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Paper and board are widely used as food contact materials. For such sensitive applications, consumer safety regarding the transfer of chemical components and contaminants to the food needs to be established. Such safety assessments are becoming increasingly challenging not only due to intentionally added substances but also non-intentionally added substances. In the European Union, compliance testing and safety evaluation of paper in food contact are largely based on national legislation and standards. The underlying tests are conventional methods, often overestimating and sometimes underestimating the migration into food. In this article, the relevant standard test methods are contrasted with currently available scientific knowledge. The scientific approaches to develop and identify suitable test methods are critically reviewed. Furthermore, theoretical predictions via mathematical modeling, with the aim to realistically simulate transfer to food, are presented and discussed in comparison with available migration studies with foods. Objectives are to (i) summarize the actual scientific knowledge in the field and draw conclusions regarding the potential and limitations of the existing test methods and (ii) identify research gaps toward a better qualitative and quantitative understanding of transport processes of volatile and non-volatile substances from paper and board into foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids exert several beneficial effects on human health, some of which are also certified by recent European and U.S. regulations. The goal of the presented work was to develop an innovative methodology to evaluate their content in edible vegetable oils, in order to increase the value of oils from a nutraceutical perspective. The protocol is based on the use of paper spray ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry experiments, which allowed the recording of data very quickly and with high specificity. All investigated compounds gained a good linear relation (r2 higher than 0.98). Accuracy values are near 100% for all concentration levels examined, and the repeatability and reproducibility data result lower than 15%, highlighting the consistence of the methodology. The developed approach was successfully applied for the analysis of different real samples, and its robustness was confirmed by comparing the results obtained with those coming from the classical and official methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that fluorinated oil repellents are potentially harmful to humans and the environment, and therefore, the development of non-toxic, green, and environmentally friendly oil repellents has become inevitable. Microcrystalline wax is a branched saturated alkane with a molecular weight of 580–700 Da, which has a lower surface tension than edible oil. Herein, microcrystalline wax emulsion (fluorine-free oil repellent) was prepared by mechanical stirring–homogenization, the effects of emulsifier ratio and dosage on the emulsion performance were systematically investigated, and the resultant stable microcrystalline wax emulsions were applied to the paper surface to explore the oil and water resistance and water vapor barrier performance. The results showed that stabilized microcrystalline wax emulsion was obtained at the emulsifier Span-80/Tween-80 ratio of 5:5, and the emulsifier dosage was 20% (relative to the microcrystalline wax). When 6 g/m2 of microcrystalline wax was applied to the surface of starch pretreated paper, the kit rating value of the paper was high, at up to 10/12, the Cobb60 value decreased to 12.5 g/m2, the overall migration of paper was less than 10 mg/dm2, and the water vapor permeability was reduced by 81.9%, which met the requirements of oil and water resistance performance of food packaging paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently synthesis of edible oil for resin formation and using scrap paper as reinforcement for composite fabrication is still not carried out. In this work, acrylate epoxidized mustard oil (AEMO) was used after blending with a crosslinker N-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NVP) to fabricate scrap paper reinforced green composites. Mustard oil (MO), Epoxidized mustard oil (EMO) and acrylate epoxidized mustard oil (AEMO) were characterized using iodine value, oxirane content, acid value, FTIR, NMR and viscosity properties. The composites were fabricated using 50:50 ratio of AEMO: NVP and paper loading of 15%, 30% and 60% along with the neat sample. With an increase in paper loading, there was a significant improvement in mechanical properties giving 158.9, 150, 233, 566.66 and 140% improvement in tensile, young's, flexural strength, flexural moduli and impact strength at 60% loading. The elongation at break showed a value of 20% due to the stiff nature of composite. Biodegradability testing proved an increase in weight loss of composite with time, recording the highest weight loss of 7% for 60% composite sample. Dimensional stability showed excellent result for the neat and lower loaded composite samples. