legislation for passenger cars in order to reach the overall sectoral goal of 60% reduction of transport's greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 relative to 1990, as defined in the European Commission's White Paper. The required target levels are found to depend strongly on the contribution that passenger cars need to make to reaching the overall target, on the assumed growth of passenger car mobility, and on the extent to which biofuels could be available for fuelling passenger cars. To what extent electric vehicles and other low emission vehicles such as plug-in hybrids and fuel cell electric vehicles are needed to meet the post-2020 targets depends on the target level and on the minimum CO2 emissions that can be reached in conventional vehicles. Almost all assessed scenarios, require significant amounts of low emission vehicles to be sold from 2030 or 2035 onwards. Electric and plug-in vehicles are in the early stage of market introduction now, but developments are fragile could end up in a 'valley of death'. Defining a sufficiently low passenger car CO2 target for 2025 may be an effective instrument to motivate manufacturers to continue their efforts in the marketing and further development of these vehicles. This is important for maintaining the momentum of the transition towards large-scale application of low CO2 emitting vehicles.

This paper presents a live field experience of creating an isolated microgrid for the Expoelectric fair during 2018 and 2019. The islanded microgrid comprises a Master Inverter with grid-forming capabilities and fault management. The Master Inverter and stationary batteries, and EVs with V2G capabilities provide storage. A PV generation system supplies the microgrid. The loads are the fair booths, mainly lighting and chargers for personal mobility vehicles. All the equipment used in the experimental microgrid is from different manufacturers. The operation and control of the islanded microgrid are based on the VDE-AR-N-4105 standard. The paper also presents the operation of the Master Inverter during faults. The live field experience shows that the proposed operation method is valid for operating different converters from different manufacturers without needing any communication layer between them. The experimental results also show that faults can be handled correctly by the Master Inverter to operate the entire microgrid safely. In conclusion, islanded microgrids based on power electronics are feasible to replace diesel generators in faires, conventions or temporary events.

This paper describes the characteristics of worldwide scientific contributions to the field of electric vehicles (EVs) from 1955 to 2021. For this purpose, a search within the Scopus database was conducted using “Electric Vehicle” as the keyword. As a result, 50,195 documents were obtained through analytical and bibliometric techniques and classified into six communities according to the subject studied and the collaborative relationships between the authors. The most relevant publications within each group, i.e., those related to the most publications, were analyzed. The result shows 104,344 authors researching on EVs in 149 different countries with 225,445 relations among them. Furthermore, the most frequent language in which these publications were written as well as the h-index values of their authors were analyzed. This paper also highlights the wide variety of areas involved in EV development. Finally, the paper raises numerous issues to consider in order to broaden knowledge about EVs, their efficiency, and their applications in the near future for the development of sustainable cities and societies.

Vehicles 4(4), 903-916 (2022). doi:10.3390/vehicles4040049 special issue: "Special Issue "Feature Papers in Vehicles" / Special Issue Editor: Prof. Dr. Mohammed Chadli, Guest Editor", Published by MDPI AG, Basel

The adoption of the brushless DC motor in the electric drive vehicle industry continues to grow due to its robustness and ability to meet torque–speed requirements. This work presents the implementation of a fault-tolerant control (FTC) for a BLDC motor designed for electric vehicles. This paper focuses on studying the defect in the Ha sensor and its signal reconstruction, assuming possible cases, but the same principle is applied to the other two sensors (Hb and Hc ). In this case, the fault diagnosis allows for the correction and reconstruction of the signal in order to compel the system to work despite the presence of a fault. Indeed, several robust control systems are used within the work to regulate the speed of the motor properly, such as control via fuzzy logic and control via a neural network. This paper presents three BLDC control configurations for EVs, PID, fuzzy logic (FL), and an artificial neural network (ANN), discusses the pros and cons, and develops corresponding mathematical models to enhance a fault-tolerant control strategy which is analyzed and studied using MATLAB-based simulations (by discussing the two cases, the steady state and the transient state), allowing for a novel design based on the analytical models developed. The results obtained from the simulation of this system improved the speed controlled by the neural network compared to the fuzzy logic controller. At the same time, the sensor failure had no effect on the system’s operation due to the efficiency of the FTC control.

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the optimal design of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) for electric vehicles (EVs), utilizing the hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm–support vector machine (HAS) algorithm. The performance of the drive motor is a crucial determinant of the overall vehicle performance, particularly in EVs that rely solely on a motor for propulsion. In this context, interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) offer a compelling choice due to their high torque density, wide speed range, superior efficiency, and robustness. However, accurate analysis of the nonlinear characteristics of IPMSMs necessitates finite element analysis, which can be time-consuming. Therefore, research into methods for deriving an optimal model with minimal computation is of significant importance. The HAS is a powerful multimodal optimization technique that is capable of exploring several optimal solutions. It enhances the navigation capability by combining the artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) with the kernel support vector machine (KSVM). Specifically, the algorithm improves the search ability by optimizing the movement of bees in each region generated by the KSVM. Furthermore, hybridization with the Nelder–Mead method ensures accurate and quick convergence at pointers discovered in the ABC. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, this study compared its performance with a conventional algorithm in two mathematical test functions, verifying its remarkable performance. Finally, the HAS algorithm was applied to the optimal design of the IPMSM for EVs. Overall, this paper provides a thorough investigation of the application of the HAS algorithm to the design of IPMSMs for electric vehicles, and its application is expected to benefit from the combination of machine-learning techniques with various other optimization algorithms.

The long queuing time for electric vehicles to charge under intelligent network connection leads to low distribution efficiency. Therefore, this paper proposes a strategy to predict the probability of queues forming for electric vehicles arriving at charging stations under intelligent network connection. Both the dynamic demand of customers and the characteristics of the alternating influence of charging vehicles should be considered when studying such problems. Based on the above problem characteristics, a real-time dynamic charging selection strategy is developed by predicting the probability of other vehicles in the region going to the charging station. A distribution path optimization model based on intelligent network connection and queuing theory is proposed for electric logistics vehicles in charging mode, taking into account the time window constraint and the influence of charging vehicles when using intelligent network connection for path planning. The objective is to minimize the total cost, and the route for electric logistics vehicles is adjusted in real time. This is solved by an improved hybrid genetic-annealing algorithm. The experimental results show that this paper obtains real-time dynamic road information and charging information with the help of intelligent network connection. It predicts the queuing probability of electric vehicles by combining with queuing theory, which can help select a more suitable charging location and timing for electric logistics vehicles. This can effectively avoid peak periods and reduce waiting times. By comparing with other models, this paper’s model can save the distribution cost of electric vehicles.

