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The CJEU's judgment in Case 401/19 (Poland v EU Parliament and Council) of April 2022 has unambiguously settled that, if it is to be in line with EU constitutional law, Art. 17 DSM Directive has to be implemented and applied in a balanced way to prevent the immediate ex ante blocking of contents which do not manifestly infringe copyright. Germany (and Austria) have implemented Art. 17 in their national laws in such a balanced way that provides for a delayed takedown for contents which can be presumed to be covered by exceptions to copyright law. This paper outlines the structure and workability of the German implementation law which now, after the CJEU judgment, in fact is a genuine (and perhaps the only reasonable) model for implementation in other Member States which have not yet implemented Art. 17. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assuming a long-term feedback loop between attitudes about gender divisions of labor and family policy, we examine such attitudes in Germany, Austria, and Sweden, between 1994 and 2012. Using a longitudinal, case study approach, we argue that attitudes on the gender division of labor need to be put in relation to both recent family policy changes and a country's gender regime. Employing latent class analysis, we examine the prevalence of different views on gender division of labor over time and test for measurement invariance to assess whether characteristics of attitudinal groups change across years. Results show increasing support for maternal employment within traditional groups in eastern and western Germany, potentially reflecting shifting policy within a changing gender regime. Simultaneously, intensive mothering and traditional attitudes remain more prevalent in Austria and western Germany than in eastern Germany and Sweden, indicating a persistent maternalist ideal among segments of these historically domestic gender regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We add to the current debate on ethno-religious discrimination by studying to what extent discrimination in the wedding venue business is based on religious or ethnic grounds. Do the two reinforce each other? Does the explicit mentioning of a non-religious wedding help to reduce ethnic discrimination in a secularized society? We draw on two field experiments in Germany and Austria. We sent 805 valid emails to wedding venues. We randomly varied two traits, the names (Arabic-origin and native-origin) and whether the wedding was religious (Islamic or Free Church) or not. Using linear probability models and ordinary least squares regressions, we predicted the likelihood of receiving a confirmation, the response time from venues, the length, formality, and tone of the emails as well as the prevalence of mistakes in the emails. Our analyses showed that couples with Arabic-origin names, celebrating an Islamic wedding, received significantly fewer confirmations compared to couples with native-origin names. Celebrating a non-religious wedding of couples with Arabic-origin names reduced the disadvantage. The study suggests statistical discrimination based on religiosity that is inferred from Arabic-origin names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it has been stressed repeatedly that academics nowadays have come to face extensive pressure, the extent and distribution of pressure to publish and to secure third-party funding has not been systematically investigated on a large scale. Based on the Zurich Survey of Academics, a representative large-scale web survey among academics working at universities in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (DACH region), which measures perceived pressure using six-point Likert scales, this article examines the extent and distribution of pressure to publish and to attract external funding. Specifically, we examine differences in perceived pressure across countries, disciplines, types of higher education institutions, sociodemographic characteristics (academic status, age, gender, relationship status, number of children), and working conditions (non-tenured/tenured, time available for research). It is shown that researchers in the DACH region feel a high level of pressure, with the pressure to publish being slightly greater than the pressure to attract external funding. The results also suggest that perceived pressure is not evenly distributed among countries and groups of academics. Specifically, the results suggest that (1) more secure and permanent (tenured) positions should be created and (2) the high-performance culture should be addressed in at least some disciplines if excessive pressure is to be alleviated. The findings also suggest that further investments should be made (3) to promote equal career opportunities for women and men and (4) to ensure that scientists have sufficient time for their research and are not too occupied with other responsibilities, such as teaching or administrative duties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how interviewers' gender and education affect the measured level of factual political knowledge by drawing on competing theoretical frameworks: stereotype threat theory and interviewer noncompliance with the instructions. Testing these mechanisms using survey data from the Austrian National Election Study (AUTNES) and the German Longitudinal Election Study (GLES), we find no evidence for a stereotype threat effect, but seem to observe interviewer effects resulting from interviewer non-compliance. In Germany, respondents' measured level of knowledge was significantly higher when a male interviewer, regardless of his education, conducted the interview, compared with low educated female interviewers. This finding has implications for survey-based studies, which measure factual political knowledge, for example attempts to limit such effects should be made during the interviewer briefing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Aspergillus Galactomannan Lateral Flow Assay (LFA) is a rapid test for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA) that has been almost exclusively evaluated in patients with hematologic malignancies. An automated digital cube reader that allows for quantification of results has recently been added to the test kits. Methods We performed a retrospective