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This article describes the types of portfolios teachers can use in their classroom along with teacher-tested advice for ways to implement portfolio assessment. Portfolio assessment provides teachers and students with a documented chronology of the learning that is taking place. By periodically reviewing their portfolios, students become enlightened about their progress and empowered when they can see for themselves the progression of their learning. This knowledge enables students, with the guidance of their teacher, to set and work toward future learning goals. We have included relevant research that supports portfolio assessment along with comments from our students. These comments dramatically document the power portfolios have to enlighten and motivate students to learn.

Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Documents are considered one of the first important sources for the study of Islamic history, because they contain original historical material, and we mean in particular official papers, such as letters, publications, records, judicial rulings, financial systems, religious fatwas, political treaties, decrees and covenants for senior officials, including ministers, governors and pimps. Many of these documents, whether written in Arabic or otherwise, have been lost despite their great importance in the study of Islamic history, and perhaps the main reason for their loss and destruction is that the Islamic world, after it was a political unit until the end of the Umayyad era in the year 12 AH / 750 CE . He divided himself as a result of the emergence of conflicts between Muslims and religious intolerance among non-Muslims, which led to their loss or falsification, especially in the period of the separation of many regions from the Islamic state, as the first historical documents are still unknown to us, and only a few of them remain scattered and scattered in the books of the later . Researchers in Islamic history should not hesitate to search for them (documents) and publish them, and collect what was found in the books of later scholars because it is the main way to bring us to the right truth. We will try to study the historical document, which was attributed to Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab at times and to his leader Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah at other times, and which was transmitted by Muslim and oriental jurists and historians, and they differed in its proportions. Whoever denies that Caliph Umar should issue such a document, especially since he was one of the most merciful of the Rightly Guided Caliphs to the Christians and other dhimmis. We have the best evidence for that in his statements and commandments. It was narrated from him upon his death that he said: (The caliph recommended after me the responsibility of the Messenger of God to fulfill their pledge to them and to fight behind them and not be overburdened).

Copyright of Materiaux et Constructions is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with a confluent form of the topological ε-algorithm which is a method to accelerate the convergence of a sequence of elements of a topological vector space. After giving the rules of the algorithm it is related to some generalizations of the functional Hankel determinants. Some properties and some results about it are proved. An interpretation of the algorithm is given. The last paragraph is devoted with convergence results about the confluent form of the topological ε-algorithm. A parameter is introduced in the algorithm to accelerate the convergence. The optimal value of this parameter is caracterized. By estimating this optimal value, the confluent form of the ϕ-algorithm is obtained. The paper ends with a remark about the confluent form of the topological ϱ-algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Il Nuovo Cimento: B is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In a previous paper, we have used the density of the population as a sort of measure of the unknown size n of the isolates in Dahlberg's model, and shown an inverse relation between the coefficient of inbreeding and the density of the 'arrondissements'. In the present paper, as the considered 'communes' are smaller territorial subdivisions than 'arrondissements', we used, instead of the density, the population size of the communes. The results are even more eloquent as before: the inbreeding coefficients are large when the observed population size is small; the relative importance of second cousin marriages (233) versus cousin marriages (222) is greater in the latest period considered. The basic data have been collected for each 'commune' in Belgium by 'Centre National de Radiobiologie et de Génétique'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper is a sequel to a paper by Boasson and Nivat 'Sur diverses familles de langages fermées par transduction rationnelle' [1] and uses in a crucial way the main result of [1]. Greibach in two papers [7, 8] has proved many AFL's to be non principal using a number of similar lemmas the prototype of which appears in [7] and concerns the substitution of one semi AFL in another semi AFL. All the AFL's dealt with in this manner are closed under some binary operation. In these pages we study two unary operators on families of languages, translation and closure under bracket for which we establish lemmas similar to the lemmas of Greibach. We can thus prove some well known AFL's to be non principal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we apply some multivariate statistical methods to the problem of personnel planning in a hospital. We first determine the average day of activities of a nurse team for a given health care unit and then we compare the activities of two different health care units. Personnel planning is simpler when some care units can be considered equivalent from the point of view of activities. The techniques presented in this paper can prove effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materiaux et Constructions is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The principal purpose of this paper is to show that the normals to the hypersurfaces in space-time which represent the shock waves of relativistic magnetohydrodynamics are spacelike when the caloric equation of state of the medium satisfies the conditions of compressibility previously given in references [5] and [6]. Thus, the velocities of these waves are less than the local velocity of light and the theory is consistent with the postulates of a relativistic theory. A theorem previously given in