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Bamboo is an important raw material for manufacture of paper pulp in areas where it is abundant, especially in India, Pakistan, Taiwan (Formosa), and mainland China. In most instances it is reduced to pulp by chemical treatment under pressure at high temperature. An exception is the manufacture of bamboo mechanical pulp in Taiwan. This pulp is combined with a small amount of ricestraw chemical pulp for manufacture of a product used to prepare the so-called "joss paper" employed in Chinese religious and funeral ceremonies. "Joss" is a pidgin English word that is derived from the Portuguese deos or deus, god, and is used to refer to a Chinese household divinity or to a cult image. Joss paper consists of sheets of crude paper of various sizes, mostly 2'2 by 3 inches, to 10 by 11 inches, usually almost completely or partially covered with a piece of tin foil. A golden metallic effect is created, according to Hunter,2 by brushing the foil with seaweed extract contain

From their experience of this market and using a combination of trend projection, correlation analysis and market research, Messrs. Clark and Cockram forecast that consumption of printing and writing paper in Western Europe will increase from 8.9 million tonnes in 1972 to 13.3 million tonnes in 1977: an average increase of 8% per annum over a five year period. Recovery from the recent recession will lead to a very rapid increase of consumption in 1973 ( 16% higher than 1972) and in 1974 ( 10% higher than 1973) followed by two years of below average growth. Consumption of coated paper will continue to grow at a faster rate than uncoated, averaging 12% a year. 1973 will be a year of very rapid growth (25%) followed by two years of more moderate growth (13% and 9% respectively) and in 1976 a year of very little growth (2%). By 1977, coated paper will account for 35% of total printing and writing consumption compared with 30% in 1972. The growth in demand for uncoated paper will be less dramatic and also less variable than the growth of coated paper. Between 1972 and 1977 consumption is forecast to increase at an average rate of 7%. Again, 1973 will see the fastest growth ( 12%) while the lowest growth (3%) is expected to be in the years 1975 and 1976. Indeed, there is some danger that a period of stagnation or even another recession could affect paper consumption by 1976.

This subject-author index of over 500 papers is intended as a helpful reference tool for those who seek material on the writing, verbal presentation, and publication of technical information, and as a guide to people who have authored such material. Many of the papers listed - especially those given in local society meetings - have not been published. These were included bcause frustration is preferable to total ignorance. To track down an unpublished paper or an author when all else fails, contact the organization that sponsored the meeting at which the paper was given. This index is not necessarily 100% exhaustive; some titles may have been omitted, and some misclassified. Readers are invited to notify the Transactions on EWS of errors or omissions.

T HE preparation of a term paper is a frequent assignment in American colleges. Its common use suggests that many instructors look favorably upon it as a means of helping the student to attain certain values which should follow from a college education. Many claims for it-both the mastery of subjectmatter and the development of the student-are made. On the other hand, students and faculty members often protest that the task of writing, or reading, these papers consumes much time that can be spent to better advantage in other ways. To formulate an intelligent policy concerning the way in which term papers should be used it will be desirable to know more about the experience which other teachers have had with this type of assignment. The present report is the result of pooling such experience at Queens College. At a staff meeting, President Klapper, after discussing the weaknesses in the current use of term papers, proposed seven questions for the careful consideration of the staff. Four additional questions were suggested by members of the faculty. Each department was requested to study these questions and to prepare short but explicit answers which the chairman of the Committee on Evaluation would synthesize into a report. These replies constitute the basis of the proposals contained here. This report is concerned only with the preparation of a major term paper in a college course, not the kind of research work that is conducted in honors courses. Excluded, also, is all evaluation of minor written assignments. Term papers do not concern all divisions of the faculty. They are most frequently assigned in the Division of Social Sciences; they are used to a considerable extent in the Division of Language, Literature, and the Arts; and, except in Psychology, they are almost never used in the Division of Science and Mathematics. The replies to the specific questions showed considerable variation in the points of view of various departments. The objectives to be achieved through term papers most frequently cited were: to give able students an opportunity to do systematic, critical, or constructive work independently under the guidance of the instructor; to supplement the student's knowledge of the field by wider reading and thinking, and by greater practical handling of the material than is pos

(1973). A COMMENT ON THE WHITE PAPER. The Slow Learning Child: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 170-172.

Pollution preventive measures should be built into the process when a new mill is designed; corrective measures must be taken on existing mills. For air pollution control, these measures consist essentially of enclosing all vessels that contain the black liquor from which the tall oil is recovered. Hoods are placed over storage tanks, sumps, heat exchangers, and other liquor-containing vessels. The hoods must be vented to a ductwork system that brings the off-gases to a central point for disposition. Typical devices to remove the offensive odors and particulate matter in the off-gases are wet scrubbers and incinerators. Evaporation can be used to concentrate liquids containing small amounts of contaminants to much smaller volumes and to concentrations that permit incineration. The lime kiln and recovery boiler of the typical Kraft mill commonly are used to burn the odorous gases, thus destroying the odors completely. Sometimes a separate incinerator is required. Water pollution is best prevented by careful design and operation of the various tall oil removal equipment, such as soap skimmers, level controls, and valving systems. In spite of great care in design and operation, some tall oil will enter the wastewater stream. The effluent treatment plant must be designed to take care of this residual biochemical oxygen demand load and, in some cases, provide for color reduction in the treated effluent.