multicenter study on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples obtained from 296 patients with various underlying diseases (65% without underlying hematological malignancy) who had BALF galactomannan (GM) ordered between 2013 and 2019 at the University of California, San Diego, the Medical University of Graz, Austria, and the Mannheim University Hospital, Germany. Results Cases were classified as proven (n = 2), probable (n = 56), putative (n = 30), possible (n = 45), and no IA (n = 162). The LFA showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.865 (95% confidence interval [CI].815–.916) for differentiating proven/probable or putative IA versus no IA, with a sensitivity of 74% and a specificity of 83% at an optical density index cutoff of 1.5. After exclusion of GM as mycological criterion for case classification, diagnostic performance of the LFA was highly similar to GM testing (AUC 0.892 vs 0.893, respectively). LFA performance was consistent across different patient cohorts and centers. Conclusions In this multicenter study the LFA assay from BALF demonstrated good diagnostic performance for IA that was consistent across patient cohorts and locations. The LFA may serve a role as a rapid test that may replace conventional GM testing in settings where GM results are not rapidly available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the counter-revolution and paramilitary violence central Europe. This paper highlights the issues following the assassination of German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau which affected Germany, Austria and Hungary after the Great War. Counter-revolutionaries in Central Europe were staging series of meetings. The author offers an explanation to the perspective of paramilitary violence which is the rampant in this period. The difference in previous investigations are also discussed.

The present study explores the situation of migrant carers in long-term care (LTC) in European Union Member States and the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic from a public health perspective. The aim is to bring LTC migrant carers into health workforce research and highlight a need for trans-sectoral and European heath workforce governance. We apply an exploratory approach based on secondary sources, document analysis and expert information. A framework comprising four major dimensions was developed for data collection and analysis: LTC system, LTC health labour market, LTC labour migration policies and specific LTC migrant carer policies during the COVID-19 crisis March to May 2020. Material from Austria, Italy, Germany, Poland and Romania was included in the study. Results suggest that undersupply of carers coupled with cash benefits and a culture of family responsibility may result in high inflows of migrant carers, who are channelled in low-level positions or the informal care sector. COVID-19 made the fragile labour market arrangements of migrant carers visible, which may create new health risks for both the individual carer and the population. Two important policy recommendations are emerging: to include LTC migrant carers more systematically in public health and health workforce research and to develop European health workforce governance which connects health system needs, health labour markets and the individual migrant carers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As skill formation systems are increasingly under pressure from de-industrialization and the rise of knowledge economies, their ability to include the low-skilled has been strained. But what determines how skill formation systems adjust to this challenge? By explaining the divergence of two most-similar systems, those of Austria and Germany, the article highlights the key role of trade unions and of the institutional resources and legacies available to them. Where institutional resources are high and legacies positive, as in Austria, unions were crucial in setting an inclusive pathway of reform of the training system. Where, on the contrary, institutional resources are low and legacies negative, as in Germany, unions' strategies for inclusion failed, paving the way to a dualizing outcome. The article therefore provides a novel analysis of institutional change in skill formation systems, while also offering broader insights on the relationship between coordinated and egalitarian capitalism in post-industrial knowledge-based economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europe is reorganizing its international value chain. I document these changes in Europe's international organization of production with new survey data of Austrian and German firms investing in Eastern Europe. I show estimates of the share of intrafirm trade between Austria or Germany on the one hand and Eastern Europe on the other. Furthermore, I present empirical evidence of the drivers of the new division of labor in Europe. I find among other things that falling trade costs and reduced levels of corruption as well as improvements in the contracting environment in Eastern Europe are affecting the level of intrafirm imports from that region. These factors also favor outsourcing over offshoring. In contrast, low organizational costs of hierarchies and large costs of holdup (when there are no alternative investors in Old Europe or no alternative suppliers in Eastern Europe) favor offshoring over outsourcing. Tax holidays granted by host countries in Eastern Europe also mildly affect the organizational choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author explores the United States' immigration policy as practiced at the U.S. consulate in Vienna, Austria. She focuses on the period from the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, or Anschluss, on March 13, 1938 through July 1941 when the United States and Germany broke off diplomatic relations. U.S. diplomats John Cooper Wiley, Leland Burnette Morris, and Harry Edwin Carlson oversaw the granting of immigration visas during the period preceding American involvement in World War II. The consulate issued visas which allowed 28,615 Austrian Jews to travel to the U.S. during the period. The author also discusses the U.S. immigration laws during the period and explores how the Foreign Service Officers were expected to implement the sometimes conflicting immigration rules.