Electric vehicles are able to provide immediate power through the vehicle-to-grid function, and they can adjust their charging power level when in the grid-to-vehicle mode. This allows them to provide ancillary services such as frequency control. Their batteries differ from conventional energy storage systems in that the owner’s energy requirement constraint must be met when the vehicles participate in a frequency control system. An optimization problem was defined by considering both the owner satisfaction and frequency control performance. The main contribution of the proposed paper, compared to the literature, are (1) to keep the total available energy stored in the batteries connected to a charging station in an optimal region that favors the frequency regulation capability of the station and the proposed QoS and (2) to consider the optimal region bounded by the efficiency thresholds of the charger to allow for maximum regulation power. The problem is expressed as a multi-criteria optimization problem with time-dependent references. The paper presents an energy management strategy for frequency control, describes a concept of an optimal time-dependent state of charge for electric vehicle charging demands, and considers the power dependence of the electric vehicle charger efficiency. Finally, the simulation results are presented via Matlab/Simulink to prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

International audience; Electric vehicles are able to provide immediate power through the vehicle-to-grid function, and they can adjust their charging power level when in the grid-to-vehicle mode. This allows them to provide ancillary services such as frequency control. Their batteries differ from conventional energy storage systems in that the owner’s energy requirement constraint must be met when the vehicles participate in a frequency control system. An optimization problem was defined by considering both the owner satisfaction and frequency control performance. The main contribution of the proposed paper, compared to the literature, are (1) to keep the total available energy stored in the batteries connected to a charging station in an optimal region that favors the frequency regulation capability of the station and the proposed QoS and (2) to consider the optimal region bounded by the efficiency thresholds of the charger to allow for maximum regulation power. The problem is expressed as a multi-criteria optimization problem with time-dependent references. The paper presents an energy management strategy for frequency control, describes a concept of an optimal time-dependent state of charge for electric vehicle charging demands, and considers the power dependence of the electric vehicle charger efficiency. Finally, the simulation results are presented via Matlab/Simulink to prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

DC-DC converters play a crucial role in recent and advanced applications, enabling efficient power conversion and management for renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, portable devices, and advanced communication systems. In line with this, the objective of this paper is to introduce a new DC-DC configuration based on the Cuk converter named as Mahafzah converter, which utilizes a coupling capacitor with a lower rated voltage. The paper aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed converter in terms of improved efficiency, reduced size, and reduced semiconductor device currents compared to the conventional Cuk converter. The proposed configuration comprises the same components as the Cuk converter, but in a different arrangement, without any additional elements. The main advantage of the proposed converter is using a coupling capacitor with a much lower rated voltage than the Cuk converter, resulting in a smaller capacitor size, reduced printed circuit board (PCB) size, and manufacturing cost. Additionally, the proposed converter reduces the currents of the semiconductor devices compared to those in the Cuk converter. To demonstrate its effectiveness, the converter is operated under continuous current mode (CCM) with a constant duty cycle and switching frequency. The study provides an in-depth discussion of the various operating modes by making use of equations relating to currents, voltages, duty cycles, and voltage gains. It also provides detailed illustrations of the limits between CCM and discontinuous current mode (DCM). The effectiveness of the proposed converter is demonstrated through a design example with operating parameters of 1 kW, 200 V/−300 V, and 20 kHz. Additionally, a low voltage–low power prototype (12/−18 V, 3.24 W, 20 kHz) is established to verify the operation of the proposed converter. Simulation and experimental verification of the proposed configuration achieved the desired results to improve efficiency and reduce the rate. The results clearly indicate that the efficiency of the proposed converter surpasses that of the conventional Cuk converter under identical operating conditions, reaching approximately 88% at rated load conditions.

This paper presents a high-fidelity electro-thermal model of a half-bridge that consists of IGBTs and anti-parallel diodes. The model calculates and estimates the half-bridge voltages, currents, switching and conduction losses considering the operating temperature and current conditions. Moreover, this model is suitable for varying switching frequency operation. The electro-thermal model can be used as an evaluation tool to analyze the performance of control strategies for traction inverter from efficiency, temperature and component stress point of view. In this paper performance of Direct Torque Model Predictive Control (DTMPC) of an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) is evaluated in comparison with Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) with sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM). The inverter model and the MPC are both implemented in C-Mex for rapid execution. The MPC algorithm implemented in this research tracks torque reference while using Maximum-Torque-Per-Ampere (MTPA) strategy and minimizing switching losses. Both control systems are able to follow the speed reference. The MPC shows a decrease in losses compared to IFOC when tested with low-speed and high-speed parts of the WLTC profile.

The evolution toward electric vehicle nowadays appears to be the main stream in the automotive and transportation industry. In this paper, our attention is focused on the architectural modifications that should be introduced into the car body to give a proper location to the battery pack. The required battery pack is a big, heavy, and expensive component to be located, managed, climatized, maintained, and protected. This paper develops some engineering analyses and shows sketches of some possible solutions that could be adopted. The possible consequences on the position of the vehicle center of gravity, which in turn could affect the vehicle drivability, lead to locate the battery housing below the passenger compartment floor. This solution is also one of the most interesting from the point of view of the battery pack protection in case of a lateral impact and for easy serviceability and maintenance. The integration of the battery pack’s housing structure and the vehicle floor leads to a sort of sandwich structure that could have beneficial effects on the body’s stiffness (both torsional and bending). This paper also proposes some considerations that are related to the impact protection of the battery pack, with particular reference to the side impacts against a fixed obstacle, such as a pole, which are demonstrated to be the most critical. By means of some FE simulation results, the relevance of the interplay among the different parts of the vehicle side structure and battery case structure is pointed out.

This paper investigates the competition problem between electric vehicle charging and parking desks for different owners using a non-cooperative Bertrand game. There is growing attention on electric vehicles from both policy makers and the public charging service provider, as well as the electric vehicle owners. The interaction between different entities forms a competition (game), especially between multi-type electric vehicle charging and parking facilities. Most of the existing studies on charging platforms are about the optimization of the charging platform scheduling strategy or the game relationship between charging platforms and EV users, but there is a lack of exploration on the revenue game between charging platforms. In this paper, the competitive interactions between different charging decks are studied and analyzed using a general game-theoretic framework, specifically the Nikaido–Isoda solution. In the pricing competition model, the pricing strategies of all players and physical constraints, such as distribution line capacity, are taken into consideration. Through the case studies, it is clearly indicated that the game played between different electric vehicle charging/parking decks will always converge to a Nash equilibrium point. Both charging service providers and customers could benefit from such an open and fully competitive energy service ecosystem, which enhances the overall social welfare.

The investigation of electric vehicle technologies has increased significantly in the last few years. These vehicles can substantially reduce the environmental impact of the transportation sector. In electric cars, the battery is a crucial element. The batteries are made up of several stacked cells to meet the requirements of the propulsion system. Battery equalizer circuits take active measures to ensure that a particular variable is kept inside an allowable range in all cells. Inductor-based equalizers are very popular since the equalization current is controlled. This paper proposes a single-inductor architecture with a reduced number of components. The proposed topology can transfer energy from adjacent cell-to-cell or adjacent string-to-string. This paper analyzes the operation of the converter, its design, and the design of the controller. Furthermore, a comparison of the proposed equalizer with other inductor-based schemes was made considering the component count, stress on devices, equalization time, driver complexity, and other parameters. The theoretical efficiency of the proposed equalizer obtained was 84.9%, which is competitive with other literature solutions. The impact of battery size on the number of circuit components was also analyzed. Finally, simulation results in open load and changes of current through the battery conditions were performed to validate the theoretical analysis.