In essay-type examinations for degrees in British universities, marking customs tend to compress the candidates into a narrow band around the mean. This works especially adversely against those who, in examinations with several papers, achieve excellence in one or more. Often such candidates are awarded only the minimum distinction mark, the effect of which is nullified by aggregation. This is of some consequence in the British system, since the designation of a candidate's examination performance as “First Class,” “Second Class, Upper Division,” etc. is formally made by locating his examination average mark within specified intervals on a percentage scale. Awareness of the possible injustice which this method may cause has given rise to the practice of estimating the “balance of papers,” or considering the “classes” attained by the individual papers in the examination (irrespective of the actual mark), and giving the candidate the benefit of the doubt should he, for example, have a certain number of papers in a class higher than that indicated by his examination average. A classification reached in this way may of course be at variance with that indicated by the candidate's average of marks, and thus introduce an arbitrary element. An alternative method is therefore proposed in this paper. The usual custom is to assume that the marks indicating the various classes should be the same for the degree as a whole and for the individual papers. It would seem preferable first to determine the balance of papers which would be accepted as a claim to a First Class degree (since it is unlikely that a candidate writing several papers will be able to attain a first class mark in all) and deduce therefrom the classification intervals for the individual papers. A method of doing so is elaborated.

In preparing this discussion I chose not to use the four papers as a basis for reflections upon the state of the discipline, although that would probably have been more appropriate to the theme of the annual meeting. Rather I chose to restrict my comments to the specific economic and historical issues raised in the abstracts. I should note that in each case I benefited by having made available to me more material than the summaries published in this issue of the Tasks. All four papers can loosely be described as dealing with demographic themes. They can be further paired into two groups. The papers by Professors Hill and Uselding being concerned with the effects of immigration into the United States in the nineteenth-century, while those of de Vries and Mendels examine economic growth and population change in the Low Countries in the period before the Industrial Revolution. I shall no doubt spend more time commenting upon the first pair, if only because I am more familiar with the problems and the material, and I must fit their work into an accumulation of lecture notes on the subject.

The subject of early Wall-Papers has not been much investigated in England. Of the various forms of hanging or wall-decoration which preceded them–designs painted, stencilled, or incised on the walls; and hangings of plain material, of tapestry, of embroidery, of cloth stained or painted, and even of painted paper–and of the wall-papers of the eighteenth century–painted or printed importations from China and the printed products of our own country, from simple floral designs to the Gothics of Horace Walpole or the elaborate ‘scenes’, one set of which sufficed to decorate a whole room –of all these something is known; though we still wait for an authoritative and comprehensive work. But little attempt has been made so far to bridge the gap between medieval and modern, the sixteenth and the eighteenth centuries.

After exposure of nymphs of some Pyrrhocorid bugs to contact with certain papers or wood chips, abnormal adults are produced. Some have crumpled wings (distorted adults) and a proportion of these do not berrd, others have wing buds resembling those of a last-stage nymph and can never breed (juvenile adults). A study was made on Pyrrhocoris apterus L. and Dysdercus intermedius Dist. of the source of the factors causing these abnormalities, which were more severe in the latter species.Exposure of nymphs to paper fro the Scientific American or the Sunday Express resulted in the production of 60–100 per cent. ‘juvenile’ adults, the others showing lesser deformities. Chips from the Baisam Fir (Abies balsamea) resulted in almost 100 per cent. ‘juvenile adults’ in Dysdercus and over 80 per cent. distorted adults in yPyrrhocoris. Chips from two other common American pulp trees (Pseudotsuga taxifolia and Tsuga albertiana) resulted in only a few distorted adults and no ‘juvenile adults’. Several chemial pulps were tested but none caused deformities, and it was conculded that the chemical processes removed all the active priniciples, even from the wood of the Balsam Fir. Mechanically produced pulp from the Balsam Fir was, in contrast, fully active. It was conculded that daily newspapers may contain enough mechanical pulp from active woods to produce the deformities, but that the active material must be in substances added later in manufacture to the papers used in the Scientific American, some copies of Nature, and tissues.A number of tree products (mainly terpenoids) that are commonly added to paper in the final stages of manufacture were tested as extracts applied to filter paper. Tall oil rosin had little or on effect on the growth of either species, but it resulted in an increase in the number of eggs laid. Gum rosin had little effect on either species, except to produce a few distorted adults. Wood rosin likewise had little effect on P. apterus, but produced many distorted adults of D. intermedius, of which very few laid eggs. Bornly acetate, a common component of the tree orsins, produced some distorted adults of both species, and greatly reduced fertility in D. intermedius.None of the qctive mqteriqls affected locusts (Schistocera gregaria Forsk. and Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. & F.) except that myrrh oil (a terpenoid) increased the rate of sexusl maturation.

