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In the field of paper conservation and archival research, identifying the raw materials of paper is important to elucidate its history and culture. As the most basic element of the raw materials for paper, fibers have not been sufficiently investigated. In this study, we propose a nondestructive method for estimating paper fibers from macro photographs ( $4000\times3000$ pixels) captured using a digital camera. The proposed method consists of background patch (500 pixels per side) detection (BPD), wherein background regions with no text are identified; patch fiber classification (PFC), wherein background patches obtained after BPD are analyzed for fiber classification; and paper fiber estimation (PFE), wherein macro images obtained after PFC are analyzed for fiber estimation. BPD and PFC are employed to perform patch-based classification on segmented macro images, which are reconstructed during PFE to obtain the final fiber estimation results. We performed experiments using 1337 macro images (64176 patches) to evaluate the fiber estimation accuracy for kozo, mitsumata, and gampi via three-fold cross-validation. The average fiber classification accuracy for patch images was observed to be 79.1%; accordingly, the average fiber estimation accuracy for macro images was 85.8%. Experimental results indicated that PFE can be realized in a nondestructive manner on macro images of paper captured using a digital camera.

Computer scientists often publish their source code accompanying their publications, prominently using code repositories across various domains. Despite the concurrent existence of scholarly articles and their associated official code repositories, explicit references linking the two are often missing. Traditionally, identifying whether scholarly content and code repositories pertain to the same research project requires manual inspection, a time-consuming task. This paper proposes a deep learning-based algorithm for automatically matching scholarly articles with their corresponding official code repositories. Our findings indicate that the most common linking information includes the paper title and BibTeX entries, typically found in the repository’s readme document. In this study, we employed SPECTER for vector embedding of paper and repository metadata. Utilizing these embedding representations with the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), our method achieved an F1 score of 0.94. Moreover, combining our best model with a rule-based approach improved performance by 5.31%. This study successfully delineates a connection between academic papers and associated official code repositories, minimizing reliance on explicit bibliographic information in repositories.

In the era of Industry 4.0, digital transformation has spurred the swift advancement of technologies, including intelligent predictive maintenance scheduling, prognostics and health management. The accurate prediction of remaining useful life plays a crucial role in these technologies as it extends power equipment’s safe operational duration and decreases the maintenance costs associated with unforeseen shutdowns. Also, the increased accessibility of data for monitoring system conditions has paved the way for the more immense adoption of machine learning models in prognostics and health management for power transformers. At the moment, with the ever-increasing demand for electricity, there is a corresponding increase in the degradation processes of power transformers. Transformers insulation system and more importantly, the paper insulation happens to be the principal part where the degradation is prominent. Therefore, an accurate prediction of the insulating paper condition through its degree of polymerization is required to guarantee the reliability of power transformers. In this regard, the predictions, reliability, and health monitoring of this power equipment can be actualized by modeling the degradation of transformer insulation paper through several machine learning frameworks. In this view, this review paper has been drafted not only to serve as a guide for researchers interested in the fields of transformer insulation system fault prognosis but also to offer insights into potential research directions as existing literature in modeling and evaluating transformer paper insulation is presented.

Evaluating the long-term influence of academic papers in the early stage after publication is crucial for research management and decision-making. Although the total number of citations has been considered as a valid indicator to measure the academic influence of papers, there are still some bottleneck problems in predicting future citation counts. Firstly, it remains a challenging task to select the reasonable features due to the diversity of model features. Secondly, some prediction models are overly complex and their defects may cause prediction bias or even errors. Finally, the most important thing is that very few models possess long-term predictive ability. This paper proposes a prediction model that can provide an early evaluation of the long-term citations, or the long-term influence, of academic papers. The model uses features available immediately after publication or after a certain period of time. Taking academic papers in Information Science and Library Science as our experimental subject, we train the model using three machine learning algorithms and find that the artificial neural network performs satisfactorily. Our findings may offer guidance for research management and decision-making.

Abstract The insulation performance of oil paper insulation is significantly affected by moisture such that monitoring moisture content is important. However, it is difficult to obtain the moisture content accurately due to its dynamic change under multi physical fields. Studying the moisture transportation in oil paper insulation under multi physical fields becomes a vital method in solving the problem. A multi physical model describing moisture migration was proposed, which considered the effects of temperature on moisture in different existing states in oil‐immersed paper (OIP). The temperature distribution formed a vapour pressure gradient to drive moisture migration and affected migration speed. Then, experiments and simulations of moisture migration were performed, which showed that the experiments were in good agreement with simulation. The results revealed that the temperature gradient caused uneven moisture distribution and the increased temperature reduced OIP moisture content. The established model could fully characterise moisture migration under temperature gradient, which provided a theoretical reference for predicting the risk of partial dampness and evaluating insulation performance.

Excessive copper (Cu2+) causes adverse effects on human health and the ecological environment. Traditional methods for detecting Cu2+ have drawbacks such as high detection costs, complex operating conditions, and being time consuming. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop simple detection methods to better meet specific health and environment quality needs. In this work, a paper-based fluorescence sensor was prepared (herein referred to as the as-prepared method) by immersing filter paper in aqueous polyethyleneimine (PEI) solution, and its potential use in Cu2+ detection was investigated. The results showed that the as-prepared paper samples, with fluorescence properties obtained by aggregation-induced luminescence of PEI, have selective recognition of Cu2+ based on the internal filtration effect, and the lowest detection limit is 0.03 μM. In addition, the relative error of this method is in the range of 1.80~2.23%, which is relatively comparable to the national standard method (0.63~630 μM), demonstrating high accuracy. Therefore, paper-based sensors with a simple preparation method have potential applications in the detection of Cu2+ in water.

Abstract Various dielectric response processes in the oil‐paper insulation are sensitively affected by the insulating states (ageing degrees and moisture contents). However, the existing research is still incomplete in revealing the microscopic mechanisms of various dielectric response processes in oil‐paper insulation with different insulating states. Given this issue, the genetic algorithm is first adopted to extract the Dissado–Hill (D–H) model parameters by simulating the frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) of oil‐paper insulation. Then, the change laws of the extracted D–H model parameters are adopted to reveal the microscopic mechanisms of various dielectric response processes. Microscopic mechanisms of four dielectric response processes are studied, which are quasi‐dc relaxation, loss peak relaxation, optical frequency relaxation, and DC conductance. Meanwhile, due to the dielectric response processes being dominated by various polar particles (methanol, ethanol, furfural, and water molecule), the contents of various ageing by‐products dissolved in the insulating oil are measured to support the above analysis. In this respect, a dielectric theoretical reference for the FDS technique to research the insulating states of oil‐paper insulation is provided.