Background This study examines short- and long-run effects of a new—stricter—road traffic law on traffic accident-related fatalities in the Czech Republic. The law introduced tougher punishments through the introduction of a demerit point system and a manifold increase in fines, together with augmented authority of traffic police. Methods Identification is based on difference-in-differences methodology, with neighbouring countries serving as a control group. Results There was a sharp, 33.3%, decrease in accident-related fatalities during the first three post-reform months. This translates into 127 saved lives (95% confidence interval: 51, 204). The decline was, however, temporary; the estimates of the effects going beyond the first year are around zero. Unique data on traffic police activity reveal that police resources devoted to traffic law enforcement gradually declined. Conclusions Tougher penalties have significant, but often short-lived effects. Weaker enforcement in the aftermath of such reforms may explain the absence of long-run effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents short reports about past and future activities of the World Association for Public Opinion Research and its members, as well as previews of forthcoming conferences and seminars that might be of interest to its readers. The Helen Dinerman Award 2000, conferred annually on an individual for outstanding contributions to survey research methodology, was given to Robert K. Merton. Kwasi Ansu-Kyererneh won the Robert M. Worcester prize for the best article in last year's volume of "International Journal of Public Opinion Research." The article was entitled "The Challenge of Surveying Public Opinion in an Emerging Democracy." The Impact of Networking-Marketing Relationships in the New Economy, 53rd ESOMAR Congress, will he held in Vienna, Austria on September 17-20, 2000. Fifth international Conference on Social Science Methodology of the Research Committee on Logic and Methodology of the International Sociological Association, will be held in Cologne, Germany, on October 3-6, 2000.

This article investigates how strong German and weak Austrian cooperative federalism affect women’s policy machineries. We find that it is the federal organization of both polities that has posited engrained advantages for the establishment and the sustainability of women’s policy agencies (WPA). We also find that center/left parties are crucial for sustaining and advancing the role of WPA. However, during economic crises, we see that the women’s policy infrastructure in the strong federal state (Germany) was downsized while Austria’s national social democratic WPA protects subnational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article investigates how strong German and weak Austrian cooperative federalism affect women’s policy machineries. We find that it is the federal organization of both polities that has posited engrained advantages for the establishment and the sustainability of women’s policy agencies (WPA). We also find that center/left parties are crucial for sustaining and advancing the role of WPA. However, during economic crises, we see that the women’s policy infrastructure in the strong federal state (Germany) was downsized while Austria’s national social democratic WPA protects subnational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An article is presented that examines national socialism and the establishment of German-Hungarian borderland space, known as Burgenland, prior to World War II. The article examines the collapse of Austria in 1938. It examines the role of nationalism and the German Nazi Party in German and Hungarian territories during the time period. The article also discusses the oscillation between offensive and defensive nationalization tactics employed by Germany, the reaction to such actions by Hungary, and the roles played by Germany and Hungary in establishing borderland space following 1938.