The essays collected in this volume, appearing between the years 1939 and 1958, include all of the late Professor J. L. Austin's published papers, and in addition two unpublished papers, ‘The Meaning of a Word’ (1940) and ‘Unfair to Facts’ (1954), as well as an unscripted talk, ‘Performative Utterances’, given in the Third Programme of the B.B.C. in 1956. The editors, J. O. Urmson and G. J. Warnock, have performed a real service in making these papers available in one volume; for the cumulative impact of the method Austin pursued in doing philosophy, and the questions this method raises, can be felt and appreciated more fully when a considerable assemblage of illustrative papers is brought together. The debt Austin owes to the tradition to which G. E. Moore and Wittgenstein contributed is quite clear, and the divergences from them are equally clear. In reviewing the contents of the ten articles in this volume I shall try to single out what is unique about his contribution, in particular what features of his procedure, falling as it does under the general classification ‘linguistic analysis’, were so distinctive as to win for it the attention accorded to a new departure.

When the paper was read at a meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society, some exceptions were taken to it by Lord Stanley of Alderley. A report of these has been added to the report of the paper in the pages of the Society's Journal, and may possibly give occasion for doubt on a subject which I think of much importance to Mohammedans in British India and even of some to the Government itself. I therefore propose to answer the exceptions in detail and at some length. But it seems necessary, for the better understanding of them, that I should first state briefly the principles on which the argument of the paper was founded.

For 20 centuries, vegetable fibers from various sources have been converted into thin sheets for use in trade, communications, law, and even for shelter. Cotton and linen rags were the first fibrous raw materials to acquire widespread status in paper making, and they are still needed for specialty products. Increasing demands for paper ultimately surpassed the availability of rags, so that other sources of fiber were sought. About the year 1800, numerous other materials of agricultural origin began to come into use somewhat temporarily. Although woods have become the prime source of paper making fibers during the last 100-125 years, annual plant fibers retain their importance. The technical feasibility of non-woody materials is substantiated by more than 300 paper mills throughout the world that use such raw materials. Both necessity and special properties account for their use. The potential for various nonwoody fibrous plants is being investigated intensively by the United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service, to discover new crops that might hare practical significance in the national agricultural program and in the commercial production of paper.