Abstract The main part of oil‐immersed power equipment is oil‐paper insulation. At lower ambient temperatures, transformer oil will become viscous. As a result, compared to those at room temperature or operating temperature, the frequency domain dielectric properties of oil‐paper insulation at low temperatures are drastically different. For evaluating the insulation condition of electrical equipment, it is essential to accurately determine their dielectric properties. This paper described the FDS test, the DC conductivity test, and the transformer oil viscosity test, which was carried out in a laboratory environment for different ageing of oil‐immersed pressboard and transformer oil at 233–373 K. The effects of temperature on the dielectric properties at the competing mechanisms of polarisation and conductivity loss were clarified based on variations of the FDS curves. Considering the viscosity change of ageing transformer oil at low temperatures, the Arrhenius and VFT viscosity equations were used to achieve a fitting calculation in the different temperature zones. Based on the molecular/ion transition model in the force field and electric field, the characterisation relationships between the dynamic viscosity, DC conductivity, and test temperature of transformer oil were established. The limitations of conventional transformer oil equivalent dielectric relaxation models over a wide temperature range were finally clarified by combining the test findings of the DC conductivity over a wide temperature range with observed and simulated calculations. This paper provides an essential theoretical reference when using the FDS test to diagnose the insulation performance of oil‐immersed power equipment in extremely cold regions.

Abstract Oil‐paper insulation material is an essential component for oil‐filled transformers, and polyimide (PI) insulation paper is a novel material in the field of electricity. The improvement of insulation class for insulation paper has gained significant attention in recent years. In this study, SiO2 nanoparticles were modified with a silane coupling agent (KH550), and the KH550‐SiO2 was added to the fibre membrane through in situ polymerisation. The chemical composition and microcosmic characteristics of the PI porous fibre membrane were characterised using FT‐IR and SEM FT‐IR and SEM. Consequently, the dielectric constant of the composite paper was reduced to 2.3 upon adding 3 wt% of KH550‐SiO2, and the dielectric strength reached its maximum value of 85 kV/mm. The results demonstrate that the insulation performance of the KH550‐SiO2/PI composite was significantly improved due to the incorporation of nano‐SiO2. This establishes an efficient approach for achieving excellent electrical and thermal properties in practical applications using the KH550‐SiO2/PI fibre membrane.

Abstract The moisture generated by the ageing of the oil‐paper insulating system can easily lead to the deterioration of the performance of the insulating paper. In order to alleviate the impact of moisture on the performance of the insulating paper, we developed a kind of lipophilic hydrophobic self‐repairing cellulose insulating paper (new insulating paper) based on the ternary system of polytetrafluoroethylene, fluorocarbon surfactant and fluorinated alkyl silane, and accelerated thermal ageing test for 45 days at 130°C was carried out. The experimental results show that the new insulating paper with excellent lipophilic property can realise hydrophobic self‐repairing through heat treatment after physical damage. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the new insulating paper increased by 5%–8% and 6.25%–27% respectively compared with the original cellulose insulating paper. At the end of ageing, the relative dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of new insulating paper are 10.4% and 9.9% lower than that of the original cellulose insulating paper, while the breakdown voltage is 6.8% higher. The acid and moisture content produced during the ageing process of the insulating oil impregnated with new insulating paper are also less, indicating that the coating can delay the ageing of the insulating paper.

Flexible paper-based materials play a crucial role in the field of flexible electromagnetic shielding due to their thinness and controllable shape. In this study, we employed the wet paper forming technique to prepare carbon fiber paper with a thickness gradient. The electromagnetic shielding performance of the carbon fiber paper varies with the ladder-like thickness distribution. Specifically, an increase in thickness gradient leads to higher reflectance of the carbon fiber paper. Within the X-band frequency range (8.2–12.4 GHz), reflectivity decreases as electromagnetic wave frequency increases, indicating enhanced penetration of electromagnetic waves into the interior of the carbon fiber paper. This enhancement is attributed to an increased fiber content per unit area resulting from a greater thickness gradient, which further enhances reflection loss and promotes internal multiple reflections and scattering effects, leading to increased absorption loss. Notably, at a 5 mm thickness, our carbon fiber paper exhibits an impressive average overall shielding performance, reaching 63.46 dB. Moreover, it exhibits notable air permeability and mechanical properties, thereby assuming a pivotal role in the realm of flexible wearable devices in the foreseeable future.

A thermoelectric generator (TEG) is one of the important energy harvesting sources for wearable electronic devices, which converts waste heat into electrical energy without any external stimuli, such as light or mechanical motion. However, the poor flexibility of traditional TEGs (e.g., Si-based TE devices) causes the limitations in practical applications. Flexible paper substrates are becoming increasingly attractive in wearable electronic technology owing to their usability, environmental friendliness (disposable, biodegradable, and renewable materials), and foldability. The high water-absorbing quality of paper restricts its scope of application due to water failure. Therefore, we propose a high-performance flexible waterproof paper-based thermoelectric generator (WPTEG). A modification method that infiltrates TE materials into cellulose paper through vacuum filtration is used to prepare the TE modules. By connecting the TE-modified paper with Al tape, as well as a superhydrophobic layer encapsulation, the WPTEG is fabricated. The WPTEG with three P–N modules can generate an output voltage of up to 235 mV at a temperature difference of 50 K, which can provide power to portable electronic devices such as diodes, clocks, and calculators in hot water. With the waterproof property, the WPTEG paves the way for achieving multi-scenario applications in humid environments on human skin.