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning colorimetry analysis indicated improvement in thermal stability with higher loading %. Morphological analysis confirmed excellent interfacial adhesion and bonding with higher paper loading %. Dynamic mechanical analysis demonstrated a significant rise in storage modulus (E') and loss modulus (E'') and decline in tan δ with broadening of the peak for maximum loading. Chemical resistance was poor for the highest loaded samples with respect to acids and bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waste cooking oil is upcycled into N-doped carbon nanosheets, enabling fast Na+/K+ storage by means of surface charge modulation. [Display omitted] • Waste cooking oil was selected as precursor to prepare hard carbon anode materials. • NWCOC650 takes on a porous nanosheet structure with turbo layers. • NWCOC650 has a coexistence storage mechanism of adsorption/intercalation-filling. • Head group (–NH 2) can produce a synergistic effect with N-5/6/Q and graphene. • NWCOC650 exhibits excellent performances for sodium/potassium-ion batteries. Hard carbons are significant in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). However, the structural defects of hard carbons lead to poor rate performance and cycling stability, which need further improvement. The waste cooking oil was used as the precursor to synthesize 3D carbon nanosheets (NWCOC) with amino nitrogen functional groups, multi-layered pores, and expanded interlayer spacing. The excellent electrochemical properties of NWCOC were investigated and it was demonstrated that NWCOC can significantly improve the adsorption of Na+/K+ on hard carbons, substantially enhancing the embedding/de-embedding of Na+/K+, reducing the diffusion distance of ions and electrons, and improving their adaptability to volume changes. In situ XRD and Raman characterization reveal that the Na storage mechanism of NWCOC is mainly based on adsorption/intercalation-filling. Combined with density functional theory, it is shown that the porous structures doped with nitrogen have a greater propensity for ion adsorption, resulting in increased ion capture and storage. As expected, NWCOC650 exhibits high capacities of 489.4 and 388.3 mAh/g in SIBs and PIBs. NWCOC650 displays superior performance in the Na 3 V 2 (PO 4) 3 /NWCOC650 full cell, achieving a capacity of 107.84 mAh/g. This work presents a new perspective on the synthesis and mechanisms of high-performance anodes for SIBs and PIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simple and on-site paper-based analytical device for determine peroxide value. • Needing low amount of samples, solvents, and reagents and does not need glassware and skilled personnel. • A well-defined inverse logarithmic calibration curve is established between color intensity and PV. Peroxide value (PV) is one of the most typically used quality parameters to monitor lipid oxidation. Here, a simple paper-based analytical device (PAD) has been developed to determine PV in vegetable oils. The analysis is based on setting up the iodometric titration, where hydroperoxides in the oil are reacted with excess iodide ions to generate iodine molecules, on the paper substrate. The device is composed of two paper layers acting as reaction and detection zones, aligned in a metallic mold. A well-defined inverse logarithmic calibration curve was established between the measured PV by the official iodometric method (ISO;3960, 2017) and the color intensity of PAD. It offered a working range of 0.01–30.0 meq/Kg. The limit of detection of 0.015 meq/Kg demonstrated enough sensitivity of the method to estimate peroxide value in edible oils. On-site and visual detection, low cost, simplicity, and less solvent consumption are advantages of the proposed device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel platform of microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) with colorimetric acid-base titration for cooking oil quality evaluation was created and oleic acid was selected as a model analyte. Graphene oxide (GO) was used to modify cellulose paper for improved visualization and increased hydrophobicity of the colorimetric sensor. μPAD with colorimetric acid-base titration was prepared by immobilizing phenolphthalein and primary standard of Na 2 CO 3 on GO-modified cellulose paper and applied for oleic acid detection. The neutralization of oleic acid on the cellulose paper was illustrated by color disappearance from pink to colorless. This platform provided a linearity of (0–2% v/v), covering a cut-off oleic acid level (1.0%) for evaluation of cooking oil quality. This device, designed with 3D-μPAD, created the automatic lateral-flow channel for semi-quantitative analysis of cooking oil without instrumental requirement. The content of oleic acid equated to the number of pink-detection area disappearing. Ultimately, this device was successfully applied for cooking oil quality evaluation in real waste cooking oil samples. [Display omitted] • Colorimetric sensor was prepared for oleic acid determination in waste cooking oil. • GO-modified cellulose paper improved the visualization and hydrophobicity of sensor. • The lateral-flow channel for semi-quantitative cooking oil analysis was created. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a personal account of the author's career in mass spectrometry, both in the United States and Spain. The author discusses their training in the US and their work with Dr. John Oró at the University of Houston, as well as their experiences with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. They also mention their involvement in NASA research programs and the social and historic events they witnessed during their time in the US. The article then focuses on the challenges faced by the author in establishing a biomedical mass spectrometry laboratory in Spain, including the lack of support and funding for research. Despite these difficulties, the author and their team managed to publish papers and graduate students. The text also discusses the author's efforts to promote the use of biomedical mass spectrometry in Spain, including organizing international symposiums and meetings. The author reflects on the advancements in mass spectrometry technology during this time period. They also discuss their involvement in the organization of international conferences and the development of biomedical mass spectrometry in Spain. The author served on scientific committees and played a key role in organizing the 15th International Mass Spectrometry Conference in Barcelona in 2000. They also discuss the challenges and successes of their research group, including the creation of a proteomics MS lab. The author reflects on their career in the field of mass spectrometry, particularly in the medical community in Spain. They discuss the challenges they faced in conducting research and the lack of available resources and facilities. [Extracted from the article]

The quality of dietary fat critically influences health. In this consensus document the scientific evidence relating effects of dietary fat quantity and quality on cardiovascular risk is reviewed and recommendations for the Spanish adult population are issued. As a novelty in nutrition guidelines, emphasis is made more on parent foods than on fatty acids per se. In summary, replacing saturated fatty acids (SFA) for monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduces cardiovascular risk. Recent data suggest that SFA proper may be harmful or not depending on the parent food, a reason why an intake threshold is not established, but consumption of foods containing excess SFA, such as butter, some processed meats, and commercial confectionery and fried foods is discouraged. The established threshold of <1 % of energy intake as trans FA, well known to be harmful for cardiovascular risk, is fulfilled in Spain due in part to its present low levels in margarines. MUFA are beneficial or neutral for cardiovascular risk depending on their dietary sources (virgin olive oil versus other fats), and no intake limitations are established. n-6 PUFA are cardioprotective and recommended intakes (5-10 % of energy) are not always fulfilled in the Spanish population, thus increased consumption of their vegetable food sources (seeds, derived oils, and margarines) is encouraged. Marine n-3 PUFA are also cardioprotective and the recommendation stands to eat fatty fish ≥2 servings/weeks to reach intake levels of at least 250 mg/day. Increasing evidence suggests that alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the vegetable n-3 PUFA, is also cardioprotective, but the parent foods (walnuts, soy products, green-leaf vegetables) may provide benefits beyond ALA itself. Finally, low-fat (high carbohydrate, particularly when having a high glycemic index) diets appear to lack cardiovascular preventive effects, while high-fat, high-vegetable fat dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, are protective, a reason why no upper limit on fat intake is established for the Spanish population. This position statement targets dietitians, nutritionists and other health professionals involved in dietary counsel so they can deliver it rightly and according to the last scientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper aimed to analyze the spatial-temporal agglomeration changes and driving factors of three major oil crops in China from 2000 to 2020, namely soybean, peanut and rape, so as to provide reference for optimizing the production layout of edible oil crops. [Method] The spatiotemporal agglomeration evolution characteristics and driving factors of soybean, peanut and rape production were analyzed by using the gravity shift model, exploratory spatial data analysis, spatiotemporal geographical weighted regression model and other methods. [Result] (i) The yield of soybean was the highest, followed by peanut, and the yield of rape was the lowest. The yield of soybeans showed a significant fluctuation increase, while the yield of rapeseed and peanut showed a slight fluctuation increase. Soybean production was mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Henan and Anhui. Peanut production was mainly distributed in Shandong, Henan and Guangdong. Rape production was mainly distributed in Sichuan, Hubei and Hunan. (ii) From 2000 to 2020, the yield agglomeration degree of three oil crops showed a weakening trend, and the high-high accumulation areas of soybean yield were in Heilongjiang and Jilin, and the low-low accumulation area was in Xinjiang; The high-high accumulation areas of peanut yield were in Shandong, Henan and Anhui, and the low-low accumulation area was in Xinjiang; The high-high accumulation areas of rape yield were in Hubei, Anhui and Jiangxi, and the low-low accumulation area was in Inner Mongolia. The production center of soybean moved to the northwest from Tanghai county in Hebei province to Ningcheng county in Inner Mongolia. The production center of peanut was located in Henan province and was moving to- wards the northwest of Henan province; The production center of rapeseed shifted to the southwest from Nanzhang county in Hubei province to Fengjie county in Chongqing. (iii) The