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The common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. has undergone a worldwide expansion in recent years, due to increased opportunities for dispersal and development of insecticide resistance. For successful control, efficacy testing of products against bed bugs and determination of insecticide resistance under practical conditions are of outstanding importance. A new test system mimicking the practical use situation of residual insecticides was developed and evaluated. Bed bugs were attracted by CO2 and heat to cross surfaces treated with alpha-cypermethrin and bendiocarb. In contrast to the complete efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin (less than 1% surviving bed bugs [with one exception of 5%]), only 45.3, 46, and 29% of insecticide-susceptible bed bugs showed lethal damage 7 d after contact with freshly bendiocarb-treated wallpaper or insecticide aged for 1 or 2 wk. Results show that the efficacy of different insecticides can be assessed with this new test system. Moreover, susceptibility to deltamethrin of five bed bug field strains, collected from infested apartments in Berlin, Germany, was determined in a filter paper contact bioassay. Resistance ratios (RRs) ranged between 4.3 and 20.7. In the novel simulated-use test, efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin was tested against the bed bug strain with the highest RR. In contrast to the insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain, alpha-cypermethrin was not effective against the field strain, where 26–50% of the bed bugs survived and even laid eggs. These results provide evidence for the presence of practically relevant pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home to the Communist Party of Germany's headquarters and heart of the remaining Scheunenviertel and its Jewish populations, Berlin's Bülowplatz was detested as representative of 'Judeo-Bolshevism' by local Nazis, and they vowed to 'cleanse' the square with an 'iron broom'. In March 1933, SA-men and police officers occupied and confiscated the KPD headquarters and renamed the square 'Horst-Wessel-Platz'. Thereafter, city officials selected the Jewish-owned apartment buildings behind the square for the first urban renewal measures under the new regime, with the explicit intent of evicting the Jewish residents from this Nazi memorial square. Via a close reading of minutes from bureaucratic meetings, this article illuminates how bureaucrats began translating Nazi ideology into practice. Although municipal and federal bureaucrats initially lacked the requisite authority and legislation to implement this ideologically driven project, united by broadly held antisemitic prejudices they creatively devised solutions and collaborated to mobilize bureaucratic processes for city planning that was explicitly antisemitic. The ideological transformation of Bülowplatz constituted the earliest case of de-Jewification (Entjudung) in Nazi Germany and set an important precedent for later measures of spatial and ethnic cleansing enacted against Jews in Germany and across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to determine the criteria according to which world news presented in the Soviet Union-controlled press of Berlin, Germany is selected. Berlin of today, with its four sectors under U.S., British, Russian and French control respectively, offers a fertile field for the application of content analysis techniques developed in this country during the war. From the start of the quadripartite occupation Berliners have been aware that the press in the Soviet sector of Berlin differs radically from that in the sectors controlled by the Western Powers. Differences have not been confined to the editorial pages but have extended to the news columns. It is of particular importance to attempt to isolate criteria of selection at this time, since a critical news-print shortage limits nearly all German papers to one page or less of world news, and only a small percentage of available dispatches can be given space.

The years following the so-called 'refugee crisis' of 2015 saw unprecedented efforts to promote the social and economic inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers. Entrepreneurship has been praised as a promising route to refugee self-reliance, but its viability remains contested and under-researched in developed economies such as Germany. Limited literature on the topic suggests entrepreneurship is a useful route to self-sufficiency, although refugees face more barriers than other immigrant entrepreneurs, such as language barriers and bureaucratic processes. This article uses semi-structured interviews with refugee entrepreneurs, civil society, social enterprises and the public sector to identify the main challenges for refugee entrepreneurs and to examine whether entrepreneurship is effective for achieving self-reliance in one of the most important centres for creating innovative projects supporting refugee inclusion and entrepreneurship, namely Berlin. Though it is too early to demonstrate whether entrepreneurship has long-term economic gains, this research shows that entrepreneurship is not a 'fast track' to economic self-reliance, but has several benefits for social inclusion. It also demonstrates the importance of holistic support systems for refugee entrepreneurs and the difficulty of refugee entrepreneurial success even in the most developed economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the European Union (EU) has gone further than any other country or institution in internalising the prescriptions of the Washington Consensus. Embedding neoliberal principles in the treaties defining its governance, the EU has enshrined a peculiar doctrine within its constitution. We further argue that this ‘Berlin–Washington Consensus’ has serious empirical and theoretical flaws, as its reliance on Pareto optimality leads to neglect the crucial links between current and potential growth. We show by means of a simple model that the call for structural reforms as an engine for growth may be controversial, once current and potential output are related. We claim that adherence to the Consensus may go a long way in explaining the poor growth performance of the European economy in the past two decades, because of the constraints that it imposed on fiscal and monetary policies. The same constraints have deepened the eurozone crisis that started in 2009, putting unwarranted emphasis on austerity and reform. Challenging the Consensus becomes a precondition for avoiding the implosion of the euro and recovering growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the nature of Gebrauchsgraphik, Monatschrift zur Förderung künstlerischer Reklame, a graphic design journal published in Berlin, Germany from 1924 until 1944. It examines the quality of the journal in the years up to 1938, its layout design, editorial policy and critical evaluation of graphic design. It provides a case study of the magazine and looks at the place of the journal in the context of other graphic design journalism in Europe at the time. The author suggests that the editorial policy and overall format of the journal can be considered a model for the representation of graphic design in magazine form.