Evaluation by means of citation patterns can be successful only insofar as published papers and their bibliographies reflect scientific activity and nothing else. Such an innocent descrip tion is becoming less and less tenable. The present scientific explosion gave rise to more than a proportional pub lication explosion, which not only re flects the scientific explosion but has its own dynamics and vicious circles. Publication of results is probably the main means of accomplishing the al most impossible task of accounting for time and money spent on research. Inevitably, this puts a premium on quantity at the expense of quality, and, as with any other type of inflation, the problem worsens: the more papers are written, the less they count for and the greater is the pressure to publish more. What makes matters worse is the fact that the sheer volume of the"litera ture" makes it increasingly difficult to separate what is worthwhile from the rest. Critical reviews have become somewhat of a rarity, and editorial judgment is usually relegated to ref erees, who are contemporaries and, per haps, competitors of the authors-a situation which has its own undesirable implications (11, 18). It requires little imagination to discover other vicious circles, all arising from distortion of the primary reasons for publishing the results of scientific inquiry. There are, it is true, signs of ad justment to this crisis, partly due to some easing of the pressure to pub lish at all costs, and partly due to the readers' changing attitudes toward the flood of publications. An increasing amount of research is now being car ried out in the form of collective proj ects in large institutions where publica tion is no longer the standard method of accounting for individual work. At the same time there is apparent an in creasing tendency for scientific journals to polarize into the relatively few leading ones which carry important informa tion and the many subsidiary journals which serve as vehicles for interim lo cal accounting and, in a way, sub stitute for detailed intradepartmental re ports. This division is a result not of some arbitrary decree but of normal competition between journals, as a re sult of which, however, the strong usual ly get stronger and the weak get weaker. Were it not for these changes and also for a striking improvement in abstracting, indexing, and alerting serv ices, most research workers would have found long ago that, even in their own specialized fields, new information is accumulating faster than it can be sorted out. These developments can pro vide only a temporary reprieve, so long as there remains a strong incentive to publish the greatest possible number of papers. A new scale of values based on citations is by no means infallible or, in many cases, even fair, but at least it provides an alternative to the existing one, which is at the root of the crisis. It might, of course, be asked whether wide acceptance of such new stand ards would not lead to deliberate abuses. A little reflection shows that the system is less open to manipula tion than might appear. First, the ref erees are expected to see to it that the submitted papers cite work which is pertinent to the subject. An increased awareness of the usefulness of citation indexing as a tool for retrieval and evaluation will make this aspect of refereeing more important, and what now passes for minor carelessness or discourtesy could easily come to be regarded as serious malpractice. Sec ond, as noted above, careful selection of references is in the author's own interest, because it helps him to reach his readers. There is, therefore, some room for hope that healthy feedback in the system will tend to keep it viable. At the basis of this hope lies the supposition that, in the long run, only good work can ensure recognition. As Martyn (2) has pointed out, as an information-retrieval method, cita tion indexing is rather "noisy." The word noisy may apply even more to the problem of evaluation. Whereas in information retrieval much of the unwanted information can be filtered out by suitable search strategy (2, 6), this is not so easy to do for the pur pose of evaluation, because a simple descendence relationship between papers is still an ideal far removed from actuality (7). The situation would be much better if we could at will exclude all citations which do not indi cate real indebtedness. A scheme of citation relationship indicators, first men tioned by Garfield (12) and elaborated by Lipetz (17), would be a help, but, even if it were technically feasible, to provide such indicators would greatly add to the production costs of the Index. Another possible way to minimize the effects of "noise" is to increase the size of the samples on which the reckon ing is based. Now that research has be come a rather popular occupation, it seems that a kind of public vote may have to be accepted as a factor in evaluation. Since this is the case, there is something to be said for extending the "franchise" to minimize acciden tal effects. An index which attempted to process all scientific publications would be several times the size of the present Index, and, what is more, it would not necessarily be an improve ment as a tool for information retrieval because most of the significant work is already concentrated in the present Index. Whether this attempt will ever be considered worthwhile remains pri marily a matter of policy and eco nomics. In the meantime there is an urgent need for more experience with the existing services. It is not the purpose of this article to advocate evaluation of scientific work by some kind of public opinion poll; its purpose is to recognize a pos sible trend in this direction. Any judg ment by public acclaim is subject to obvious fallacies, but we must not be carried away by the analogy to the Stock Exchange or to electoral prac tices. The fact that, in this case, the "public" consists of authors whose con tributions are generally linked creates quite a new pattern of organization. In this discussion some of the aspects of this pattern have been explored through analogy to idealized genetic or mechani cal network models, but the very uniqueness of the system, with its many self-organizing ramifications, makes it a new field which deserves close study, since these developments may have pro found effects on the future of scientific communication.

A research paper presents the results of investigations on a selected topic. Based onresearchers own thoughts and the facts and ideas they have gathered from a variety of sources,a research paper is a creation that is usually unique. In Bangladesh about 100 science andresearch journals are published annually in English language of which 45 are biomedicaljournals. Most of these do not reach their target readers and are not indexed or abstracted.Amongst many other deterrents, poor peer review is one of the most important hindrance toquality publication of science journals regularly. For quality publication, journals need carefuland consistent editing. A well prepared systematic and organized manuscript is a prerequisitefor this purpose. Critical but sensible peer review can enhance and enrich the whole process.The final outcome will be a journal with sound science that can play its proper role in thedevelopment of the country.doi: 10.3329/taj.v15i2.3920TAJ December 2002; Vol.15(2): 98-102

I FOUND some difficulty in appraising Dr Buchdahl's paper. My difficulty is perhaps connected with the fact that I failed to recognise any similarity between his presentation of Popper's views and these views as I understand them. And I was at a loss to see why he should claim that Popper and Braithwaite are philosophically opposed to each other. For all I know their philosophical views agree very well on almost any issue which may be relevant to the present discussion.' The main point of Dr Buchdahl's paper has become somewhat clearer to me after long discussions with its author and Mr Gellner. I have ultimately assumed that Dr Buchdahl's thesis is that epistemological discussion is entirely useless for scientific research, a thesis very much in tune with the philosophy now in vogue in Britain. I shall try to criticise this thesis of Dr Buchdahl's, and to argue that in the historical case which he chose to discuss as an illustration of his point -Dumas's views of atomism-epistemological criticism might have

A general model of information transfer establishes a conceptual framework for contributed papers for the 1968 ADI Convention in Columbus, Ohio, October 20–24, 1968. The general model is an elaboration on the classic sender/channel/receiver model and presents a variety of alternative channels for information transfer including direct transfer, primary recorded media, archives, secondary recorded media, and information centers. Suggested areas for response in the form of contributed papers include costs, performance, benefits, functions, application of scientific and technical disciplines, research, vocabulary control, and language processing associated with information systems, science, and technology. A call for papers for the 1968 ADI Convention is included.