driving factors of different oil production had different effects in different provinces. Soybean pro- duction was mainly affected by population density, fertilizer application and GDP growth rate; Peanut production was mainly affected by chemical fertilizer application, total mechanical power and irrigation area; Rapeseed production was mainly affected by population density, urbanization rate and road density. [Conclusion] The production of three main oil crops has obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics, and the influencing factors are different, which are mainly affected by social and economic factors such as chemical fertilizer application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy sources are crucial for the development and growth of economies and civilizations. Solar energy is an alternative energy to generate electrical power. The challenges of solar photovoltaic panels (PV) are the low output power and efficiency and the huge installation area beside PVs need a tracking system for better efficiency. The motivation of this paper is to design an innovative solar sphere system, which is a new concentrated photovoltaic technology that has better performance (efficiency and output power) than the normal conventional solar panel (PV) with a smaller installation area and without any tracking system. This design consists of an acrylic solar sphere entirely filled with cooking oil (sunflower or corn oil) that captures solar radiation and concentrates it on a focal point. The focal point is adjusted over a multi-junction cell that acts as a collector device (concentrator solar cell). This focused solar energy can generate a massive amount of power, which is used to produce more electricity than normal photovoltaic panels. The experiments were carried out in order to discover the best acrylic models or shape designs, which is the sphere, the best materials or media in the sphere, that is oil, the best sphere's size and volume, and that is larger, the best sphere thickness, which at first is lower, the best fluid oil type, which is cooking oil, and finally the best fluid amount or volume inside the sphere, and this is the entire volume. Then, these factors mentioned above are compared with normal photovoltaics (PV) that have the same section area as these shapes. The results revealed that these factors have significant effects on the output power value and efficiency. It has been demonstrated that our innovative concentrated solar sphere system can produce nearly four times the output power or electricity greater than that of a conventional solar panel PV with the same cross-sectional area. This specific sort of compression is crucial because it shows that less space is required to establish this system than it would to install conventional solar panels. The performance of the system per unit of the square area it occupies was compared to the latest generation of flat panel PV available at the market performance; hence, the installation space will be decreased by 40% to 60%. Our system has about twice as much efficiency as solar PV and does not require a tracking system and maintenance. Our technology also has the benefit of not being impacted by extreme temperatures, clouds, dust, and humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over 50 MioT of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) was collected worldwide in 2020 from domestic and industrial activities, constituting a potential hazard for both water and land environments, and requiring appropriate disposal management strategies. In line with the principles of circular economy and eco-design, in this paper an innovative methodology for the valorisation of WCO as a rejuvenating agent for bitumen 50/70 coming from Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is reported. In particular, WCO or hydrolysed WCO (HWCO) was modified by transesterification or amidation reactions to achieve various WCO esters and amides. All samples were characterised by nuclear magnetic resonance, melting, and boiling point. Since rejuvenating agents for RAP Cold Mix Asphalt require a melting point ≤0 °C, only WCO esters could further be tested. Efficiency of WCO esters was assessed by means of the Asphaltenes Dispersant Test and the Heithaus Parameter. In particular, bitumen blends containing 25 wt% of WCO modified with 2-phenylethyl alcohol, showed high dispersing capacity in n-heptane even after a week, compared to bitumen alone (1 h). Additionally, the Heithaus Parameter of this bitumen blend was almost three times higher than bitumen alone, further demonstrating beneficial effects deriving from the use of WCO esters as rejuvenating agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a novel combination of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and calcium oxide (CaO) nanocomposite (CaO/CNCs) for the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil. The filter paper was used as a raw cellulose source to produce the CNCs from the acid hydrolysis of cellulose with sulfuric acid. The as-synthesized CaO/CNC nanocomposite is recyclable and environmentally friendly and was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The optimum process parameters investigated are a 20:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 3-weight percent catalyst concentration, 60 °C temperature, and 90 min of reaction time. Under the optimum conditions, a biodiesel yield of 84% was obtained. The