As air pollution escalates, the need for air filters increases. It is better that the filters used be based on natural fibers, such as non-wood fibers, which cause low damage to the environment. However, the short fiber lengths, low apparent densities, and high volumes of non-wood materials can make it challenging to prepare filter paper with the required mechanical and physical properties. In that context, this study focused on utilizing bamboo fibers to fabricate filter paper by employing the anthraquinone soda pulping method. The pulp underwent bleaching and oxidation processes, with the incorporation of cationic starch (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to enhance resistance properties, resulting in the creation of handmade filter papers. The findings revealed that the tear, burst, and tensile strength of filter paper increased with the oxidation and addition of CS and PVA. Air permeability increased with addition of PVA and combination of CS and PVA. FTIR demonstrated the conversion of hydroxyl groups in cellulose chains to carboxyl groups due to oxidation. SEM images illustrated alterations in the fiber structure post-oxidation treatment, with CS reducing pores while PVA and the CS-PVA combination enlarged pore size and enhanced porosity. The BET surface area surface area expanded with oxidation and the addition of the CS-PVA blend, indicating heightened filter paper porosity. Notably, the combined inclusion of CS and PVA not only augmented mechanical strength but also increased porosity while maintaining pore size.

The aim of this third Eng Special Issue is to collect experimental and theoretical re-search relating to engineering science and technology [...]

To explore the microscopic mechanism of thermal stability of oil-paper insulation， a molecular model consistent with the actual oil-paper insulation is established. Through comparison with the experimental results， the effectiveness of the model is verified. With temperature as an independent variable， variation of the mechanical parameters and hydrogen bond energy of the cellulose molecular model under the action of a thermal field is investigated. The results show that parameters characterizing the mechanical properties of cellulose， such as bulk modulus （K）， Young's modulus （E）， shear modulus （G）， and Poisson's ratio （v） of the cellulose crystalline zone model are larger than those of the amorphous zone model at the same temperature， and the distribution of hydrogen bond energy remains the same. Thus， the cellulose crystalline zone is superior to the amorphous zone in mechanical properties and determines the insulation properties of cellulose insulating paper. The results of the study provide a theoretical basis and method for investigating the microscopic mechanism of thermal aging of oil-paper insulation.

This article presents the results of flame-retardancy tests conducted on cellulose sheets produced using a Rapid Köthen apparatus treated with retardants. The agents used were potassium carbonate (PC) K2CO3 (concentrations of 20; 33.3; and 50% wt/wt), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) NH4H2PO4 (concentrations of 35% wt/wt), diammonium phosphate (DAP) (NH4)2HPO4 (concentrations of 42.9% wt/wt), and bisguanidal phosphate (FOS) C2H10N6 (concentrations of 22.5% wt/wt). The agents were used to improve Kraft cellulose-based sheets’ flame-retardant properties and compare their performances. As part of the study, the flammability of the materials was determined by the following methods: an oxygen index (OI) test, a mass loss calorimeter (MLC) test, and a mini fire tube (MFT) test. All formulations showed an increase in flame retardancy compared to the control test. All protected samples were non-flammable for OI determinations, and DAP-protected samples showed the highest OI index. For the MLC test, DAP-protected and MAP-protected samples showed the best heat-release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), and average heat-release rate (ARHE) (samples did not ignite for 600 s). In the MFT test, all treated samples had comparably reduced weight loss. The best parameter was achieved for MAP and DAP (15% weight loss).

Abstract The ionic transport process is an important counterpart to charge transport in oil‐paper insulation, and it significantly impacts oil flow electrification at the oil‐paper interface. Despite this, the dynamics of this phenomenon and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, particularly at the molecular level. To understand this fundamental aspect, we conduct Molecular Dynamics study on the transport behaviour of an impurity ion in different oil‐paper insulation models under various external electric fields. Different influence factors, such as external electric fields, temperatures, and local structural characteristics, are investigated in relation to the corresponding ionic mobility in different polymer models. According to the simulations, ionic mobility and its response to electric fields are higher in weaker electrostatic models. As a result, mineral oil exhibits the highest ionic mobility and the most substantial enhancement of ionic mobility by external electric fields, followed by vegetable oil, oil‐paper blends, and insulating paper. This significant deviation in ionic mobility between oil and paper leads to the formation of an electric double layer near the oil‐paper interface. The underlying physical mechanisms of different ionic mobility and its response to the electric field in different polymer models could be explained by the different polymer structural influences in terms of interaction energy and coordination numbers in a static manner, as well as by the interactions between the impurity ion and its surrounding atoms in terms of lifetime correlation functions and velocity autocorrelation functions in a dynamic manner. In addition, the influence of temperature on ionic mobility in mineral and vegetable oil is examined, and their activation energies are calculated. Advancing in the fundamental understanding of the dynamics of the ion transport process in oil‐paper insulation is vital to improving their insulating properties for oil‐impregnated power transformers.

Recently, Polarization Depolarization current (PDC) measurement is widely accepted time domain spectroscopy-based method for assessing the insulation condition. Various performance parameters like Dissipation factor (%tan $\delta $ ), Paper Moisture (%pm), Dielectric Adsorption Ratio (DAR), Polarization index (PI) etc. can be estimated by analyzing the PDC data. During field measurement various factors influences the recorded PDC data. As per existing literature, presence of low frequency noise, effect of temperature variation and influence of residual charge are common during field measurement. These factors significantly affect recorded polarization current and hence estimated performance parameters. Hence, analysis using recorded polarization current data may provide misleading information regarding insulation condition. Under such practical situation where polarization current is affected by above mentioned factors that generally observed during field measurement, depolarization current should be used for analysis of insulation condition. The depolarization current does not influence by such external factors. The present work shows the importance of depolarization current where polarization current is influenced by external low frequency noise and residual charge. The analysis firstly applied on sample prepared in the laboratory and then on data collected from real life in-situ transformers. The results obtained from the analysis shows that the data obtained from depolarization current is more reliable.

Cardiotocography (CTG) is a clinical procedure that is used to track and gauge the severity of fetal distress. Although CTG is the most often used equipment to monitor and assess the health of the fetus, the high rate of false positive results due to visual interpretation significantly contributes to needless surgical delivery or delayed intervention. In this study, a novel approach is introduced where both printing CTG paper is digitized and a machine learning approach is employed to detect the abnormality in the digitized CTG signal. Image processing-based preprocessing steps are employed to make the printing of CTG paper more convenient to extract the CTG signal. Various signal-processing techniques are used to calibrate the extracted CTG signal. Then, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is used to decompose the CTG signal into its frequency components and instantaneous frequency and spectral entropy features are extracted. After feature normalization and feature selection with ReliefF algorithm, support vector machines (SVM) is used for the classification of the normal and abnormal classes. A novel dataset is used in the experimental works and various performance evaluation metrics are used for the evaluation of the achievement of the proposed method. 10-fold cross-validation-based experiments show that the proposed method is quite efficient in abnormality detection in printing CTG papers where an average accuracy score of around 90.0% is produced.