The need of compact machines increased in recent years due to increases in raw materials’ price. Hence, many studies are currently being conducted on high-speed challenges to propose an optimal design methodology. AC losses in windings are often not included in the optimization process and are treated in post-processing by choosing a suitable conductor’s diameter to mitigate skin and proximity effects. This paper presents an optimization and design methodology for high-speed electric machines considering these losses, using models with an interesting trade-off between computation time and accuracy, which is helpful for large-scale optimization, in which more than 9,600,000 machines are evaluated. Optimizations are conducted on 100 kW high-speed one-layer V-shaped interior permanent magnet synchronous machines, widely used in vehicles thanks to their high power density, based on the specifications of the Peugeot e208, for different values of pole pairs and maximum speed. The influence of lamination thickness, fill factor, and maximum current density on the optimal design is also investigated. This paper concludes the utility of increasing speed to achieve high power density and proposes best alternatives regarding automotive constraints. Results show that the number of pole pairs is not always a key parameter in obtaining the lowest volume, especially at high speed.

Οι μεταφορές είναι υπεύθυνες για το ένα τέταρτο των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου στην Ευρώπη, με τις οδικές μεταφορές να ευθύνονται για το μεγαλύτερο μερίδιο. Για το λόγο αυτό, έχει προκύψει η ανάγκη για εύρεση εναλλακτικών μέσων μετακίνησης, όπως είναι τα ηλεκτρικά οχήματα. Σκοπός της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης είναι η επίτευξη μίας βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης μέσω της απανθρακοποίησης του συστήματος μεταφορών. Ήδη έχουν εκδοθεί διάφορες ευρωπαϊκές πολιτικές και οδηγίες, όπως η Ευρωπαϊκή Πράσινη Συμφωνία, η Στρατηγική για βιώσιμη και έξυπνη κινητικότητα και το «Fit for 55», που βοηθούν στην επίτευξη του στόχου αυτού. Παράλληλα και στην Ελλάδα έχουν θεσπιστεί νομοθετικά πλαίσια για την ανάπτυξη της ηλεκτροκίνησης και την οργάνωση των υποδομών φόρτισης. Υπάρχουν διάφοροι τύποι ηλεκτρικών οχημάτων με τα εξαρτήματα και τα χαρακτηριστικά τους να διαφοροποιούνται ανάλογα με την κατηγορία στην οποία ανήκουν. Στη παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά τα πλεονεκτήματα, τα μειονεκτήματα και οι περιβαλλοντικές επιπτώσεις για την κάθε κατηγορία. Ο αριθμός των ηλεκτρικών οχημάτων που κυκλοφορούν έχει αυξηθεί σημαντικά τα τελευταία χρόνια στην Ευρώπη, παρότι ακόμα αντιπροσωπεύουν ένα μικρό ποσοστό των νέων ταξινομήσεων. Για την ανάπτυξη της ηλεκτροκίνησης είναι απαραίτητη η ύπαρξη ενός ολοκληρωμένου δικτύου υποδομών φόρτισης που θα καλύπτει της ανάγκες κινητικότητας των χρηστών. Τα σημεία φόρτισης μπορούν να διαχωριστούν ανάλογα με το βαθμό προσβασιμότητας τους, τον τρόπο και το είδος της φόρτισης που παρέχουν. Η στάση του κοινού απέναντι στα ηλεκτρικά οχήματα εξαρτάται από πολλούς παράγοντες. Για την προώθηση τους θεσπίζονται διάφορες πολιτικές, έτσι ώστε να δοθούν κίνητρα στους οδηγούς να επενδύσουν στον τομέα αυτόν. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας εργασίας συντάχθηκε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο με στόχο την διερεύνηση της άποψης του κοινού σχετικά με τα ηλεκτρικά οχήματα. Οι ερωτήσεις αφορούσαν τα δημογραφικά χαρακτηριστικά, τις συνθήκες και συνήθειες μετακίνησης και την άποψη των ερωτηθέντων για τα ηλεκτρικά αυτοκίνητα και τις πολιτικές προώθησής τους. Τα αποτελέσματα του ερωτηματολογίου παρουσιάζονται αναλυτικά, ενώ υπολογίζονται ορισμένοι στατιστικοί δείκτες. Μέσα από την ανάλυση του ερωτηματολογίου προέκυψαν τόσο οι παράγοντες που εμποδίζουν, όσο και οι παράγοντες που προωθούν την ανάπτυξη της ηλεκτροκίνησης. Επιπλέον έγινε αξιολόγηση της σημασίας των διάφορων τεχνικών χαρακτηριστικών των αυτοκινήτων, μέσα από τις απαντήσεις των συμμετεχόντων. Με τον υπολογισμό των κατάλληλων δεικτών βρέθηκε η συσχέτιση της πρόθεσης αγοράς ενός ηλεκτρικού αυτοκινήτου με ορισμένους παράγοντες. Στην συνέχεια αξιολογήθηκε η επίδραση των διαφορετικών πολιτικών προώθησης για την διάδοση της ηλεκτροκίνησης. Τέλος, έγινε σύγκριση των ευρημάτων της παρούσας εργασίας με τα αποτελέσματα των προηγούμενων μελετών και εξάχθηκαν ορισμένα συμπεράσματα, Transport accounts for a quarter of greenhouse gas emissions in Europe, with road transport being responsible for the largest share. Because of this, the need to find alternative means of transportation, such as electric vehicles, is great. The EU is committed to developing a more sustainable development through the decarbonisation of the transport system. Various European policies and directives have already been issued, such as the European Green Deal, the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy and "Fit for 55" package. Also, legislative frameworks have been established in Greece for the development of electric mobility and charging infrastructure. There are several types of electric vehicles. Their components and features differ depending on the category they belong to. In this paper, the advantages, disadvantages and environmental impacts for each category are presented in detail. Over the years, the number of electric vehicles has increased significantly in Europe, although they still represent only a small percentage of the new registrations. The construction of an integrated charging infrastructure network, that will cover the mobility demands, is essential for the development of electric mobility. Charging points can be categorized according to their degree of accessibility, the way and the type of charging they provide. Consumers’ attitudes towards electric vehicles depend on various factors. Various policies have been put in place to promote electric vehicles, in order to create incentives for drivers to invest in this sector. In this paper, a questionnaire was developed to investigate public opinion about electric vehicles. The questions were about their demographic characteristics, their travel habits, their opinions about the electric cars and promotion policies. The results of the questionnaire are presented in detail, while some statistics are calculated. From the analysis of the questionnaire, the factors that hinder and the factors that promote the development of electric mobility were found. In addition, the importance of the various technical characteristics of the cars was evaluated. Also, the correlation between the intention to buy an electric car and other factors was found. Then, the effect of the different promotion policies was evaluated. The results of this study were compared with the results of previous studies. Finally, all the observations and conclusions drawn from all the above, are presented