Dr. Seymour B. Sarason is in the Department of Psychology and the Psycho-Educational Clinic, Yale University. This is a report based on a recording of Dr. Sarason's paper which he presented at the Twenty-second National Conference of the Orton Society, Boston, 1971. (Dr. Sarason was unable to prepare a manuscript for publication as he had planned to do ; but his talk generated not only immediate interest and enthusiasm following its presentation at the Conference, but several urgent requests from subscribers to the Bulletin for copies of his remarks. For these reasons, and because we feel his talk to be of special relevance to other papers in this issue of the Bulletin, the staff has taken the liberty of preparing and publishing this report, and take full responsibility for it. We believe it accurately reflects Dr. Sarason's talk.)

The efficient production of “Geophysical Prospecting” depends upon the co-operation of the individual authors and this paper serves as a guide for them. Some suggestions are also made on the presentation of papers at meetings in the hope of promoting successful discussions.

The papers by Donald Hodgman and Thomas Mayer are concerned with two general questions: (1) The differential effects of monetary policy on different sectors of the economy, and (2) the use of selective credit controls to implement both general monetary policy and to alter the allocation of credit. Both Hodgman and Mayer pay particular attention to specific questions of interest to them. Mayer concentrates on the alleged discriminatory impact of tight money on housing. Hodgman devotes much of his paper to the use of selective credit controls as a tool for altering the allocation of credit in the market. Implicit in both analyses is some theory of optimal policy execution in a setting where the free market allegedly fails to produce socially acceptable results. Much theory has been put forth in this setting as far as tax and expenditure policies are concerned. Very little general theory has been developed as far as monetary policy is concerned. Both Mayer and Hodgman present theoretical discussions of specific issues but do not relate this theory to an overall approach to monetary policy execution. This is an ideal opportunity to initiate a discussion along such lines. There are, really, two topics for consideration. The first topic concerns the optimal execution of an overall policy of monetary ease or restraint, while the second issue concerns the optimal execution of a policy to alter the allocation of credit. Each will be discussed in turn. Let us assume for the moment that in all segments of the economy social costs equal private costs and social benefits equal private benefits. The imposition of monetary ease or restraint (in order to maintain full employment without inflation) must, therefore, take place without altering the efficiency of the free market's allocation of resources.1 In other words, we must minimize the welfare costs of a given monetary (or stabilization) policy. Assuming that some stabilization policy is

In terms of Western political science or military doctrine it seems somewhat irrational that the leaders of Communist China should refer to great powers as “paper tigers.” It appears even more illogical that they should call atomic bombs “paper tigers,” especially when they themselves place the highest priority on the development of a nuclear capability. Yet, since the first Chinese nuclear explosion on October 16, 1964, the official Communist Press has again referred to the United States, Great Britain and the “revisionists” (both Khrushchev and the present leaders of the Soviet Union) as “paper tigers.” This same metaphor has also been applied to “imperialism” and “all reactionaries,” as well as to nuclear weapons, air-power and sea-power.

IIn the Correspondence of Leon Walras and Related Papers (Jaff& 1965), William Jaffi has achieved a vast organization of experience, transforming an unstructured part of history into an intellectually and aesthetically satisfying whole. He has revealed the fundamental pattern and relation to its times of fifty years' work of a great constructive genius. The rough drafts that Walras made of his own letters, together with his papers and the letters he received, constitute an enormous mass, covering both personal and professional matters, in different locations and in different languages. From these Jaife has made a judicious selection, guided by the principle that Walras's economics is the matter of primary interest for these volumes. Guided by the same principle, Jaff& has also included letters that reveal the way in which Walras's social class, education, personal circumstances, and intellectual, political, and economic times influenced some aspects of his work, particularly his positions on economic policy. Since the letters were written long ago by many people, and cover many topics and half a century in time, Jaff& has provided annotations to establish a meaningful context for them, and has prepared excellent indexes. His work makes the Correspondence a fine research tool. It is a rich and usable source of materials for those who want to understand Walras and economics in the second half of the nineteenth century. Jaff6 explains allusions to historical and literary events, presents biographical and bibliographical information, makes cross-references, and summarizes and quotes the works and papers of Walras and his correspondents, so that the letters and the notes clarify and complement each other. In the annotation, Jaff6 displays the editorial brilliance, the indefatigable and meticulous scholarship, and the detailed knowledge of Walras's work that we have come to take for granted from him. The previously unpublished papers are significant as additions to our knowledge of Walrasian and

The publication of technical papers is a means for achieving several desirable ends: promotion of a product line or a new device, recognition for the engineer-author, promotion of a company's image, introduction of new information and know-how into the technology to keep it healthy. Companies should go further than just tolerating the writing of papers; they should give active support and subsidization. This support can best be implemented by a chartered organization with management backing and funding. Such organizations should be staffed with engineering editors?or information specialists?who will already have been working with engineers on reports and proposals and who will have across-the-board familiarity with the various engineering specialities in a given company. The support group can help create new authors as well as helping all authors in the many complex steps toward appearing in print. This paper elaborates on the aforementioned ideas, and describes how one papers' support group has successfully helped many engineers into print.