SUMMARY A 3-km-long wide-angle seismic survey across the Salzach Valley in the Eastern Alps, Austria, provides a detailed characterization of its structure. Reflection-and-refraction traveltime tomography with adaptive gridding was applied to obtain a minimum-structure model. More detailed images of the valley fill were derived by acoustic full waveform inversion. A multiscale frequency-domain method was applied to data in the 4-26 Hz range to improve the resolution from several hundred metres to less than fifty metres. The starting frequency is unusually low for the size of the survey, and it provides additional control of the long-wavelengths of the background model, which mitigates the non-linearities of the inversion. The final image is controlled by independent constraints from resistivity data and shallow wells. It shows a confined upper aquifer that overlies a 150-m-thick unsaturated zone. No strong evidence was found for consolidated sediments at the bottom of the basin. This, and the large maximum depth to bedrock of 480 m, suggests that the valley fill was repeatedly removed during strong glacial periods, exposing the bedrock to deep erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life-skills approach to smoking prevention was tested in this study. In total, 1024 pupils (mean age 11.4 years, SD = 0.90) from Austria, Denmark, Luxembourg and Germany were recruited as an experimental group, and a sample of 834 matched pupils served as a control group. While the pupils from the control group received no specific intervention, the pupils in the experimental group participated in an intervention programme which was based on the life-skills approach and consisted of 21 sessions. The aims of the programme were to promote fundamental social competencies and coping skills. In addition, specific information on cigarette smoking was given and skills for resisting social influences to smoke were rehearsed. The programme was conducted by trained school teachers during a course of 4 months. Anonymous questionnaires were administrated (1) before the programme was implemented and (2) 15 months after the programme had started. Teachers as well as pupils showed a high level of satisfaction with the programme idea and the materials. With regard to the outcome variables, the pro- gramme had no differential effect on current smoking (4-week prevalence). The programme showed a weak effect (P < 0.1) on lifetime smoking prevalence and experimental smoking. There was also an effect of the programme on smoking knowledge, on the social competences of the pupils as well as on the classroom climate. No effects were found on susceptibility to smoking among never-smokers, attitudes towards smoking and the perceived positive consequences of smoking. The results indicate that prevention programmes that are run for only a few months can have a positive impact on variables considered to be protective with regard to smoking uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the extraordinary domestic pressures exerted upon the foreign policies of the Prussian and Austrian governments during the 1848 revolutions in the German Confederation and their aftermath. Examines whether the foreign policies of the Great Powers in and outside of Germany were more determined by domestic forces.

In addition to the established areas of endogenous psychoses, the concept of abnormal hemispheric organization in the field of psychiatry is also generating ever greater interest in the area of research into addiction. On the basis of the demonstrably higher rate of developmental risk factors (pre-, peri-, postnatal), in particular the marker left-handedness (LH) has been interpreted as an indication of induced hemispheric ‘malcontrol’ in endogenous psychoses. In various studies, elevated rates of LH have also been shown in alcoholics. Alcoholism could be related to biological factors associated with anomalous cerebral dominance. In a joint study carried out by the Anton Proksch Institut in Vienna (Austria), and the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg (Germany) involving a total of 250 alcohol-dependent inpatients, the hypothesis of deviant laterality in the presence of an elevated frequency of developmental risk factors has been confirmed exclusively in male alcoholics. A comparison of subtypes has also revealed that Type IV in the Lesch typology, and Type II in the Cloninger classification, are more vulnerable subtypes. These results clearly show that there are differences to be found within the overall group of alcoholics, and underscore the need for subtyping and gender-specific studies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article studies the relationship between unemployment and subjective well-being across welfare state regimes. Existence of three types of welfare state regimes are discussed; Liberal (e.g., the U.S., Australia); Conservative (e.g., France, Germany, Austria, UK); and Social Democratic (e.g., Norway, the Netherlands, Denmark). The study draws more on the regime type literature because it provides a strong analytic basis for cross-national work and a useful heuristic for identifying broad differences in western welfare states. In comparison, Liberal regimes such as the U.S. and Australia should be the least disposed toward such activity, while Conservative regimes should fall in between. Subtle and important differences in trends in the cases of Denmark and the Netherlands, observed through the gap between the employed and the unemployed, suggests that the unemployed may fare better in subjective well-being in Social Democratic countries. The study observes that citizen preferences in social democratic countries will be most favorable toward government intervention in securing employment and so supports for the active government policies regarding employment and social welfare.

The federalism established in the constitutions of the Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, in addition to the common language of these countries, distinguishes them from the other West European countries, which lean toward centrally organized states. After examining the historical foundation and development of the federal systems in the three countries, the article analyzes the segmentation, federal-state interaction, and intraparty effects of political parties in them. While federalism is strengthened by the heterogeneity and regional solidarity of the political parties in Switzerland, federalism has become a pure "party federalism" in the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the incorporation of Austria in the German Exchange Control System. Prices in Austria before annexation lay considerably lower than the German level at the old clearing ratio of two Schillings. It was necessary to choose between a rise of Austrian prices, if the old relation were retained, and a simple recognition of the higher real value of the Schilling. The imposition of the German Standstill and Moratorium decrees upon Austria was not taken for short-term foreign debts because of the sum owed by Austrian banks and industries.