In this paper, the allocation of charging station (CS) is optimized to alleviate the “range anxiety” of electric vehicle (EV) drivers by reducing the time of medium-to-long distance travel, which is raised due to the potential en-route charging. The problem is defined to explicitly consider the spatial differences in urban land price. Although many works take spatial land price into consideration, few of them notice what the gap of spatial land price bring to the charging system. Our objective function is the expected traveling time under an optimized distribution of urban EV flows, and models of spatial network and CSs allocation are then established. Based on Tabu Search algorithm (TSA), a fixed budget charging resources planning algorithm (FBCRPA) is proposed. The proposed method is compared with methods based on betweeness centrality, and results show that our method can find more effective allocation strategy. It is found that users’ traveling time would decrease with increase in difference in land price. Meanwhile, budget would transfer from central region to other regions and carrying capacity of charging system would improve in the above situation. This paper also finds that increase in budget is beneficial to a reduction in drivers’ time, but the improvement is limited.

In this study, a hierarchical chassis control strategy is designed to enhance vehicle economy and safety for four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicles (FWID-EVs). In the upper-level, a vehicle dynamics model based on multiple agents is proposed, and a distributed model predictive control (DMPC) method is designed to dimensionally solve the problem of tracking the center-of-mass torque of the demanded velocity trajectory and stability parameters. In the bottom-level, a multi-objective torque distribution strategy that weighs safety, dynamics and economy based on multi-agent theory is designed by comprehensively considering the motor efficiency and tire energy loss. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation platform is built to verify the method formulated in this paper. The results show that the method in this paper is effective in tracking the desired trajectory and further enhancing the stability of the vehicle under various conditions. Compared with other algorithms, while guaranteeing safety and dynamics, the energy consumption of the powertrain is reduced by 9.51%.

To reduce the levels of harmful emissions and to minimize the noise pollution, many leading countries have started pilot projects and initiatives for gradual transition to electrical vehicles or vehicles powered by alternative fuel sources, including natural gas, hydrogen, propane, biofuels, and methanol. Parallel to this, many automotive companies are also exploring and using every possibility to introduce newer manufacturing technologies and materials in the vehicle development and construction processes. The results of these efforts are vehicles that are lighter and have lower fuel consumption, but at the same time are capable to provide the industry approved levels of comfort, reliability, and protection to the passengers. One of the many drivers for the abovementioned evolution of the automotive industry are the numerous events and races, where teams from different countries and continents are competing for dominance. The focus of this paper is to present the processes for design, development and evaluation of a hydrogen fuel cell powered racing vehicle, which was developed at the “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse in Bulgaria. The paper presents results from simulated and real on-track experiments with the vehicle prototype. Emulations and analysis on the possibilities to improve the vehicle performance, as well as to increase the effectiveness of the vehicle power supply system, using a system for regenerative braking, are also provided in the last section of the paper.

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent an important socio-economic development opportunity for islands and remote locations because they can lead to reduced fuel imports, electricity storage, grid services, and environmental and health benefits. This paper presents an overview of opportunities, challenges, and examples of EVs in islands and remote power systems, and is meant to provide background to researchers, utilities, energy offices, and other stakeholders interested in the impacts of electrification of transportation. The impact of uncontrolled EV charging on the electric grid operation is discussed, as well as several mitigation strategies. Of particular importance in many islands and remote systems is taking advantage of local resources by combining renewable energy and EV charging. Policy and economic issues are presented, with emphasis on the need for an overarching energy policy to guide the strategies for EVs growth. The key conclusion of this paper is that an orderly transition to EVs, one that maximizes benefits while addressing the challenges, requires careful analysis and comprehensive planning.

Traditional fuel-powered vehicle emissions have long been recognized as a major barrier to a sustainable environment, and their minimization could ensure both economic support for the sustainable societal fundament and pollution prevention. Electrifying light-duty vehicle fleets, such as taxis, could provide a financial return as well as bring significant economic and environmental improvements. This paper offers a ranked selection of electric vehicles that are presently available on the market, as reviewed by taxi service representatives, as well as their own evaluation of the criteria that influence this selection. This paper provides stability and support when making decisions by deploying stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis and a modified standard deviation method for calculating the subjective and objective weights of the criteria, as well as performing sensitivity analysis to determine how a particular criterion affects the multi-attributive border approximation area. A comparison ranking of the alternatives discovered how a change in the weight value of one of the criteria affected the ranking of the electric vehicle alternatives. According to the research, led by the battery capacity criterion and its values, the Volkswagen ID.3 Pro has the best results and is the taxi of choice in the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, the research has demonstrated that the development of electric vehicles for taxi service purposes should strive to extend the range of these vehicles while reducing the battery charging time.

U ovom radu se opisuje mikromreža u kojoj se nalaze distribucijski izvori električne energije, te podjela i načini povezivanja mikromreže sa elektroenergetskim sustavom. Kroz rad se predstavljaju punionice električnih vozila, počevši od vrsta i načina punjenja te opisa pojedinih tipova električnih vozila. Na kraju rada predstavljena je analiza koja se provodi u programskom paketu DIgSILENT Power Factroy 2022. Pored navedenog u analizi se nalaze grafikoni kako bi se stekla šira slika primjene punionica za električna vozila u sklopu mikromreža, te utjecaj na naponsku i frekvencijsku stabilnost. This paper describes the microgrid in which the distribution sources of electricity are located, as well as the division and methods of connecting the microgrid to the power system. The paper presents charging stations for electric vehicles, starting with the types and methods of charging and descriptions of individual types of electric vehicles. At the end of the paper, an analysis is presented, which is carried out in the program package DIgSILENT Power Factroy 2022. In addition to the above, the analysis contains graphs in order to get a broader picture of the application of charging stations for electric vehicles as part of microgrids, and the impact on voltage and frequency stability.

While micromobility has seen a significant rise of interest across policy, industry and academia, a detailed conceptualisation of it has so far been missing from the scientific literature. This paper develops a multi-dimensional conceptualisation of micromobility, in conjunction with a new socio-technical definition. To do so, it reviews related concepts; it analyses how the term micromobility has been used; and it critically engages with existing definitions most frequently cited in this literature. Building on these insights, we develop a multi-dimensional conceptualization of micromobility. Our definition of micromobility covers a wide range of mobility options that can typically be manoeuvred by one human without motor assistance, at least for short distances, and that are ‘micro’ in terms of energy demand, environmental impact, and use of road space, relative to automobility. According to our conceptualisation, micromobility modes comprise fully human powered, partially motor assisted and fully powered options. They typically do not exceed 25 kilometres per hour (or 45 for faster ones) and weigh (often significantly) less than 350 kilogram, while often providing some (public) health benefits. Trip lengths are typically less than 15 kilometres and daily distance travelled less than 80 kilometres. This new definition has relevance for future transport and mobility scholarship, as well as policy and evaluation. Advantages of a new and widely accepted definition and conceptualisation of micromobility could include more robust design standards, legislation, as well as evaluation metrics and methods, all leading to greater understanding of, and attention paid to, this form of mobility. This paper highlights the important role that micromobilities could play in moving beyond automobility, to create more sustainable and just mobility futures.