Currently, tissue product producers try to meet consumers’ requirements to retain their loyalty. In perforated products, such as toilet paper, these requirements involve the paper being portioned along the perforation line and not outside of it. Thus, it becomes necessary to enhance the behavior of the perforation line in perforated tissue papers. The current study aimed to verify if the perforation line for 0° (the solution found in commercial perforated products) is the best solution to maximize the perforation efficiency. A finite element (FE) simulation was used to validate the experimental data, where the deviations from the experiments were 5.2% for the case with a 4 mm perforation length and 8.8% for a perforation of 2 mm, and optimize the perforation efficiency using the genetic algorithm while considering two different cases. In the first case, the blank distance and the perforation line angle were varied, with the best configuration being achieved with a blank distance of 0.1 mm and an inclination angle of 0.56°. For the second case, the blank distance was fixed to 1.0 mm and the only variable to be optimized was the inclination angle of the perforation line. It was found that the best angle inclination was 0.67°. In both cases, it was verified that a slight inclination in the perforation line will favor partitioning and therefore the perforation efficiency.

Flashover characteristics are closely related to the electrical field distribution on the surface of oil-paper insulation. In this study, the effects of electrical field and DC voltage components on the creepage flashover characteristics of oil-paper insulation under combined AC-DC voltage (CADV) are investigated using two electrode models. The results demonstrate that when the DC voltage component is large, the flashover voltage under the influence of strong parallel electric field component is approximately 1.2 times higher than that under the influence of strong normal electric field component. When the DC voltage component value increases under the influence of strong normal electric field component, the value of corresponding AC voltage component of the creepage flashover voltage exhibits a decreasing trend. It is believed that due to the strong normal electric field component, the electrons intensify the collision on the surface of the insulating pressboard. Under the influence of the DC voltage component and due to the presence of space charge on the insulating pressboard, the distribution shape of carbonized particles on the surface of the insulating pressboard after creepage flashover is different. Furthermore, the instantaneous energy release during creepage flashover under CADV is higher than that under AC voltage, and the greater the DC voltage component value, more severe is the damage to the fibers on the insulating pressboard surface.

This paper discusses the results of the micro-Raman analysis performed on paper-like graphene oxide (GO) samples consisting of many functionalised graphene layers and annealed at moderate temperatures (≤500 °C) under vacuum conditions (p ≃ 10−4 mbar). The analysis of the standalone samples revealed that the obtained material is characterised by a noticeable disorder level but still stays below the commonly accepted threshold of high or total disorder. GO formed in a simple way showed two spectral bands above 1650 cm−1 recorded very rarely or not at all and their origin has been discussed in detail. The results also confirmed the metastable character of multilayer GO after the annealing process at moderate temperatures as the C/O ratio was kept between 2 and 3 and the spectral features were stable within the annealing temperature range.

The 1000 kV transformer is one of the most important equipment in ultra high voltage (UHV) power grid, and its service life largely depends on the state of its oil paper insulation system. Especially when micro-bubbles appear in oil paper insulation, the insulation performance of oil paper insulation will be greatly reduced. In this paper, the oil paper insulation micro-bubbles generation platform has been built in the laboratory for 1000 kV transformers. Based on the platform, the influence of temperature rate on oil paper insulation micro-bubbles was studied firstly. By setting the heating power, the micro-bubbles generation experiment of oil paper insulation samples with 3.0% water content was carried out. It is found that with the increase of heating rate, the initial temperature of micro-bubbles generation will increase and the time interval of micro-bubbles escape will be shorten. Then, the oil paper insulation samples aged for 0 day, 20 days and 40 days were tested. It is found that the longer the thermal aging time, the higher the micro-bubbles begin temperature, which directly shows that thermal aging could inhibit the generation of micro-bubbles. In addition, it is found that different layers of insulation paper also have an effect on the generation of micro-bubbles. These results can provide theoretical data support for the operation load setting and fault diagnosis of 1000 kV transformers.

Green development is an important direction of international economic and social development, and the green management practice of enterprises is the decisive factor to realize green development. This paper collected the data of green management and carbon performance of China paper enterprises through a questionnaire, from the perspective of measuring green management from management consciousness and management ability, applied the fixed-effect model to test the impact of management awareness and management ability on the carbon performance of paper enterprises, and explored mediation effect of management behavior of paper enterprises between management consciousness, management ability and carbon performance. The research results show that green management awareness and management ability positively affect carbon performance of paper enterprises; management behavior has a mediation effect between management awareness and management ability and corporate carbon performance; heterogeneity analysis shows that the positive impact of green management awareness and management ability on carbon performance varies due to establishment time, size, nature and regional differences.

Abstract Engineering experience shows that for transformers with long service life and serious moisture exposure, the inter‐turn paper insulation inside the winding will precipitate bubbles under the condition of electric field and conductor heating, which will endanger the equipment insulation. In order to explore the influence factors of bubbles formation in the moist insulating paper of transformers, based on the existing research on the influence of moisture content and gas dissolution in transformer oil, this study further considers the influence of air pressure (AP) and electric field and establishes an experimental platform to change the air pressure and electric field, thereby studying the formation characteristics of bubbles in oil‐paper insulation. The results show that air pressure and electric field can affect the initial temperature, volume, and shape of bubble formation. From 0 to −0.05 MPa for air pressure, the initial temperature of bubble generation decreased by 41°C, its maximum two‐dimensional projected area increased by 418.4% with more severe distortion, and the breakdown voltage decreased. When the AC voltage applied on the needle plate electrode increased from 0 to 10 kV, the initial temperature of bubble formation increased by 29°C, and the maximum two‐dimensional projection area increased by 336.6%.

Abstract Frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy (FDS) is an effective method reflecting the changes of ageing status of silicone oil‐immersed insulation paper. For better evaluating the ageing status of silicone oil‐immersed insulation paper, an evaluation method was studied by analysing the ageing kinetic model and results of FDS. First, the method to separate the different polarization losses and conductivity loss from the results of FDS was studied. Then, based on the idea of ageing correction translation coefficient and time‐varying pre exponential factor, the zero order ageing dynamic model was modified, which combines the ageing kinetic model with the results of FDS. Finally, the evaluation method for the degree of polymerisation (DP) of silicone oil‐immersed paper was proposed, and experiments were conducted to obtain the parameters in the modified model and then to verify the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can be used to evaluate the DP effectively.