IT IS a generally accepted view, I believe, that the purpose of freshman and sophomore "research papers" is not to make new discoveries nor to teach "the mastery of the procedure of investigation," but first, to make students get more information about subjects than they can get in classrooms; and second, to give them practice in reading and observing intelligently, thinking clearly, and expressing themselves effectively. Getting this information and practice is not only worth while but very desirable, but it is not research, certainly not in the sense in which the term is applied to research foundations and is used, presumably, in graduate schools. To call it that, as so many textbooks for college composition are now doing, is to confuse matters-for students, if not for many of their instructors. Confusion begins with the term research itself. Whether for good or ill, this term has long since been surrounded with such a haze that it is often nothing less than frightful to the Freshman or Sophomore. When, therefore, he is requested to write a "research paper," he finds himself quite ignorant of just what he is expected to do. Talk about consulting "sources" and "evaluating data" is hardly more comprehensible. In fact, he is fortunate if he is not further confused by it. And when or if he attempts to "give a survey of the various views advanced by authorities on your subject," as one well-known textbook for freshman English advises, what does he find? References, references, and more references. Where, the bewildered student wonders, is there room or reason for originality? What should be done about the term research then? It should be left, with all of the "methodology" it implies, to the senior colleges, graduate schools, and research foundations, and both should be replaced with something not so grandiose for Freshmen and Sophomores. It is high time for something to be done about the matter, lest students from the highest to the lowest levels soon find themselves sweltering in " research." One of the best of the recently published textbooks on the teaching of English in the secondary school now advises prospective teachers to teach their students to write "'research papers,," even where library facilities are not altogether inspiring, and high-school students are already beginning to apply the term research to their fiveand ten-page digests from readyreference books and periodicals! For Freshmen and Sophomores, if not for those less advanced. there is

Throughout my years of work as an information scientist I have been plagued by a personal and professional sense of doubt with respect to the field. A central theme of every conference that I have attended related to: “What is information science?” Or “Is information science a science?” In this paper I hope to take these questions head on. I must begin by saying that I do take information science seriously as a science. I see it as the quest for understanding of the nature of information and man's interaction with it. That we lack so much in this quest for understanding is the greatest challenge of the science. I intend to explore the tradition, or world view, bearing on the scientific study of information. The currently prevalent world view is the scientific tradition which extends from the Enlightenment to the present. I also intend to look critically at what I perceive to be the premises underlying most of our. current efforts to understand the phenomenon of information. The criticism will by necessity be speculative. I intend to stick my neck out, not because I can prove my assertions, but because I believe these ideas must be discussed.

This paper describes the development and application of an algorithm which generates non-linear representations of English text. The algorithm uses the results of a syntactic analysis system and a set of rules which prescribe linkages to generate a graph of a sentence. The shape of these graphs corresponds to the syntax of the sentence; the labels correspond to the vocabulary of the sentence and the edge types correspond to case grammar roles. The sentence graphs can then be interconnected at common nodes and analyzed according to common edges. Preliminary experimentation has yielded promising results. It appears that the algorithm produces a representation of English text which could be quite useful in automatic language processing.

(1971). Montesquieu's Usbek: Paper Persian or Anti-Hero? Kentucky Romance Quarterly: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 101-110.

OF the many papers printed since 1812 in the medical periodical now known as the New England Journal of Medicine, hardly a score qualify as contributions of sufficient importance to be included in bibliographic listings designed to illustrate the progress of medicine. The Journal, like most publications of its type, contained few original contributions of particular value during its first hundred years, for most physicians had not developed the habit of documenting their unusual experiences and often they had to be urged to do so by their fellow practitioners. The Journal, however, offered a relatively easy and rapid means of . . .

Summary To conclude this paper, the most important points may be summarized as follows. Firstly, pollution by dairy effluents will have to be stopped, not only for reasons of good public relations, but also because of impending trouble for future offenders when recent legislation begins to take effect. Secondly, the best and cheapest way of reducing the size of the problem is to reduce losses in the dairy of milk solids of all sorts, especially by-products of low cash value but high polluting power. Thirdly, direct disposal of the remaining effluent is always best, where possible, but the only method of doing this which can be unreservedly recommended is by a pipe-line to the sea or to the sewer of a willing Local Authority. Direct disposal on land may be a tempting method financially, but is only satisfactory in exceptional places, and is always a potential source of complaints from neighbours. Fourthly, for most dairies some kind of effluent purification treatment is unavoidable. At small non-manufacturing dairies, where sludge disposal is not too difficult, the chemical precipitation process followed by irrigation has the advantage of simplicity and low capital cost. If space is limited, single biological filtration can be used for the final stage instead of irrigation. Scarlett's process of aerobic fermentation followed by biological filtration seems more suitable for larger dairies. The activated sludge process is relatively compact and cheap, but is unsuitable for manufacturing dairies with fluctuating load. Of the various biological filtration systems, in our experience the method of choice, when the load is heavy and where a high quality effluent is essential, is undoubtedly the double-alternating system. It is unfortunately also very expensive. The cost of filter beds, which is the largest item, can be reduced by using one of the high-rate systems, but these usually involve a bigger sludge disposal problem and an inferior effluent. Finally, I would like to repeat a plea often made before. An effluent plant should be regarded as part of the normal dairy equipment, and should be cared for like the rest of the factory. It should not be thought of as a mere nuisance, or something to be fitted and forgotten. In our experience, the effluent plant that is best looked after gives the least trouble and the best results. This is not achieved by putting it in charge of the most incompetent odd-job man in the factory, who is thought fit for nothing better than sewage.