CaO/CNC nanocomposite achieved five times reusability, indicating its effectiveness and reusability in the transesterification reaction. The synthesized biodiesel chemical composition was examined using FTIR, GCMS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, and its properties, including specific gravity, color, flash point, cloud point, pour point, viscosity, sulfur content, sediments, water content, total acid number, cetane number, and corrosion test, were ascertained using ASTM standard practices. The outcomes were determined to fulfill global biodiesel standards (ASTM 951, 6751). Five successive transesterification processes were used to test the regeneration of the catalyst; the first three showed no distinct change, while the fifth cycle showed a reduction of up to 79%. The innovative composite CaO/CNC and used cooking oil are stable, affordable, and extremely successful for long-term biodiesel generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cooking oil fume particulate (COFP) produced by indoor cooking can harm human health seriously, and therefore requires urgent monitoring and optimization. In this paper, the kitchen cooking simulation process was established by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based on the fluid dynamics theory. Combined with the user defined function (UDF), the spatial and temporal distributions of COFP and carbon dioxide (CO2) during the cooking process were simulated and analyzed, respectively. Both simulation results were verified using experimental data. Moreover, this paper introduces a COFP concentration correlation function that utilizes the spatiotemporal correlation between COFP and CO2 concentrations during the cooking process. The function is based on the spatiotemporal distribution of CO2 concentration. By comparing it with traditional calculations, the proposed function is shown to achieve a remarkable 70% improvement in efficiency and maintain an accuracy rate exceeding 90%. This enables the rapid analysis and control of COFP concentration through monitoring and analyzing CO2 levels in the kitchen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varaždin pumpkin seed oil is a virgin edible oil obtained by roasting and mechanically pressing dry pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.). The aroma is dominated by a sense of toastiness interwoven with a specific nutty taste without any foreign or rancid smell or taste. It is dark green to black in colour with a reddish glow. It is characterized by fragrant, spicy notes and a well-balanced bouquet. The basic quality chemical parameters of Varaždin pumpkin seed oil monitored over the past eight years show that the proportion of free fatty acids (expressed as oleic) is less than 1%, which indicates good quality of the raw material and the applied oil production technology. The peroxide value is less than 4 mmol O2/kg, which is an indicator of good oxidation stability of the oil during its storage. The average value of the representation of unsaturated fatty acids is more than 80%, and variations in the fatty acid composition are the result of specific climatic conditions occuring in the year of growing and harvesting pumpkins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rising interest in developing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics as an auspicious substitute for conventional plastics, the exploitation of low-cost oil substrates for PHA biosynthesis has become popular recently. In view of the paucity of feasibility studies on lipid-based PHA production, this paper aims to provide an overview of the PHA production from diverse lipid-rich sources, covering the PHA production efficiencies using different plausible fermentation strategies and the key influencing factors for oil-based PHA production. Considering the high conversion efficiency (97.5% of the theoretical PHA yield), direct fermentation of oil has shown great promise for PHA industrialization. Plant oils which could achieve a high PHA yield (0.25–0.77 g/g) are better carbon sources than waste cooking oil (0.15–0.28 g/g). In addition to providing information on the potential enhancement tools (i.e., mixed cultures, metabolic engineering, and kinetic studies) for lipid-based PHA production, this paper also reviews the techno-economic and life cycle assessment of PHA production in comparison to the conventional plastics. Besides, technical challenges and future perspectives for the commercialization of oil-based PHA production have been discussed (specifically targeting on the concerns of inconsistent production efficiency, complex recovery process, and high production cost), offering further insights towards developing a sustainable circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the global trends in production, intake and composition of fats and oils in food supply from 1961 to 2003 based on the food balance sheets (FBS) compiled by the United Nations' (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). From 2001 to 2003, the global production of vegetable oils rose by 25.9%. Energy intake including fats and protein was 663 kilocalories a day higher in developed countries than in developing ones from 2001 to 2003. Coconut oil has the highest content of saturated fatty acids and lauric acid.