This work presents the results of paper laser processing. It begins with the selection and examination of the processing parameters, then an examination of the properties of the modified papers and examples of applications of the developed modification method. The properties of laser-modified paper were studied using reflectance spectrophotometry to examine the colour aspects of the modified papers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy for a morphological analysis, and Raman spectroscopy to analyse the papers under the influence of laser light. The influence of laser processing on the wettability of paper and the evenness of unprinted and printed paper was also investigated. The knowledge gained on paper surface modification with laser light was used to propose several applications, such as methods of marking, tactile detection, the controlled removal of optical brightener, ink, and metallised coatings from paper packaging, highlighting the design and aesthetics of paper. The developed laser-assisted method shows a promising, ecological approach to the design of many value-added paper products.

The study aims to present the results of paper compression under an axial load. Different heights of samples subjected to compression were taken into account. The main goal of the analysis was to determine experimentally the maximum compression load. In addition, numerical models based on the finite element method (FEM) were validated to refer to empirical results. The performed numerical simulations were founded on Green–Lagrangian nonlinear equations for large displacements and strains. The progressive failure of the compressed orthotropic material after exceeding maximum stresses was based on Hill’s anisotropy theory. Nonlinear calculations were conducted by using a typical Newton–Raphson algorithm for achieving a sequence convergence. The accuracy of the developed model was confirmed experimentally in compression tests. The technique of analysing the shape of the compressed paper sample on the basis of images recorded during the measurement was used. The obtained test results are directly applicable in practice, especially in the calculation of the mechanical properties of corrugated cardboard and in determining the load capacity of cardboard packaging. Knowing the maximum compressive stress that packaging paper can withstand allows packaging to be properly designed and its strength assessed in the context of the transport and storage of goods.

Abstract In order to improve the sensitivity and accuracy of oil‐paper insulation partial discharge detection by the fibre‐optic Fabry–Perot (FP) ultrasonic sensor, this work studied the ultrasonic signal’s frequency characteristics of typical oil‐paper insulation partial discharges and the vibration characteristics of the FP sensor’s diaphragm in the liquid environment. Based on the works above, a multifrequency FP sensor array is proposed, consisting of several FP sensors with different resonant frequencies to detect partial discharges. The experimental results show that the liquid environment has a significant effect on the vibration characteristics of the FP sensor’s diaphragm, and the sensitivity and accuracy of partial discharge detection can be improved based on the multifrequency FP sensing array, which can also be applied in the pattern recognition and localisation of partial discharges.

Abstract Furfural content in oil is considered as an effective parameter to evaluate the ageing state of oil‐immersed transformers. In previous thermal ageing experiments at 130°C, we found that moisture increment in oil‐paper system makes more furfural distribute in oil. However, the microcosmic mechanism of moisture effect on furfural diffusion from paper to oil is still unknown, and the furfural equilibrium law at transformers' typical operating temperatures is also unclear, resulting in the unreliability of the existed furfural evaluation model. To elucidate the above problems, molecular dynamics simulation and furfural equilibrium experiments at 60°C were carried out at different moisture contents. The results show that high moisture content makes part of furfural diffuse from paper to oil indeed. Supposing moisture content increases from 1% to 2%, mass fraction of furfural in oil may increase from 32.98% to 49.83%, leading to furfural content in oil increases from 0.76 mg/L to 1.06 mg/L when the degree of polymerisation of insulation paper is about 524, which increased by 39.5%. The increase in moisture content makes cellulose form hydrogen bonds with H2O preferentially, decreasing the hydrogen bonds interaction between cellulose and furfural. Thus, partial furfural falls off cellulose and diffuses into oil, leading to an increase in furfural content in oil. To eliminate the moisture interference, a corrected furfural assessment model based on the moisture equilibrium curve has been constructed, which can accurately evaluate the ageing state of insulation paper regardless of the moisture influence.

Abstract Organophilic groups of coupling agents can be the key factor for the electrical performance of Boron Nitride (BN)/meta‐aramid composite paper. In this article, four types of triethoxy‐silane coupling agents with different organophilic groups, including mercapto‐propyl (MP), glycidylether‐propyl (GP), amino‐propyl (AP) and trideca‐fluoro‐octyl (TFO) were studied. The structural and electrical properties of modified papers were compared, and the molecular simulation was conducted to reveal the interface interaction of modified BN and aramid. The results show that AP, GP and MP follow the same mechanism, improving the electrical performance by modifying the interface stability and paper structure, and the ranks of improving effects are AP, MP and GP. While, TFO mainly relies on the fluorine components to implement the electrical reinforcement, which compensates for the shortcoming in the paper structure. By choosing TFO and filler content of 15 wt%, the optimal breakdown strength of the paper can be increased to 28.17 kV/mm, 1.8 times that of the paper doped with the hydroxylated BN.

In on-site measurement, as the transformer’s structure is often unknown, the application of frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) is greatly limited in moisture assessment of transformer. This paper proposes a moisture assessment method for oil-immersed paper based on the dynamic characteristic frequency even for an unknown transformer structure. FDS tests are performed on the oil-paper insulation, corresponding oil-immersed paper, and mineral oil under different moisture conditions. The moisture criterion of oil-immersed paper and the influence of the structural parameters on the calculated frequency spectroscopy at different frequencies are discussed. It is concluded that the moisture criterion’s effectiveness, which indicates the sensitivity of assessed moisture content to the error of the tan $\delta $ , changes at different frequencies. Moreover, there are some frequencies at which tan $\delta $ is not influenced by structural parameters and is close to the measured value, which are regarded as “characteristic frequencies.” Based on the characteristic frequency, the moisture content of oil-immersed paper is assessed according to the frequency spectroscopy of oil-paper insulation without the structural parameters. The result shows that the assessing frequency changes under different moisture conditions, and the error of the assessed moisture content is less than 0.1%.