The article focuses on the architectural works of Peter Behrens, an architect from the start of modernism in Berlin, Germany. Behrens is best known for his AEG Turbine Factory which is often featured in accounts of modern architecture. The aspects of his work is well covered and his brand of neo-classical modernism has been acclaimed as a landmark of architecture. Behrens design of letterforms enlighten the gothic versus roman dilemma in early twentieth-century period of the country. It states that the Darmstadt spirit of extending art to all aspects of life contributed to Behrens' type design, a detailed activity of utilitarian purposes to define art.

It has long been observed by social scientists and, more intuitively, by those who are concerned with the practical politics of public opinion, that one function of the mass media is to confer recognition on individuals or groups. Public recognition, in turn, when it comes from a "significant other" or an important reference group, may exercise an influence on the opinions and behavior of those who receive it. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role that recognition, as expressed through the mass media, played by influencing politically-significant behavior in one crisis situation—the Berlin blockade of 1948-49. Following the end of the Second World War, the city of Berlin in Germany was divided into four sectors, each of which was occupied by one of the four major powers. A full blockade of the land and water routes leading to the sectors occupied by the Western Allies was imposed by the Soviet Union in June 1948. Moscow's objective in doing this was apparently either to force the United States, Great Britain, and France to relinquish their position in Berlin, or else to obtain major concessions from them in West Germany.

A workshop on quantitative history 22–24 SEPTEMBER 2004, HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY, BERLIN [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers information on the conference "Rewriting, Remixing, and Reloading: Adaptations Across the Globe," held in Berlin, Germany from September 30-October 1, 2010. The conference, organized by the International Association of Adaptation Studies and the Centre for British Studies, included topics such as cinematic adaptations of British literary figures, the apocryphal figure of Judith in literature, film, and art, and topics related to playwright William Shakespeare.

This article comprises a new edition of two incantation bowls in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin originally published by J. Wohlstein in 1894. The bowls were written for the same client and appear to have originally been bound together. Both are directed against various types of malevolent forces, but each formula is otherwise distinct. The bowls contain a number of non-standard phonetic spellings, including אתאדאבה for אחתאדבוה ‘A.ata-de-'abuh’, ארדי for ערדי ‘wild asses’, בסי for בסים ‘savoury’, שקוה for שבקוה ‘leave her alone’, and ודלאת for ודלא את ‘and that are not’. Both elements of the phrase זיפו ואזיפו ‘be exorcized and rebuked’ appear to derive from the root זו″ף / זע″ף ‘to be angry; to threaten, rebuke’. VA 2414 is remarkable in that the demon is told to leave the client in favour of the flesh and blood of gazelles and wild asses and, surprisingly, flesh-eating maggots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the second half of the nineteenth century, Munich’s fame was centred about its reputation as a Kunststadt or art city. Second only to Paris in terms of the education, practice and marketing of art, Munich presented itself as a Gesamtkunstwerk or total work of art, touting its Renaissance, Baroque, and Neoclassical urban fabric as undisturbed by the intrusion of factories that had begun to alter the physiognomy of Europe’s largest cities. Art and architecture thus played crucial roles in defining Munich’s civic identity, especially with regard to its position as the capital of Bavaria. Upon the unification of Germany in 1871, however, Berlin began to challenge Munich’s Kunststadt status, eventually surpassing it. This essay examines the basis of Munich’s identity and the Bavarian–Prussian tensions that underscored its competition with Berlin, using three buildings as exemplars of this problematic relationship: the Bavarian National Museum of 1900, the Schack-Galerie of 1909, and the House of German Art of 1937. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the highlights of panel discussions at the Conference on Transnational Business and International Criminal Law held at Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany from May 15 to 16, 2009. The first session aimed to determine the possible application of non-international criminal law mechanisms at either the international or the national level in providing guidance on addressing corporate involvement in international crimes. The last session featured a presentation on challenges in prosecuting corporate crime in international courts.