While micromobility has seen a significant rise of interest across policy, industry and academia, a detailed conceptualisation of it has so far been missing from the scientific literature. This paper develops a multi-dimensional conceptualisation of micromobility, in conjunction with a new socio-technical definition. To do so, it reviews related concepts; it analyses how the term micromobility has been used; and it critically engages with existing definitions most frequently cited in this literature. Building on these insights, we develop a multi-dimensional conceptualization of micromobility. Our definition of micromobility covers a wide range of mobility options that can typically be manoeuvred by one human without motor assistance, at least for short distances, and that are ‘micro’ in terms of energy demand, environmental impact, and use of road space, relative to automobility. According to our conceptualisation, micromobility modes comprise fully human powered, partially motor assisted and fully powered options. They typically do not exceed 25 kilometres per hour (or 45 for faster ones) and weigh (often significantly) less than 350 kilogram, while often providing some (public) health benefits. Trip lengths are typically less than 15 kilometres and daily distance travelled less than 80 kilometres. This new definition has relevance for future transport and mobility scholarship, as well as policy and evaluation. Advantages of a new and widely accepted definition and conceptualisation of micromobility could include more robust design standards, legislation, as well as evaluation metrics and methods, all leading to greater understanding of, and attention paid to, this form of mobility. This paper highlights the important role that micromobilities could play in moving beyond automobility, to create more sustainable and just mobility futures.

In this paper, a secure energy trading mechanism based on blockchain technology is proposed. The proposed model deals with energy trading problems such as insecure energy trading and inefficient charging mechanisms for electric vehicles (EVs) in a vehicular energy network (VEN). EVs face two major problems: finding an optimal charging station and calculating the exact amount of energy required to reach the selected charging station. Moreover, in traditional trading approaches, centralized parties are involved in energy trading, which leads to various issues such as increased computational cost, increased computational delay, data tempering and a single point of failure. Furthermore, EVs face various energy challenges, such as imbalanced load supply and fluctuations in voltage level. Therefore, a demand-response (DR) pricing strategy enables EV users to flatten load curves and efficiently adjust electricity usage. In this work, communication between EVs and aggregators is efficiently performed through blockchain. Moreover, a branching concept is involved in the proposed system, which divides EV data into two different branches: a Fraud Chain (F-chain) and an Integrity Chain (I-chain). The proposed branching mechanism helps solve the storage problem and reduces computational time. Moreover, an attacker model is designed to check the robustness of the proposed system against double-spending and replay attacks. Security analysis of the proposed smart contract is also given in this paper. Simulation results show that the proposed work efficiently reduces the charging cost and time in a VEN.

In this paper, a blockchain-enabled energy trading method is proposed to deal with the inefficiency and security issues in energy trading for electric vehicles in smart grids. It includes the design of a smart contract and the excitation mechanism of energy sharing. The credit points of each vehicle as a node are considered in the design of the smart contract, which is used to supervise the process of energy trading. A strategy to estimate the credit points of each node and describe the excitation mechanism is illustrated. The connection between the credit points and the probability that a node would be accepted for energy trading has been established. To control the energy trading access, a double auction method is used to choose the part of the nodes participating in energy trading. Only selected nodes with winning bids can supply or request energy from the blockchain-based platform. Then it reaches the conclusion that the higher the credit points they have, the more trading initiative they would have during the energy transaction and transmission. The smart contract design and the excitation mechanism proposed in this paper would reward the vehicles that perform well and punish the beguiling vehicles for regulating the trading process.

Energy management strategies are one of the key factors affecting the working efficiency of electric vehicle energy power systems. At present, electric vehicles will develop real-time and efficient energy management strategies according to the topology of on-board energy power system to improve the driving performance of vehicles. In this paper, a new electromechanical flywheel hybrid system is studied. Firstly, the characteristics of the topological scheme of the electromechanical flywheel hybrid system are analyzed, and the working modes are designed. Secondly, in order to improve the efficiency of vehicles’ energy utilization and ensure the real-time performance of the management strategy, an energy management strategy based on fuzzy rules is designed with the flywheel’s state of energy (SOE) as the key reference parameter. Then, considering the directional stability in the braking process, the braking force distribution strategy between the front axle and the rear axle is designed. In order to improve the braking energy recovery efficiency, the secondary distribution strategy consisting of a mechanical braking force and regenerative braking force on the front and rear axles is designed. Finally, the bench test of a electromechanical flywheel hybrid system is carried out. Experiments show that compared with the original dual-motor four-wheel drive scheme, the electromechanical flywheel hybrid four-wheel drive system scheme developed in this paper can reduce the current variation range of lithium batteries by 43.16%, increase the average efficiency by 1.04%, and increase the braking energy recovery rate by 40.61% under the Japan urban cycle conditions. In addition, taking advantage of the energy and power regulation advantages of the electromechanical flywheel device, the power consumption of the lithium battery is reduced by 1.82% under cycling conditions.

Currently we are at the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution, which involves, among others, technology to prevent climate change, transformation of the transport sector, digitization, and artificial intelligence. This paper contributes to technological development accelerating the design of ecological vehicles and their introduction in smart cities. This paper describes an adaptive, flexible, expandable, simple, and high-accuracy methodology capable of maximizing vehicle range with the finest computational effort, thanks to a genetic algorithm. Further, it produces predictive information to minimize cost, volume, and weight of the drivetrain in the vehicle structure while meeting the desires of the designer. Range is calculated using a standard or customised drive cycle. Calculation of the CO2 produced in the electricity production process is also provided. The reliability of the system has been verified with commercially available vehicles, taking into account their technical specifications such as electric motor type (e.g. induction, permanent magnet, or hybrid electric motors), the technology of the energy storage system (e.g. nickel-metal hydride or lithium-ion batteries or fuel cell), configuration (e.g. pure electric vehicle, series/parallel/series-parallel (plug-in) hybrid electric vehicle, or fuel cell vehicle) and their category (light quadricycles [L6e], heavy quadricycles [L7e], passenger cars [M1], vans [N1], or low-speed vehicles). The results obtained demonstrate that the model is capable of extraordinary precision.