The availability of the raw materials needed to produce fibre is decreasing as demand for fibre increases over time. In an effort, to preserve natural biodiversity and improve waste management, this research aims to substitute available raw materials for wood fibres. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is regarded as waste in the oil palm industry and is abundantly available as a renewable energy source, particularly in Southeast Asian countries. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the utilisation of EFB as a substitute for insulating paper in transformers. The morphology, degree of polymerization, tensile strength, thermal characteristics, permittivity, conductivity, and electrical properties (breakdown field strength and lightning impulse performance) of EFB were measured and compared to the properties of Kraft insulating paper. Using FESEM at a magnification of $500\times $ , the morphological properties were examined. Based on FTIR measurement, the chemical bonding between Kraft and EFB samples varied slightly. Compared to EFB, Kraft-pulped insulating paper has a higher degree of polymerization and the ability to endure high temperatures. Furthermore, the breakdown field strength performance demonstrates that Kraft insulating paper is 20.30% higher than EFB insulating paper. In terms of tensile strength and lightning impulse, EFB insulating paper demonstrated comparable performance to conventional insulating paper. A new approach to the manufacturing of EFB insulating paper could result in improvements to the material’s insulation qualities.

This study aims to develop a prediction model for paper quality assessment to support technology-assisted peer review. The prediction technique is intended to reduce the review burden, which is becoming a critical issue in today’s paper submission process. However, most existing works on this topic were built by involving the reviewers’ comments, which is considered unfair and inapplicable for reducing the review burden. Therefore, our prediction method relies only on features extracted from the paper to address this issue. The method covers three tasks as follows: two are classification tasks and one is a regression task. The classification tasks predict the final review decision (accepted-rejected) and estimate the paper quality (good-poor), while a regression task predicts the review scores. Additionally, the classification and regression tasks are implemented using three main features i.e., citing sentence features developed based on the labeling scheme of citation functions, regular sentence features created by applying the label of citation functions to non-citation text, and reference-based features constructed by identifying the source of citations. Furthermore, the classification experiments on the dataset obtained from the International Conference on Learning Representations 2017–2020 showed that our methods are more effective in the good-poor task than the accepted-rejected task by demonstrating the best accuracy of 0.75 and 0.73, respectively. Moreover, we also reached a satisfactory recall of 0.99 using only the citing sentence features to obtain as many good papers as possible in the good-poor task. Our regression experiments indicate that the best result in predicting the average review score is higher than the individual review score by showing Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 1.34 and 1.71, respectively.

Reading newly-published papers in time is important for researchers since these papers provide the latest research findings. However, it is challenging to retrieve newly-published papers through common query-based search engines because the papers lacking sufficient citations and links are usually ranked too low in the search list. To this end, we design a time-aware joint model to infer users’ preference for the newly-published papers with the help of subsidiary relations of social and article linkages. The temporal preference of researchers for articles is jointly modeled with social and article relations by a group of matrices sharing common dimensions of researchers and articles. A joint multi-relational factorization algorithm is devised to approximate the latent factor matrices along with a temporal recommendation algorithm to predict the personalized new referential papers based on the factor matrices. The experimental results on real-world datasets show that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

Robotic process automation (RPA) is automating various job processes in many offices. However, most existing RPA systems automate only processes that are performed on computers. It is highly desirable to develop physical RPA systems that incorporate real robots to automate physical job processes. When developing physical RPA systems, handling paper is particularly important because many physical office jobs involve handling paper documents. However, it is not easy for robots to handle paper because paper is fragile. To address this issue, we propose an electroadhesive paper gripper in this study. The use of electroadhesion enables a robot to handle paper in a simple, non-destructive, and quiet manner. We provide (1) a mechanism for lifting a sheet of paper without accurate control of robot hands, (2) a mechanism for a small gripper to hold a large sheet of paper without bending it, and (3) a method for quickly releasing a sheet of paper. Furthermore, we apply the proposed paper gripper to a document-sorting robot. The robot that we have developed automatically arranges a given stack of paper documents in a predetermined order (e.g., alphabetical or numerical). Experimental results show the validity of the paper gripper and the sorting robot.

The hydrophilic nature of cellulose compromises the dielectric properties of kraft paper insulation when exposed to water and moisture. The effort to address this setback is an ongoing research enquiry. In the present work, surface-modified rutile-titanium dioxide nanoparticles (rutile-TiO2 NPs) are reinforced into cellulose pulp to fabricate a nanocomposite kraft paper insulation. Surface modification of the nanofiller particles is intended to reduce the hydrophilicity of the resultant nanocomposite kraft paper insulation. The nanoparticles (rutile-TiO2 NPs) improve other dielectric properties of the insulation. The chemicals used for the surface modification of the rutile-TiO2 NPs were the alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA). The nanofiller retention, dispersion and hydrophobic properties of the resultant reinforced kraft paper were experimentally analyzed. The results show that more than 50% of the nanofillers were retained within the reinforced kraft paper and translated to 1.5% by weight loading of the nanoparticles in the kraft paper. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed evenly distributed nanofillers, with some traces of agglomeration. The moisture absorption property of the kraft paper specimen modified with rutile-TiO2 NPs surface conditioned with 5 vol/vol% ASA improved by 74% compared to the control (reference) specimen. Water vapor transmission rate of the surface-modified nanoparticles reinforced kraft paper insulation decreased by 30%. Compared to the unfilled paper, the contact angle of water droplets on the surface of the reinforced kraft paper improved by 12%. Water absorption rate improved by being 4 times slower in paper specimens containing rutile-TiO2 NPs surface conditioned with 5 vol/vol% ASA. Dielectric dissipation factor measurement results showed that the specimen modified with rutile-TiO2 NPs surface conditioned with 5 vol/vol% ASA had 40% lower dielectric losses than the reference samples. This study, therefore, has successfully improved the hydrophobic properties of kraft paper by filling it with surface-modified rutile TiO2 using 5% ASA as the nanoparticle surfactant.

This study of patent applications and scientific publications related to batteries is unique as it includes the volume of as well as qualitative indicators for both types of publications. Using carefully elaborated strategies to identify publications relating to batteries, this study provides data to discuss the critical balance to strike between investments in research and the more innovation-related aspects. The results show that China’s dominance in publication volumes increases and that research with Chinese involvement is highly cited, whereas patent applications are slightly less valued than the world average. Quality-related indicators for Canada and the United States are very high for both scientific publications and patent applications. National differences in the proportions of patent applications and scientific publications are large, with Japan at one end with three patent applications per scientific paper and Canada at the other with almost seven scientific papers per patent application. On an actor level, data for Sweden indicate how the automotive industry started to file many patent applications in the decade starting in 2010. Finally, it is noted that this new approach to study a technological field appears promising as it gives new perspectives of relevance for policy actors and others.