Kaiser Wilhelm II's refashioning of the principal diplomatic space within his Berlin palace was both a political and an architectural endeavour. In his radical transformation of the Weisser Saal or White Hall of the Berlin palace, Wilhelm expressed not only his dual identities as both German Emperor and King of Prussia, but also his fascination with the latest technology. Working with architect Ernst Ihne, Wilhelm created a Weisser Saal strikingly modern in its purity of volume and its conceptual use of architecture-as-lamp, critical aspects obscured by the hall's neo-baroque decorative programme. This analysis examines the political, architectural and topographical contexts in which the Kaiser conceived this space, a project that he initiated shortly after assuming the throne. The room's transformation lasted over half his reign and was one of Wilhelm's most expensive building projects. In conjunction with this endeavour, Wilhelm also fashioned a peculiar Doppelthron or double throne for the room, another attempt to express his dual titles. Designed to impart both dynastic and national legitimacy, Wilhelm's Weisser Saal and its double throne were however undermined by subtexts of impermanence, an irony that calls into question their ultimate efficacy as political acts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article focuses on the impact of Fascism, the Holocaust, World War II, exiles and emigration to the musical communities, musical cultures and the musicians' life and career. It states that Lukas Foss is one of the best examples of musician who have experienced migration and has built career abroad. It discusses when he was 11 years old, Foss moved from Berlin, Germany to Paris, France, and he was 15 when he came to the U.S. to study at the Curtis Institute of Music. Another emigrant in Paris was Felix Wolfes, who ended up and made a career in New York as an assistant conductor, accompanist and teacher.

Mieke Bal and Shahram Entekhabi's Glub (Hearts) of 2004, comprising an art film and a video installation, inquires into the Middle Eastern and North African practice of eating roasted sunflower, pumpkin and other seeds as it has taken hold in the city of Berlin. Bal has called the work an instance rather than an object of ‘cultural analysis’, the term that she has espoused for her critical practice. Cultural analysis engages its object in relation to theoretical concepts and socio-cultural contexts without, however, reducing it to a case or illustration of either. This essay builds on the cultural analysis that Glub carries out by addressing the practice of seed-eating, described by one commentator as a ‘social event and an art form’, in a number of frames. These frames overlap but do not amount to a comprehensive description of the work, adding to the density or ‘thickness’ of the object at stake. Initially, the work is considered in the context of Bal's recent academic work. Further, there is discussion of Glub's peculiar and strategic rendering of Berlinian ‘street life’, which both suspends and reinforces the recognizability of the contemporary Western metropolis. Finally, the article addresses the ways in which the work engages with the possibilities and pitfalls of the cross-cultural translation of an everyday cultural detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how, in the latter part of the twentieth century, the German psychological sciences used the Berlin Wall to interpret and make sense of the psychological make-up of the German people. It focuses on how the wall has been invoked by psychiatrists, applied psychologists, and psychotherapists in their writings at three historical moments: (1) after its initial construction in 1961, (2) immediately after its fall in 1989, and (3) 10 years after its demise. After the wall was erected, it became an interpretive resource to think about a divided society, and to make visible, decipherable, and classifiable, the inner life of a people. Shortly after its fall, it continued to serve as a basis for categorizing human suffering. Ten years later the wall had been rhetorically transformed into a "mental wall" offering a compelling metaphor for modern Germany's apparent psychological and cultural divide. The three case studies exemplify how the psychological sciences use material objects, such as the Berlin Wall, as interpretive resources to reflect on psychological issues, make sense of societal transformations, and create and solve social problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the evolution of American and Soviet arts policy in Berlin between 1945 and 1947, with special attention to the role of music. Music's political ambiguity, and its reception as at once a uniquely German and international form of artistic expression, made it an ideal medium through which Allied military officials could project their country's aesthetic ideals and programmes for German cultural reform. If Berliners and their Soviet occupiers largely agreed upon the importance of élite musical tradition as an expression of national accomplishment and the mark of a cultured society, American authorities tended to treat music more as an entertaining, but non-essential diversion. Under the city's quadripartite military administration, it was difficult for any one occupation authority to pursue cultural objectives that were aesthetically or politically more restrictive than the others. Thus, superpower rivalry initially created more opportunities than limitations for Berlin artists. American officers were compelled to consent to more lenient denazification standards for musicians than they had initially intended, while the Soviets permitted and even encouraged modernist musical experiments in their sector of occupation. In competition with each other and seeking the loyalties of their German charges, the Allies encouraged Berlin to become a lively—and heavily subsidized—city of the arts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Into the 1930s, the Jewish population in Germany used the term Enlightenment (Aufklärung) emphatically to formulate its self-image. At the end of the twentieth century scarcely anything remained of the once emotional semantics. The most recent literature on relations between Jews and the Enlightenment elaborates the hostility of the German Enlightenment towards Jews with philological acuity. The essay examines the relationship between the Enlightenment and Jewry and Jewish experiences in the eighteenth century from a comparative perspective. The Berlin Enlightenment is compared with its Florentine counterpart. This comparison shows that intellectuals in the Prussian capital were far more open and unbiased towards Jews than their Tuscan counterparts. While in Berlin Jews were admitted to the academies and convivial societies, this was largely denied them in Tuscany. Despite the altered climate at the end of the Enlightenment period, the article emphasizes that, if there was ever a period in German-Jewish history that may be deemed balanced, then it was the age of Enlightenment. The comparison between Prussia and Tuscany can thus help us to understand how the Enlightenment could become such an emphatic and emotional point of orientation for German Jews in the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the history of female culture in terms of salon scholarship in Berlin, Germany from 18th to 19th century. Nature of sociability in the salons; Restrictive criterion for salon scholarship; Reason for the decline of salons.