Wireless charging schemes aim to counter some drawbacks of electric vehicles’ wired charging, such as the fact that it does not encourage mobility, leads to safety issues regarding high voltage cables, power adapters high cost, and has more battery waste by companies. In this paper, a comparative study of wireless power transfer multiple coil geometries is performed to analyze the efficiency, coupling coefficient, mutual inductance, and magnetic flux density production for each geometry. Results show that coil geometry, current excitation, and shielding techniques within the Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging (WEVC) system substantially influence magnetic flux leakage. In addition, the paper proposes an analytical framework for a WEVC scheme via electromagnetic resonance coupling. Safety considerations of the WEVC system, including the effects on humans, are investigated in several scenarios based on the relative location of the human while EV charging is conducted as the leading paper’s goal. The exposure measurements are performed across various radial distances from the coils using 3-D FEA ANSYS Maxwell Software (American technology company, Pennsylvania, United States). The analysis shows that WEVC systems can achieve high power transfer, resulting in increased magnetic flux leakage around the coils. The safe distance for humans and animals during the charging sequence is attained from research results. For instance, in the 120 mm spiral coil, 120 mm square coil, and 600 mm spiral coil operating at 1 A, excitation, the SAR levels are under the threshold of 700 mm away from the coils. For the 600 mm spiral coil excited at 8 A, the SAR levels fall under the threshold at 900 mm away from the coils. When shielding is utilized, the safe distance is improved by up to 350 mm. Considering the regulations of the Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards, 600 mm is a safe distance away from the coils, and, vertically, anywhere past 300 mm is safe for humans.

In the modern world, the consumption of oil, coal natural gas, and nuclearenergy has been causing by a serious environmental problem and an ongoingenergy crisis. The generation and consumption of renewable energy sources(RESs) such as solar and wind tidal, can resolve the problem but the natureof the RESs is fluctuating and intermitted. This evolution brings a lot ofchallenges in the management of electrical grids. The paper reviewed theadvancements in energy storage technologies for the development of a smartgrid (SG). More attention was paid to the classification of energy storagetechnologies based on the form of energy storage and based on the form ofdischarge duration. The evaluation criteria for the energy storagetechnologies have been carried out based on technological dimensions suchas storage capacity, efficiency, response time, energy density, and powerdensity, the economic dimension such as input cost and economic benefit;and the environmental dimension such as emission and stress on ecosystem,social demission such as job creation and social acceptance were alsopresented in this paper.

This manuscript deals with the various control strategies of storage system for an electrical vehicle. High demands in the electrical systems in the field of transportations leads to various challenges and more precise control and regulations techniques. Apart from the conventional grid system now a days the integration of renewable energy systems like solar, wind and fuel cell system leads to more complex system but these system shares the load from conventional generating system. This paper deals with the study and control aspects of the electrical vehicles associated with hybrid energy storage (HES) systems. In general, when systems are integrated with the main grid there are more distortions and ripples in the system. To reduce these distortions various control techniques are used. This paper proposes a neural network-based PI (NNPI) controller for HES system for electric vehicles for better distortion less outputs.

This paper is focused on hybrid busbars, which are crucial elements in modern electric vehicles for distributing electric power to multiple equipment such as the electric motor, the electric power steering unit, and the AC/DC converters. The authors investigate the possibility of replacing fastening by a new joining by forming process to assemble the copper and aluminum conductors of hybrid busbars at ambient temperature. For this purpose, the paper starts by analyzing the influence of the bolts, of their tightening torque and of the sheet surface preparation conditions in current flow and electric resistance of fastened hybrid busbars. Then, the new joining by forming process named ‘injection lap riveting’, with a two-stage fabrication route is introduced, and comparisons are made between the current flow and electric resistance of the two different types of hybrid busbars. Ideal hybrid busbars contact conditions are also replicated in laboratory for further comparison purposes. The investigation combines experimentation and numerical simulation, and results show that the electric performance of injection lap riveted hybrid busbars made from sheets in the as supplied condition is similar to that of fastened hybrid busbars made from sheets with previous surface preparation by grinding. The electric performance of the injection lap riveted hybrid busbars is stable and not compromised by the loosening effects that are commonly experienced by fastened hybrid busbars, which give rise to a significant increase of the electric resistance.

Background/Purpose: The electric vehicle (EV) has gained a lot of attention from researchers in the twenty-first century as a green travel tool, leading to a series of in-depth studies. With the advancement of high-capacity batteries and electric vehicles, the value of electric vehicles will skyrocket, posing new problems to the power grid's safe and stable operation. This article briefly discusses a certain area of electric vehicles, such as government legislation, employability options, market trends, problems, and solutions to connected issues. Objective: The growth of the vehicle industry and its progress toward the government of India's "Make in India" mission for electric vehicles, as part of the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan to set up dominance in the automobile industry. Design/Methodology/Approach: Presentation of information collected from various scholarly articles, web articles, and analysis using the SWOC framework. Findings/Results: Based on the analysis of facts and figures and also by looking at the various scenarios of expansion of the electric vehicle industry in India, it is seen that this industry has seen considerable growth and progress in various avenues such as creating employment opportunities and country's economy. Few recommendations are also suggested to take the concept further. Research limitations/implications: The study is limited to the electric vehicle industry, though a total of 25 Industry sectors have been identified under ‘Make in India’. Originality/Value: This paper focuses on the growth of the electric vehicle industry and the factors that helped towards making ‘Make in India’ a reality. It also talks about the support given by Government to achieve the same. Paper Type: A Research Case study paper on the growth and dominance of the electric vehicle Industry and realization of the ‘Make in India’ concept.

This paper proposes an optimal network reconfiguration (ONR) by integrating the renewable energy (RE) based distributed generation (DG) resources, i.e., wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) modules, and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS). The uncertainties related to renewable energy sources (RESs) are handled by using probability analysis. In this work, wind uncertainty is handled by using Weibull probability density function (PDF), and solar PV uncertainty is modeled by using Beta PDF. This paper also models the load of EVCSs. The ONR is a tool to operate distribution systems (DSs) at optimum cost/loss. In the literature, most of the ONR problems are solved as single objective type. This neccessiate the development of multi-objective based ONR problem and solved using the multi-objective algorithms by considering multiple objectives. Therefore in this paper, total cost of operation and power losses are considered as two objectives functions. The single objective-based ONR is solved using crow search algorithm (CSA) and multi-objective-based ONR is solved using multi-objective-based CSA. As the DS is unbalanced, the power flow for the unbalanced system will include the three-phase transformer. The ONR problem has been solved by considering 17 bus unbalanced and balanced DSs.