In this study, Al paper and cellulose acetate (CA) filters derived from heated tobacco waste were successfully converted into current collectors and active materials for a supercapacitor device. Typically, heated tobacco contains electrically discontinuous Al paper. First, Al was extracted from the tobacco waste using HCl to produce Lewis acid (AlCl3). This acid was then used in an Al electrodeposition process utilizing the chloroaluminate ionic liquid reaction between the acid and the base (RCl) at room temperature. To enhance the conductivity, a supplementary coating of Al metal was applied to the Al paper through electrodeposition, thus re-establishing the electrical continuity of the discontinuous parts and forming an Al-coated current collector. Moreover, the CA filters were carbonized under a nitrogen atmosphere, yielding carbon precursors (C-CA) for the supercapacitor electrodes. To further enhance the electrochemical performance, nickel oxide (NiO) was incorporated into C-CA, resulting in C-CA@NiO with pseudocapacitance. The specific surface area of CA increased with carbonization and the subsequent incorporation of NiO. The as-synthesized C-CA and C-CA@NiO materials were applied to an Al-coated current collector to obtain C-CA- and C-CA@NiO-based electrodes, exhibiting stable electrochemical behavior in the voltage range of −1.0 to 0 V and 0 to 1.0 V, respectively. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) device was assembled with C-CA@NiO and C-CA as the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. This ASC device demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 40.8 F g−1, while widening the operating voltage window to 2.0 V. The high electrochemical performance of the device is attributed to the successful Al electrodeposition, which facilitates the electrical conductivity and increased porosity of the C-CA@NiO and C-CA materials. To the best of our knowledge, this is a pioneering study in regards to the conversion of biomass waste into current collectors and active materials to fabricate a practical ASC device. Our findings highlight the potential of reusing Al paper and CA filters from heated tobacco waste as essential components of energy storage devices.

This paper presents a laminated paper-based Planar Inverted F Antenna (PIFA) for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The major challenges like providing adequate thickness, uniformity of surface, and water wet ability associated with paper substrate have been transcended in this antenna design by laminating the substrate with a transparent sheet. The simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the fabricated antenna in free space and on human arm are remarkably good, validating the prototype’s utility. It can operate effectively in GSM, WMTS, GPS, DCS, ISM, WiMAX, HIPERLAN, WLAN, and UWB frequency bands with S11 less than -10 dB and the gain ranging from 0.94 to 9.53 dB (free space) and 1.03 to 6.07 dB (on-body). The electrical size of the proposed antenna is 0.16 λg x 0.12 λg at 0.7 GHz with a group delay below 2.3 ns over the desired frequency bands. The performance characteristics are also investigated on-body and it encompasses most of the desired frequency bands for the body area network. This paper also analyses the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the designed antenna by placing it on a tissue-layered human arm model, which is 0.64 Watt/kg, complying with the SAR safety guidelines.

Abstract Cellulose insulation paper is the main component of oil‐paper insulation systems in oil‐immersed transformers. However, the poor thermal conductivity and thermal stability of the cellulose can lead to thermal ageing. It is critical to address this issue by improving the performance of cellulose, nano‐SiC‐modified cellulose models were established by molecular simulation, while nano‐SiC composite papersheets were prepared based on the simulation results, and the effects of different contents of nano‐SiC on the papersheets were investigated. Macroscopically, doping nano‐SiC particles can enhance the thermal stability of cellulose; compared with the unmodified papersheet, the thermal conductivity and tensile strength of the modified papersheets are increased by 44.3% and 42.8%, respectively. The degree of polymerisation of the modified papersheet decreased more slowly than that of the unmodified papersheet under accelerated thermal ageing, showing that the modified papersheet has better anti‐ageing properties. Microscopically, with the addition of nano‐SiC, the simulations showed that the mean square displacement of the cellulose decreases dramatically and the distribution of the free volume becomes difficult to disperse, which corresponds to the decrease in porosity in the experiments. As a result, this research provides a way for improving the thermal‐mechanical properties of cellulose that has practical application significance.

The dynamic mechanical behavior and cushioning performance of honeycomb sandwich panels, which are extensively employed in product cushioning packaging due to their exceptional energy absorption capabilities, were examined using a combination of experimental and numerical methods. Several factors, such as maximum acceleration–static stress, cushioning coefficient–static stress, and other curves, were analyzed under various impact conditions. The simulated stress–strain, deformation modes, cushioning coefficients, and other parameters demonstrate consistency with the experimental results. The acceleration, maximum compression, and cushioning coefficient obtained from the experiment and simulation calculation were 30.68 g, 15.44 mm, and 2.65, and 31.96 g, 14.91 mm, and 2.79, respectively. The results indicate that all error values were less than 5%, confirming the precision and reliability of the model. Furthermore, the model was utilized to simulate and predict the cushioning performance of honeycomb sandwich panels with different cell structures and paper thicknesses. These results provide a solid basis for enhancing the design of subsequent honeycomb element structures.

The coefficient of friction for different contacting materials against skin is mainly influenced by the nature of the materials (synthetic and natural fabrics), mechanical contact parameters (interfacial pressure and sliding velocities), and physiological skin conditions (ambient humidity and skin moisture content). In the present research work, seven different types of papers used in everyday life were analyzed. The physical properties of these materials were determined through tensile tests and friction tests. By comparing mechanical properties with coefficient of friction, it was possible to conclude that the coefficient of friction is strongly correlated with the mechanical properties.

Flexible calcium carbonate (FCC) was developed as a functional papermaking filler for high loaded paper, which was a fiber-like shaped calcium carbonate produced from the in situ carbonation process on the cellulose micro-or nanofibril surface. Chitin is the second most abundant renewable material after cellulose. In this study, a chitin microfibril was utilized as the fibril core for making the FCC. Cellulose fibrils for the preparation of FCC were obtained by fibrillation of the TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) treated wood fibers. The chitin fibril was obtained from the β-chitin from the born of squid fibrillated in water by grinding. Both fibrils were mixed with calcium oxide and underwent a carbonation process by the addition of carbon dioxide, thus the calcium carbonate attached on the fibrils to make FCC. When used in papermaking, both the FCC from chitin and cellulose gave a much higher bulk and tensile strength simultaneously than the conventional papermaking filler of ground calcium carbonate, while maintaining the other essential properties of paper. The FCC from chitin caused an even higher bulk and higher tensile strength than those of the FCC from cellulose in paper materials. Furthermore, the simple preparation method of the chitin FCC in comparison with the cellulose FCC may enable a reduction in the use of wood fibers, process energy, and the production cost of paper materials.