IN THESE times of war borne change in our economic structure and a questioning attitude as to the essentiality of the various functions in our distributive system, the wholesale distributor sometimes hears his function spoken of as superfluous. This discussion concerns itself with the wholesale paper trade on the Pacific Coast, and endeavors to show by illustrations drawn from one particular industry how vital the distributor can be, how essential is his part in the war effort, and how great are his wartime sacrifices.

This article analyzes the characteristics of the multiple-image technique of audiovisual communication and emphasizes its advantages over the more usual sequential presentation of supporting visual images. The features of the multiple-image technique are assessed and the production techniques peculiar to the method are examined. Audience reaction to this type of presentation is then considered. Evidence is presented to support the premise that this technique offers exciting potential for the presentation of technical papers, an area of communication which has received little attention for much too long a time.

These papers, which the kindness of the late owner, Mr. Shaw-Hellier of Wimbourne Wodehouse, and of Mr. W. P. Gibbons of The Foxhills, Wimbourne, near Wolverhampton, have placed in the hands of the Society, are taken from a commonplace book compiled by Richard Broughton, man of business to Walter and Robert Devereux, Earls of Essex

Every generation has interpreted the monetary experience of the colonies in the light of its own problems. The Jacksonian period produced the interpretations of Gouge just as the silver controversy of the 1890's produced the work of Bullock and Davis. The reaction to the financial fundamentalism of the 1890's came largely from the work of R. A. Lester and the unpublished but celebrated work of L. Brock in the late thirties and early forties, heavily influenced by the experience of the depression. From the latter two, a new orthodoxy has emerged among American historians, under the authority of E. James Ferguson, whose important recent study, The Power of the Purse, defends the paper money currencies of the colonies by a well-reasoned appeal to the modern fiscal practice of financing war by inflation.

In the paper here commented upon, its author discusses the various versions of the discovery of X-ray diffraction under the aspect of the formation and embellishment of myths of origin of the clan formed by crystallographers. To that effect, he endeavours to show that most details of the traditional descriptions of motives and obstacles encountered in the planning of the Laue-Friedrich-Knipping experiment are fictitious and fabricated for the purpose of giving the clan a separate identity. This interpretation by the author is possible only because he fails to appreciate the vagueness of the physical information confronting Lauebefore the experiment. To make his interpretation plausible, the author repeatedly aggrandizes statements taken from the literature, especially from Laue's Nobel Lecture and from the Festschrift for the semicentennial of the discovery. These unjustified accents, needed in support of his main thesis, show that his scheme is pre-conceived, artificial, and unnecessary.

(1946). The Relative Effectiveness of Paper-Pencil Test, Interview, and Ratings as Techniques for Personality Evaluation. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 35-54.

(1899). XLII. The absorption of water in hot glass. Second paper. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 47, No. 288, pp. 461-479.

Professor Leahy, in an effort to complement the traditional functions of public expenditures, i.e. allocation, distribution and stabilization, pro? poses another function that the government should perform.1 In all its functions the government must recognize the spatial dimensions of our economy in order to improve the quantitative and qualitative aspects of man and his society. The issue of public expenditures raised in this paper deals not only with what but also with where and why public expendi? tures should be allocated. He seems to favor balanced regional economic growth and progress, or, as I shall refer to it, a "balanced public ex? penditure" concept. I do not object to the validity of Professor Leahy's thesis?that "public expenditures?their nature and impact?must be quickly and efficiently reoriented." Unfortunately, however, there is very little in? formation available on the geographic distribution and impact of federal taxing and spending. Such information is essential before an efficient reorientation of public expenditures can be implemented. According to the National Industrial Conference Board, "the diffi? culties in developing such information are staggering and require not only a large amount of statistical sorting and reclassification of budget data by state, but also numerous economic assumptions on the shifting and incidence of federal taxing and spending."2 Some federal payments are difficult to trace geographically. The real initial impact of a defense payment is at the headquarters of the defense contractor which may be in a state other than that of the defense plant. Moreover, a prime contractor may pass on parts of the original defense order to one or more variously located subcontractors. The only study that traced and allocated, state by state, the regional impact of federal taxing and spending was that developed by the Legis? lative Reference Service of the Library of Congress for the fiscal years 1965-67. The analysis was cast mainly in terms of broad indexes based on national per capita averages of federal taxing and spending. Twenty three states with 35 percent of the country's population received per capita federal outlays within reasonably close range of national average ($590). Thirteen states with 44 percent of the population fell short of 119