Designing with photovoltaics (PV) is the core focus of this paper which presents the results of a design study on conceptual PV applications for electric mobility systems. This is a relevant direction for new product development because PV technology can contribute to improved features of electric mobility systems not just in terms of CO2 emissions reduction but also regarding product aesthetics and user experiences. Design studies are multidisciplinary by nature; therefore, in this case technical, user, regulatory and aesthetic aspects are covered. Eleven conceptual designs were developed in 2019 by means of a design project executed at the University of Twente, encompassing solutions for PV-powered charging of electric vehicles, vehicle-integrated PV products and other applications. The concepts focus on various modes of transport beyond passenger cars such as public transportation, electric bicycles and utility vehicles, in some cases applying alternative charging technologies such as battery swapping and induction charging in their design. In this paper four of these conceptual designs are presented as case studies, showing their multidisciplinary focus as well as parts of the design process behind their development. An evaluation of these conceptual designs revealed several design challenges that need to be addressed in their development, including the limited space available for integrating PV cells, the technical limitations posed by some of the proposed charging methods and the effective visual communication of the concept's intended function.

This paper presents a decomposed co-design optimization framework for an electric vehicle powertrain equipped with a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). We jointly design the sizes of the powertrain components and the energy management strategy, considering the design and the dynamics of the transmission. Specifically, we divide the resulting nonlinear optimization problem into separate hierarchical optimization subproblems leveraging the concept of Analytical Target Cascading (ATC). Furthermore, we compare the proposed decomposition-based strategy with a centralized approach, in which we solve the same problem, and show that the method presented in this paper can be a potential alternative to a centralized optimization formulation for solving the large-scale, complex integrated plant and control system design. Finally, we compare the resulting performance of using a CVT on the vehicle total-cost-of-ownership with that equipped with a Fixed-Gear Transmission (FGT), which is what is commonly implemented in current electric vehicles. Our results show that by jointly optimizing the design of the transmission along with the control strategy, the CVT yields a lower energy consumption and total-cost-of-ownership compared to that of the FGT.

This paper investigates the application of anisotropic low-coercive force (LCF) magnets to a novel variable-flux spoke-type permanent magnet synchronous motor (VFS-PMSM) for electrical vehicles with a wide speed range. In the VFS-PMSM, flux is regulated by swiveling the magnetization of the anisotropic LCF magnets instead of directly magnetizing or demagnetizing them. The previously proposed VFS-PMSM uses only isotropic LCF magnets for easily swiveling the magnetic pole direction, resulting in lower torque density. The challenge thus lies in the feasibility to swivel the magnetic pole direction of the anisotropic LCF magnet, and the impact of the different magnetization strengths of the anisotropic magnets on the motor performance. This paper first studies the feasibility to swivel the magnetization direction of anisotropic LCF magnets through experiments. It is confirmed that the magnetization direction can be successfully swiveled by 90 degrees with a reduced external magnetizing field. Then, two VFS-PMSM topologies and various rotor configurations are compared in terms of key performance indices to determine critical sizing factors for performance enhancement. Finite element analysis is used for simulations. In comparison with the VFS-PMSM equipped with isotropic LCF magnets, the maximum torque of the proposed topology can be improved for the same flux adjustment ability. Alternatively, the flux adjustment ability can also be enhanced by 37.43% for the same maximum torque.

The projects included in this Thesis Portfolio both contain research regarding fleet vehicles. The Technical Report describes how data analytics were used in order to create relevant training resources for the University of Virginia Facilities Management fleet, in order to improve both safety and sustainability. Proactive and reactive training methodologies were tested, with the former occurring before any violations of safety or sustainability occurred, and the latter addressing specific violations the week after they occurred. Statistical tests were used to determine which of the two training programs were more effective. The STS Research Paper aims to further explore fleet sustainability by using the social construction of technology in order to determine if work force fleet’s desire for electric vehicles is socially constructed. Using this framework, both corporate and government fleets are explored, with research conducted on specific instances of electric vehicles being incorporated into these organizations. The University of Virginia’s Facilities Management (FM) Fleet consists of around 260 total vehicles, and is committed to safe and sustainable driving. These vehicles contain telematic tracking systems which provide feedback on a multitude of driving behavioral measures, including speeding, harsh braking, hard acceleration, seatbelt usage, harsh cornering, and idling time. Last year, data collected on these measures was used to develop relevant educational materials on mindful driving. Our capstone project team aimed to further improve safe and eco-friendly FM driving behaviors by analyzing if reinforcement training (additional scorecards and manager conversations) proved to be effective when given proactively or reactively to increased violations of driving behavioral measures. The technical report outlines the process we used in determining when and how to administer the proactive training program. A separate group of shops received the reactive training after any significant increase in driver incidents was detected. These reinforcement training programs were largely based on the professional FM driver education modules and provided conversation templates for managers to use in order to re-educate their shop’s respective drivers. Electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly gaining popularity among corporate and governmental fleets across the world. Many fleets are replacing traditional internal-combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) with electric delivery and work vehicles. However, electric vehicles do not yet compare to traditional cars in terms of mileage, infrastructure, and general reliability. As electric vehicles do not emit greenhouse gases, they are more resource-efficient than ICEVs. They are a crucial step in making transportation more eco-friendly, so analyzing the root of their demand is extremely important in looking at the future of their relevance. This research paper uses the social construction of technology (SCOT) framework to analyze the increased fleet interest in EVs in order to answer the research question: can the increased interest in electric vehicles among work fleets, both corporate and governmental be attributed to socially constructed desires? Exploring this question will ultimately prove beneficial when discussing the future of vehicle-manufacturing, as electric vehicles become more commonplace. Completing both of these projects simultaneously was valuable, as working closely with the University of Virginia’s Facilities Management allowed me to understand the inner workings of a vehicle fleet while writing about larger and more complex fleets. I was able to understand the logistics of an organization incorporating electric vehicles into their fleet, as the university begins to add their own EVs. Focusing on aspects of sustainability in the STS Research Paper made me further appreciate the value of the Capstone Project, in which we aimed to reduce environmental infractions through training programs.