Purpose: In this study, an attempt has been made to collect the research that has been done on the construction and design of the H2O2 sensor. So far, many efforts have been made to quickly and sensitively determine H2O2 concentration based on different analytical principles. In this study, the importance of H2O2, its applications in various industries, especially the food industry, and the importance of measuring it with different techniques, especially portable sensors and on-site analysis, have been investigated and studied. Design/methodology/approach: Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very simple molecule in nature, but due to its strong oxidizing and reducing properties, it has been widely used in the pharmaceutical, medical, environmental, mining, textile, paper, food production and chemical industries. Sensitive, rapid and continuous detection of H2O2 is of great importance in many systems for product quality control, health care, medical diagnostics, food safety and environmental protection. Findings: Various methods have been developed and applied for the analysis of H2O2, such as fluorescence, colorimetry and electrochemistry, among them, the electrochemical technique due to its advantages in simple instrumentation, easy miniaturization, sensitivity and selectivity. Originality/value: Monitoring the H2O2 concentration level is of practical importance for academic and industrial purposes. Edible oils are prone to oxidation during processing and storage, which may adversely affect oil quality and human health. Determination of peroxide value (PV) of edible oils is essential because PV is one of the most common quality parameters for monitoring lipid oxidation and oil quality control. The development of cheap, simple, fast, sensitive and selective H2O2 sensors is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β‐Carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, can alleviate the deficiency of this vitamin prevalent worldwide. Earlier research studies have addressed the extraction of β‐carotene at relatively low temperatures (up to 70°C) due to its perceived instability at higher temperatures, as a result of which extraction rates recorded are relatively low. This study models the net rate of β‐carotene extraction by considering both extraction and degradation kinetics. The model developed, which accounts for degradation occurring in solid and extract phases, has been experimentally validated for the extraction of β‐carotene from freeze‐dried carrot powder into sunflower oil over a range of temperatures 90–150°C. This study also gives insights into the application of sunflower oil as a carrier for β‐carotene during cooking and food processing, by monitoring and modeling the thermal degradation and isomerization of β‐carotene at temperatures up to 220°C. The modeling of extraction kinetics shows that it is possible to achieve viable extraction rates by employing temperatures in the range (90–150°C) for relatively short times (<5 min). The degradation kinetics shows that almost 75% of the β‐carotene can survive heating at 180°C for 10 min—indicating the possibility of using β‐carotene enriched edible oils for frying. This study also reports on the formation of three isomers of β‐carotene identified using HPLC: trans‐, 9‐cis, and 13‐cis. The reaction network model developed in this study was able to account for the transient variation of the concentration of all three isomers. Practical Application: β‐Carotene is a precursor of vitamin A and its consumption can potentially alleviate the deficiency of this vitamin prevalent worldwide. This study validates a model for the extraction of β‐carotene in sunflower oil, which takes into account extraction as well as degradation occurring during extraction, so that a rational method is available for the design of efficient extractors for this purpose. This paper also establishes the thermal stability of β‐carotene under frying conditions by quantifying its thermal degradation as well as isomerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a refrigerant cooling method using an inner tube in a storage tank to improve the cooling performance and thermal uniformity during the storing of edible oil. With a prototype of an oil tank in Central Grain Reserve of Zhenjiang, the experimental oil tank was built in a scale of 50:1. Both natural and manual cooling experiments were carried out for the experimental tank. The manual cooling process involved two supplying modes for the refrigerant tube (top and bottom) and four different refrigerant temperatures (10 ℃, 12 ℃, 14 ℃, 16 ℃). The experimental results show that, compared with natural cooling, manual cooling can effectively reduce the temperature difference and thermal stratification between upper and lower layers. The temperature difference is 6.79 ℃, 1.93 ℃, and 3.67 ℃ for the natural cooling, manual top supplying, and manual bottom supplying mode, respectively. Furthermore, for the two manual modes, the cooling efficiency of bottom supplying is 21.4% higher than that of the top supplying, and the average oil temperature drops by 0.8–1 ℃. Based on experimental results, different working conditions (20, 40, and 60 ml/s) were simulated to determine the optimal flow rate for bottom supplying mode. The simulation results indicate that the low flow rate (20 ml/s) corresponds to the best thermal uniformity, and the maximum temperature has no obvious change under different flow rate conditions. Therefore, it is not necessary to increase the flow rate to improve cooling efficiency considering the rising energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipase has been used extensively in the industrial sector for edible fats and oils processing. However, its industrial scale application is often hampered by limitations such as low stability and poor reusability. A countermeasure taken is lipase immobilization which is a technique to confine enzyme molecules within a fixed space while maintaining catalytic activity. This usually enhances lipase stability and allows its reusability together with other advantages like simple product separation and better design options for the bioreactor. Meanwhile, lipase immobilization often involves high cost and thus making them less attractive for certain industrial applications (e.g., monoglyceride and diglyceride production, vitamin C esters synthesis) compared to chemical catalysts. Their lower activity compared to free lipase and chemical catalysts is also a challenge that needs to be overcome. Therefore, this paper will discuss the important characteristics of lipase, trending materials and protocols used in lipase immobilization, and current applications of immobilized lipase in edible oil and fat industries. This is to provide a thorough understanding of lipase immobilization technology in edible oil and fat modifications so that the strategy for its application can be more appropriately designed for optimized industrial benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large proportion of waste cooking oil (WCO) is currently being generated worldwide, which has led to crucial problems in its waste management due to absence of a proper disposal procedure. Most scholars mainly spotlight on the biodiesel production from WCO as alternative, despite the fact that there are other applications that require attention. Although WCO do not exist as polymers in nature, they are precursors for monomer chains which contain beneficial functional group to act as reactant. Triglycerides, which result from the esterification of glycerol with three fatty acids, are the major components of WCO. These triglycerides have a number of reactive sites, including ester groups and double bonds, providing a variety of opportunities for chemical modification, then polymerize to produce high molecular weight hydrocarbons. This review paper highlights the chemical processes required to produce polyurethane (PU), epoxy, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAS), acrylic, and alkyd resins polymers from WCO. The reaction initiator, catalyst, crosslinker, and others reagent used for the reaction process to convert into different functional monomer were summarized. As a result, WCO can be considered as a potential waste that can be used as a renewable polymer precursor to replace those are currently derived from petroleum hydrocarbons. [Display omitted] • The majority of polymeric materials used today are based on non-renewable feedstocks. • Usage of the waste has been proposed as a cost-effective alternative that also solves disposal issues. • Waste cooking oil (WCO) can transform into diverse monomers, generating high molecular weight hydrocarbons (long polymeric chain) with various applications. • The review highlights WCO as key raw material, chemically processed for renewable polymers like polyurethane, epoxy, polyhydroxyalkanoates, acrylic, and alkyd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed oils are the richest source of vitamin-E-active compounds, which contribute significantly to antioxidant activities. Cottonseed oil (CS-O) is attaining more consideration owing to its high fiber content and stability against auto-oxidation. CS-O has gained a good reputation in the global edible oil market due to its distinctive fatty acid profile, anti-inflammatory, and cardio-protective properties. CS-O can be extracted from cottonseed (CS) by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), aqueous/solvent extraction (A/SE), aqueous ethanol extraction (A-EE), subcritical water extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2), and enzyme-assisted extraction (E-AE). In this review, the importance, byproducts, physicochemical characteristics, and nutritional profile of CS-O have been explained in detail. This paper also provides a summary of scientific studies existing on functional and phytochemical characteristics of CS-O. Its consumption and health benefits are also deliberated to discover its profitability and applications. CS-O contains 26-35% saturated, 42-52% polyunsaturated, and 18-24% monounsaturated FA. There is approximately 1000 ppm of tocopherols in unprocessed CS-O, but up to one-third is lost during processing. Moreover, besides being consumed as cooking oil, CS-O discovers applications in many fields such as biofuel, livestock, cosmetics, agriculture, and chemicals. This paper provides a comprehensive review of CS-O, its positive benefits, fatty acid profile, extraction techniques, and health applications. CS-O is a rich source of exceptional fatty acids. Various techniques to extract the CS-O are discussed. Numerous physicochemical properties of CS-O for the potential market are assessed. It has a wide range of functional properties. Nutritional quality and health benefits are also evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proposal of replacing toxic solvents with non-toxic solvents in the concept of green chemistry, the development and utilization of new green extraction techniques have become a research hotspot. Phenolic compounds in edible