How do you sell your school and your ideas to your community? In every reputable business that deals with the public, the underlying principle of its success lies in getting the public to feel a need for the business and to appreciate its existence. Is not your school a business institution ? Then, what sort of scheme do you use to get your community to place a value on the school and appreciate the work that is being done by it ? This is an easy matter, perhaps, in the larger school systems, since they are located in communities where many progressive organizations are at work all the time to keep things worth while before the public; but what of the small school systems located far out in the small towns, where people seldom organize for anything and rarely even read the local paper ? Better-trained teachers, with higher salary demands, is commonplace talk everywhere among school people. Communities are calling for college and university trained men and women to take charge of their schools. Yet, with all this, the community is so engaged with its daily business grind that it is too often unprepared educationally to accept without much criticism some of the modern educational practices that will be brought to it through the medium of this specially trained teaching force. As a result, the community not seldom is disappointed, and the teacher's work a failure. What can be done to remedy such conditions? How may the small city and town superintendent prepare to meet such circumstances? How may he prepare his community for his plans of operating the school system or for any change that he may contemplate putting into effect ?

When at your opening meeting of the thirty-ninth session I was privileged to read my first paper on “The Ancient Dance-Forms” to you, I regretted that the time at my disposal would only allow me to treat my subject to a detailed examination in part, and on that occasion I received your courteous attention while I brought before you a few historical facts relating to the ancestors of the forms that constituted the Suite, and to these forms themselves as far as, and excluding, the Gigue. I propose to-day to continue the subject; but I am afraid I shall not be able to add as many forms as I treated on the last occasion. Indeed, I intend to confine myself to one form only,—the Gigue. Spme explanation, however, is due to you to justify me in occupying your time with a single dance-form. Patriotism alone, apart from the importance of the form, should be sufficient justification. When I opened your last session I treated of seven dances, six of which became great favourites in England; yet every one of them was of foreign origin. In the Gigue, at least, we have what is without doubt a British product, and the comparative paucity of indigenous forms should cause such a dance to assume important dimensions in our musical history. Yet there are authorities,—yes, even English ones,—who would rob us of our right to this form and give it to the Continent. I am here to-day with the avowed intention of claiming the Jig for Britain as a native production, thoroughly in keeping, in its spirit and characteristics, with the traditions of this nation.

Bonhoeffer's fragments from prison are some of the few bits of thought which have caused real theological excitement and bewilderment in recent years. In these letters and papers Bonhoeffer explores the theological problem of Christian faith and ethics in the mid-twentieth century. In an attempt to understand these fragments, we shall first outline the ‘situation’ Bonhoeffer describes and in which he himself lives. Then we shall summarise the ‘problem’ which this situation presents to theology, and, finally, explore Bonhoeffer's hints at a ‘solution’.

(1837). XXXII. Papers on the alleged periodical meteors of the 13th of November, and on shooting stars in general. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 11, No. 67, pp. 261-273.

Kuusinen (1969) compared the factor structures of individual subjects' ratings of their peers with the structure of peer ratings made by a group of subjects. He concluded that the group structure adequately represented the individual structures and that inter-individual differences were unimportant. This conclusion is challenged in the present paper. It is argued that the between-subject differences in Kuusinen's results were too pronounced to be dismissed as negligible. Data are also presented from a study in which subjects made personality ratings of stereotypic role figures. The factor structure underlying each subject's ratings was determined and compared with that of each other subject. The degree of congruence between the factor structures of pairs of subjects varied and in general only moderate convergence was observed. Implications of these individual differences for the concept of implicit personality theories were discussed.

Summary The author discusses some of the points raised by Mr Karmel in his paper on the Relations between Male and Female Reproduction Rates (Population Studies, vol. I, no. 3, pp. 249–74). He considers some of the reasons for the discrepancies between male and female reproduction rates, and shows that this matter of discrepancies is connected with the problem of male and female nuptiality. He also considers the possibility of calculating a ‘unique’ measure of the true rate of increase, which does not involve inconsistencies of the type discussed by Mr Karmel. Finally, he criticizes the method used by Mr Karmel for calculating the net fertility of marriage and suggests a method which would eliminate the ambiguities of Mr Karmel's measures.

I propose, in this paper, to review briefly the present stateof the question, and of the answer thereto. Within the last twenty years a great advance has been made with regard to it; and we owe this advance almost entirely to the researches of two savants, Hofraths Dr. J. Wiesner and Dr. J. Karabacek, both Professors in the University of Vienna. In the following review I shall state the results of those researches, together with such conclusions as appear to me legitimately deducible from them.