The discipline of engineering is becoming increasingly diverse. The scope of viewpoints which are generally accepted is expanding in ways that are making the field more inclusive and interdisciplinary. For this reason, it is crucial for engineers in-training to embrace this diversification of thought, especially in domains which were previously thought of as siloed. This portfolio explores two topics: software engineering and electric vehicle (EV) adoption within the aforementioned context of differing viewpoints. Software engineering approaches have traditionally varied between different institutions. The cultural and technical divide is most apparent between academia and the corporate world, which operate within completely different development frameworks and incentive structures. When looking at other sociotechnical topics, the new revolution in EV technology stood out as also having deeply rooted, but poorly understood, divides between two socioeconomic groups: developed and developing nations. In both projects, the analysis follows a three-stage line of questioning: what disparities exist, why do such disparities occur, and what can we learn from the discrepancies to strengthen both parties. The STS research topic on the EV revolution and software development report also complement each by focusing on engineering contrasts at two different scales: a global socioeconomic issue and ideological differences in a specific line of work. The technical project outlines the author’s experiences interning at Amazon within the AWS EC2 organization and developing an internal package which automated repetitive workflows to resolve problem tickets. The analysis specifically revolves around the software development skills used during the duration of project in the context of deliverables, interactions with the immediate team, and observations of the Amazon corporate culture. These skills include learning internal tooling, developing robust code architectures, utilizing version control, ensuring code quality, and utilizing test-driven development. The primary difference observed between academia and the corporate software development landscape was the lack of emphasis towards the DevOps tools that surround the core coding process. This discrepancy reveals key deficiencies in UVA’s CS curriculum regarding the practice of software development, specifically with regards to the topics of source control, testing, and continuous development/integration. Due to recent experiences in both academia and a large corporation, this work is significant in contextualizing how students and educators should think about the interactions between these two domains. The STS topic centers around the automotive industry, which is currently dominated by internal combustion engines which run on polluting fossil fuels. The need for a rapid shift in energy utilization to curb greenhouse emissions combined with recent advances in battery technology has established battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a viable, long-term alternative. There is, however, a notable lack of analysis on the socioeconomic implications of this unpreceded industry trend in modern scientific literature. The STS research seeks to uncover the extent to which BEV adoption differentially impacts poorer communities compared to their wealthier counterparts. Specifically, the analysis explores how positive societal benefits in first world communities arise at the expense of poorer nations, which bear the brunt of inequitable production practices and rarely have the institutionalized infrastructure in place to benefit from the very products they are helping produce. Evidence is aggregated from the information and opinions found in different published material, ranging from highly technical scientific writing to mainstream news articles. The rapid industry transformation that has led to the inequitable split between the first and third worlds is then examined through the paradigm shift framework. Furthermore, actor network theory is used to assess the current state of the BEV industry from the perspective of manufactories, industry figures, politicians, and consumers. Results from this research should inform the governmental and industry practices that need to change in order to ensure electric vehicles promote an environmentally friendly, equitable, and technologically advanced automotive industry for the 21st century. Working on the technical report and STS Research paper concurrently emphasized that all topics, however different, can be combined through common themes that reveal broader truths. Moreover, the degree to which technical vs socioeconomic analysis is emphasized can differ while still preserving a common thesis. The technical report on software development delved deeper into specific technical processes pertinent to the computer science field. The STS paper instead highlighted macroeconomic phenomenon pertinent to a much wider audience. These two focuses where helpful in broadening the scope of both projects. It pushed the discussion beyond simply technical software development processes in order to touch on pedogeological approaches in academia. Similarly, the STS research paper introduced high level overviews of certain technologies in order to add technical context to the situations of different communities. The two projects in conjunction where able to explore the idea of engineering contrasts from all the perspectives relevant to the field of Science, Technology, and Society.

Road transport electrification is essential for meeting the European Union's goals of decarbonization and climate change. In this context, an Ultra-Fast Charging (UFC) system is deemed necessary to facilitate the massive penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) on the market; particularly as medium-long distance travels are concerned. Anyway, an ultra-fast charging infrastructure represents the most critical point as regards hardware technology, grid-related issues, and financial sustainability. Thus far, this paper presents an impact analysis of a fast-charging station on the grid in terms of power consumption, obtained by the Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation results show that it is not economical convenient size the assumed ultra-fast charging station for the maximum possible power also considering its high impact on the grid. In view of the results obtained from the impact analysis, the last part of the paper focuses on finding a method to reduce the power installed for the DC/DC stage while keeping the possibility for the electric vehicle to charge at their maximum power. To achieve this goal a modular approach is proposed. Finally, two different modular architectures are presented and compared. In both the solutions, the probability of having EVs charging at limited power is less than 5%.

Urbanization and population growth has led to an increase in the per unit energy consumption. As majority of the energy is derived from fossil fuel based sources, they have created adverse effects on the environment. Efforts to safeguard the environment have led to the development of hybrid electric vehicles. Proliferation of EV in the markets depends on factors like price, battery technology, economy and development of fast charging stations. Fast charging stations are an important factor in EV market penetration. This paper focusses in designing fast charging solar hybrid EV charging station. To decrease dependence on the grid power and to increase profitability, the charging station includes a 100 kW solar power plant with storage. The paper presents a comprehensive model of the hybrid solar charging station. To determine the load on the station, a stochastic model is used to predict the arrival time, the SOC and the charging demand. Stochastic firefly algorithm (SFA) is used for MPPT control to obtain maximum power from the solar power plant and to ensure fast charging of the station batteries. The station is designed to supply power from the batteries during off-peak hours and from the grid during high peak hours. The paper also presents a multi-objective planning using SFA to minimize the investment cost and to increase the profit of the charging station. Results show that using SFA enables fast charging of the batteries and also increases the profit of the charging station. Higher profit will encourage utilities to invest in charging station and hence this will help in higher penetration of EVs in the market.

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are gaining momentum due to several factors, including the price reduction as well as the climate and environmental awareness. This paper reviews the advances of EVs regarding battery technology trends, charging methods, as well as new research challenges and open opportunities. More specifically, an analysis of the worldwide market situation of EVs and their future prospects is carried out. Given that one of the fundamental aspects in EVs is the battery, the paper presents a thorough review of the battery technologies—from the Lead-acid batteries to the Lithium-ion. Moreover, we review the different standards that are available for EVs charging process, as well as the power control and battery energy management proposals. Finally, we conclude our work by presenting our vision about what is expected in the near future within this field, as well as the research aspects that are still open for both industry and academic communities.

This study introduces a quadratic programming-based optimisation method to coordinate electric vehicle (EV) charging and photovoltaic (PV) curtailment in unbalanced low voltage (LV) networks. The proposed model is defined as a convex model that guarantees the optimal global solution of the problem avoiding the complexity of non-linear models and surpassing the limitations of local solutions derived from meta-heuristics algorithms reported in the literature. The coordination is carried out through a centralised controller installed at the header of the LV feeder. The objective of the proposed strategy is to minimise the power curtailment of all PV systems and maximise the power delivered to all EVs by optimising at every time step a suitable setpoint for the PV units and the charging rate of each EV connected without surpassing network constraints. A new energy-boundary model is also proposed to meet the energy requirements of all EVs, which is based on a recurrent function that depends on the arrival-and-desired energy states of the vehicle to compute its charging trajectory optimally. The effectiveness of the proposed coordination strategy was successfully proven through three scenarios in a laboratory environment, making use of two commercial EVs and a PV inverter in a Power Hardware-in-the-Loop setup. This work was supported by TECNALIA funding through the 2017 PhD scholarship programme. TECNALIA is a "CERVERA Technology Centre of Excellence" recognised by the Ministry of Science and Innovation. The authors also would like to thank the Basque Government (GISEL research group IT1191‐19) and the UPV/EHU (GISEL research group 18/181) for their support in this work, as well as the TU Dortmund University for allowing the use of its facilities to obtain the results described in this paper. Dr. Kalle Rauma would like to thank the support of the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure through the project Parken und Laden in der Stadt (03EMF0203). The work of Kalle Rauma was also supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through SENDER project under grant agreement no. 957755