reference [5] concerning the stability of Alfven shock waves, is corrected in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexes of poly A and poly U are interesting models for studying the structure of nucleic acids. In the first part of this paper, the thermal stability of these complexes has been studied as a function of both pH and ionic strength in alkaline solution. The thermal stability is measured by the half transition temperatures, or Tm's. There are four different kinds of transitions: Tm2-1 refers to the dissociation of the two-stranded complex, poly (A + U); Tm2-1 to the dissociation of the three-stranded complex, poly (A + 2U) [4]. Tm8-2 is the temperature of half dissociation of poly (A + 2U) into poly (A + U) [1], and Tm2-3 is the temperature of rearrangement of 2 poly (A + U) into poly (A + 2U) [3] (Fig. 1). It is found that Tm2-1, and Tm8-1 decrease as pH increases above neutrality (Fig. 2 and 3), but that Tm2-8 does not vary (Fig. 3). This effect is readily explained if it is assumed that the ionisation of uracil brings a change in the state of the free poly U, but that the complexes themselves are not modified. In the second part of the paper a simple thermodynamic formulation is given which represents satisfactorily the relationship between the four equilibria, as observed at neutral pH (Fig. 1). A more complex treatment is then presented. It includes quantitation of electrostatic interactions, according to the theory of Kotin [18] and of the free enthalpy term corresponding to the organisation (stacking) of poly A. This leads to an excellent representation of the experimental data (Fig. 5). In alkaline solution, one can calculate the free enthalpy change associated with the ionisation of poly U at the Tm. According to our observations, it is likely that this is the only factor responsible for the decrease of Tm. Therefore, we can write that the sum of the free enthalpy of complex formation in the same conditions, but at pH 7, and of the free enthalpy of ionisation is zero. This leads to a determination of ΔG both as a function of temperature and ionic strength: the variation of ΔG with these factors is shown to be in good agreement with our detailed model. However, the absolute values are different, probably because of uncertainties concerning the data for poly A stacking enthalpy and entropy. Apart from providing evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters for double and triple helix formation, our results lead us to emphasize the importance of the thermodynamic state of the unassociated polynucleotides. This may be particularly relevant when one considers the partially complementary secondary structures of RNA's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Microchimica Acta is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In several queuing situations, the order in which the units depart is not the same as the order in which they arrived at the system. We call this phenomenon, the "Violation of the `First In, First Out' principle" (FIFOV). A quantitative study of FIIFOV is of operational importance in tandem queuing and many other situations. In this paper we give a general discussion of the concept, and study a special aspect of FIFOV in a Poisson Queue (Poisson input and exponential service times) with two heterogeneous servers working in parallel. In this connection the time-dependent distribution of the output in a M|M|1 queue has been explicitly obtained. Defining X as the number of customers superseding a customer taking service from the slower channel, we obtain the distribution and the first two moments of X under a queue discipline that is a modification of the usual one. An optimality criterion has also been suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is to construct approximations of the Sobolev spaces H ( R ) using the translates of p functions which satisfy a property of partition of unity. These approximations generalise these constructed in an earlier paper [5], which are here obtained as a special case for p=1; they also achieve the same accuracy. They involve p arbitrary functions of H ( R ) which can be considered as p degrees of freedom. This fact could be of interest when dealing with the approximate matrices obtained by discretisation of boundary value problems for partial differential equations for the purpose of minimizing their spectral radius or lowering their condition number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Fresenius' Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin Géodésique N.S. is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper reviews the properties of the exponential function of real order, as well as adequate conditions which are necessary for describing a certain physical phenomenon concerned. Description of creep process and extrapolation of time to rupture of an industrial alloy represent a first important application of this function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since numerical calculations on a digital computer are performed on operands with a limited number of significant digits it follows that each operator in the computational arithmetic is merely an approximation of the corresponding mathematical operator. Therefore every numerical operation carried out on a computer generates a numerical error. The statistical evaluation of these errors is discussed in the first part of the paper. In the second part, the formulae obtained above are used to assess the validity of numerical results obtained in resolution of linear systems, algebraic equations and in matrix inversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of matrix singularity by a numerical method is not easily accomplished on account of the finite precision of computer arithmetic. In this paper we present a numerical method which determines a value C for the ≪degree of conditioning≫ of a matrix. This value is C=0 for a singular matrix and has progressively larger values for matrices which are increasingly well-conditioned. This value is C=C ( C defined by the precision of the computer) when the matrix is perfectly well-conditioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Materiaux et Constructions is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper we consider weak solutions of a class of variational inequalities associated with parabolic operators and we prove for them some L estimates in terms of the data and of the coefficients (cf. Theorem I and Theorem II). It will be shown as a particular case that the pointwise behavior of the solutions when t → ∞ is of exponential type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]