Reports on issues discussed at the July, 1998 conference on genomic projects at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin titled `Postgenomics? Historical, Techno-Epistemic and Cultural Aspects of Genome Projects'. The state of genomic research; How the conference came about; Unique foci of the conference; Historical background of genetics; Special consideration of microbial genomics; Assessments of various genome projects; Epistemological critiques and proposed reconstructions.

Discusses the local bread rationing during the first World War in Berlin, Germany. Consequences of wartime scarcity; History of rationing of bread in Berlin; Food policy in Germany.

Reports the symposium on the history of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society during national socialism in Berlin, Germany. Discussion on issues related to race hygienic and genetic research; Role of scientists in the society under the Nazi dictatorship; Organizer of the conference.

The article discusses the relationship between artists and art institutions in Germany from 1933 to 1945. Founded in 1696, the Academy and the College of Art in Berlin, Germany, aimed to provide training to both artists and craftsmen. The Teaching Institute of the Kunstgewerbemuseum was established in 1868 and its director in 1907 was Bruno Paul. Among the Jewish names who were murdered for racist reasons were the graphic artist Ernst Böhm and art historian Oskar Fischel. The Bauhaus concept was disintegrated under National Socialism as reflected in Oskar Schlemmer's life and the relationship of Neue Sachlichkeit to Fascism in the painter Georg Schrimpf's life.

Gustav Friedrich Waagen was a pioneer in art history and the first art historian to become a museum director. He was one of the earliest scholars in the discipline to demonstrate that art history transforms the way in which we view art. In his arrangement of the Painting Gallery in the Royal Museum in Berlin, he demonstrated the development of European painting by integrating historicism with art-historical documentation and aesthetic criteria. Waagen's acquisitions for the Museum, and his knowledge of Old Master works, attracted the attention of collectors and connoisseurs throughout Europe. During the course of his thirty-eight years of museum tenure, Waagen implemented numerous innovative ideas that set precedents in the practical functioning of large, public European museums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigates the musical patronage exercised in Berlin, Germany by Sara Levy (1761-1854), Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn's maternal great-aunt. Reconstruction of the manuscript collection; How Levy stood at the center of the creation of musical taste in Berlin; How the north German Bach tradition revived by Felix Mendelssohn, was passed through three generations through Levy's work.

The article discusses the highlights of the 83rd Congress of the European Orthodontic Society (EOS) held in Berlin, Germany from June 20-24, 2007. The organization, which was formed in 1907, celebrated its 100th anniversary. A total of 107 companies participated at the trade exhibition. A lecture on the myths and legend in orthodontics was given by Professor Frans van der Linden from the Netherlands.