In recent years, many projects have been developed to reduce the energy consumption of buildings, both from the point of view of energy efficiency and the integration of renewable energies. However, few projects are related to the problem of integrating DER in environments dominated by high-tech equipment, the so-called ”critical loads”: data centers, railroad stations, airports, and hospitals. The European Interreg Sudoe IMPROVEMENT project aim is to renovate existing public buildings where critical loads predominate, converting them into nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEB), and for this purpose, it integrates combined cooling, heat, and power (CCHP) microgrid with renewable and other distributed energy resources (DER) like hybrid energy storage systems (ESS). With still one year to go before the end of the project, the consortium partners present in this position paper the latest progress of their respective work packages to date.

The main objective of the presented research was to find a model that describes the maximum compressive force of paper in its plane. The research began with crushing tests of a number of packaging paper samples of various lengths. It was shown that due to the specific structure of the paper and the high heterogeneity of its structure, packaging paper is material where it is difficult to determine the maximum compressive stress. Next, three analytical models describing the load capacity of a flat paper web were investigated and an alternative empirical model was proposed. The results of the performed tests are directly applicable in the calculation of the mechanical properties of corrugated cardboard and the determination of the load capacity of cardboard packaging.

The present study reports on the development by thermoforming of highly sustainable trays based on a bilayer structure composed of paper substrate and a film made of a blend of partially bio-based poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA). The incorporation of the renewable succinic acid derived biopolyester blend film slightly improved the thermal resistance and tensile strength of paper, whereas its flexural ductility and puncture resistance were notably enhanced. Furthermore, in terms of barrier properties, the incorporation of this biopolymer blend film reduced the water and aroma vapor permeances of paper by two orders of magnitude, while it endowed the paper structure with intermediate oxygen barrier properties. The resultant thermoformed bilayer trays were, thereafter, originally applied to preserve non-thermally treated Italian artisanal fresh pasta, “fusilli calabresi” type, which was stored under refrigeration conditions for 3 weeks. Shelf-life evaluation showed that the application of the PBS–PBSA film on the paper substrate delayed color changes and mold growth for 1 week, as well as reduced drying of fresh pasta, resulting in acceptable physicochemical quality parameters within 9 days of storage. Lastly, overall migration studies performed with two food simulants demonstrated that the newly developed paper/PBS–PBSA trays are safe since these successfully comply with current legislation on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food.

In protecting cultural heritage, deacidification is used to stabilize acidic papers, ensuring the neutralization of acids present in the paper. But in the process of aging, several mechanisms of degradation occur simultaneously. Therefore, substances used to stabilize the paper should contain an antioxidant component in addition to the deacidifying component. The effect of the antioxidant (hindered amine light stabilizers—HALS type) on the stabilization of lignin-containing acid papers during accelerated aging was studied in this work. The effective deacidification component was magnesium; the solvent was hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO). The 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine series of hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) was selected as appropriate for creating a modifying system based on HMDSO. The modification system was tested on samples of a model test acid lignin-containing paper (NOVO) and naturally aged acidic paper from the real book. The addition of substances to the proposed deacidification system has a favorable effect on stabilizing the pH during aging and provides the inhibition of the oxidative degradation products and stabilization of the cellulose degree of polymerization. It was confirmed that the application of the system containing deacidification and an antioxidant component may increase the effectiveness of the protection of acid groundwood paper heritage objects. Adding a tested antioxidant to the proposed deacidification system has a favorable effect on stabilizing the pH value for a long time in accelerated aging.

Abstract The ageing kinetic model is regarded as an effective tool to describe the degradation of transformer paper insulation. However, the temperature of the transformer winding is unevenly distributed, and the existing ageing kinetic models only depend on experimental data of accelerated thermal ageing at a constant temperature. Given this issue, this work proposes an improved second‐order kinetic model accounting for the non‐uniform thermal field. First, oil‐paper insulation samples with different ageing stages are prepared under the non‐uniform thermal field. Then, the sample's experimental data of moisture dispersion and distribution of degree of polymerisation are collected. On this basis, the improved second‐order kinetic model is derived to simulate insulating paper's ageing process subjected to an axial temperature gradient. Further, the relationship of the parameters in the improved second‐order kinetic model with the temperature and moisture content at different winding heights is obtained. Finally, the proposed model is validated, and the results show that the proposed model is more scientific than the traditional models to describe the degradation of paper insulation. In that respect, this work illustrates an improved second‐order kinetic model to provide a reference for the ageing assessment/life prediction of transformer paper insulation under the non‐uniform thermal field.

Nowadays many research articles are prefaced with research highlights to summarize the main findings of the paper. Highlights not only help researchers precisely and quickly identify the contributions of a paper, they also enhance the discoverability of the article via search engines. We aim to automatically construct research highlights given certain segments of a research paper. We use a pointer-generator network with coverage mechanism and a contextual embedding layer at the input that encodes the input tokens into SciBERT embeddings. We test our model on a benchmark dataset, CSPubSum, and also present MixSub, a new multi-disciplinary corpus of papers for automatic research highlight generation. For both CSPubSum and MixSub, we have observed that the proposed model achieves the best performance compared to related variants and other models proposed in the literature. On the CSPubSum dataset, our model achieves the best performance when the input is only the abstract of a paper as opposed to other segments of the paper. It produces ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2 and ROUGE-L F1-scores of 38.26, 14.26 and 35.51, respectively, METEOR score of 32.62, and BERTScore F1 of 86.65 which outperform all other baselines. On the new MixSub dataset, where only the abstract is the input, our proposed model (when trained on the whole training corpus without distinguishing between the subject categories) achieves ROUGE-1, ROUGE-2 and ROUGE-L F1-scores of 31.78, 9.76 and 29.3, respectively, METEOR score of 24.00, and BERTScore F1 of 85.25.