oils have good antioxidant activity, but due to their low content and complex matrix, it is difficult to achieve a high extraction rate in a green and efficient way. This paper reviews the current research status of novel extraction materials in solid-phase extraction, including carbon nanotubes, graphene and metal–organic frameworks, as well as the application of green chemical materials in liquid-phase extraction, including deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, supercritical fluids and supramolecular solvents. The aim is to provide a more specific reference for realizing the green and efficient extraction of polyphenolic compounds from edible oils, as well as another possibility for the future research trend of green extraction technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increased demand for sunflower production, its breeding assignment is the intensification of the development of highly productive oil seed hybrids to satisfy the edible oil industry. Sunflower Oil Yield Prediction (SOYP) can help breeders to identify desirable new hybrids with high oil yield and their characteristics using machine learning (ML) algorithms. In this study, we developed ML models to predict oil yield using two sets of features. Moreover, we evaluated the most relevant features for accurate SOYP. ML algorithms that were used and compared were Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Regression, K-Nearest Neighbour, and Random Forest Regressor (RFR). The dataset consisted of samples for 1250 hybrids of which 70% were randomly selected and were used to train the model and 30% were used to test the model and assess its performance. Employing MAE, MSE, RMSE and R2 evaluation metrics, RFR consistently outperformed in all datasets, achieving a peak of 0.92 for R2 in 2019. In contrast, ANN recorded the lowest MAE, reaching 65 in 2018 The paper revealed that in addition to seed yield, the following characteristics of hybrids were important for SOYP: resistance to broomrape (Or) and downy mildew (Pl) and maturity. It was also disclosed that the locality feature could be used for the estimation of sunflower oil yield but it is highly dependable on weather conditions that affect the oil content and seed yield. Up to our knowledge, this is the first study in which ML was used for sunflower oil yield prediction. The obtained results indicate that ML has great potential for application in oil yield prediction, but also selection of parental lines for hybrid production, RFR algorithm was found to be the most effective and along with locality feature is going to be further evaluated as an alternative method for genotypic selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a critical and prevalent source of functional edible oils, woody oil plants with by-products that contain numerous accessible nutrients are widely farmed around the world. Researches on the peptide from plants have attracted the scientists' interest in recent years. Novel antioxidant peptides from woody oil plant by-products were discovered, and the antioxidant properties in vitro, in vivo and in silico have been conducted. The species origin, manufacturing and purification processes, biological function researches of antioxidant peptides of woody oil plant by-products were described and refined in this review, which also demonstrated a potential mechanism combining antioxidant peptide intrinsic characteristics and activity screening. Moreover, this paper revealed their prospective role in the fields of medicinal agents, nutraceuticals and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vegetable‐insulating oils are used in electrical systems recently. Most of vegetable‐insulating oils are manufactured from new oils. In this paper, we propose to develop the insulating oils from the used cooking oil. The used cooking oils that means thermal degraded—vegetable oil has high kinematic viscosity that does not meet the JIS values. In this study, the kinematic viscosity of thermal degraded oil was decreased using ester exchange reaction. We simulated the thermally‐degraded rice ester oil as used cooking oil, and investigated the potential of used cooking oil as insulating oil. We manufactured rice ester oil after thermal degradation before and after the ester‐exchange reaction and measure kinematic viscosity, AC breakdown voltage, moisture amount and volume resistivity for oil samples. We evaluated the degree of thermal degradation of the sample oil using total polar molecule (TPM). The results are described as follows. (1) The kinematic viscosity and volume resistivity of the rice oil increased with the thermal degradation progress (increase in TPM). The kinematic viscosity of the rice ester oil at each TPM value decreased after the ester‐exchange reaction. (2) After vacuum deaeration (2 h at 80°C and 22 h at room temperature), the moisture content of the rice oil before and after the ester‐exchange reaction was almost the same. (3) The AC breakdown strength after ester‐exchange reaction was higher than that of the untreated oil. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a terahertz range hybrid structured with square hollow-core PCF-based edible oil sensor is presented and statistically examined. For the purpose of determining this proposed hollow core fiber's propagation characteristics, the finite element method is used with a circular perfectly matched layer boundary condition. In ideal geometrical circumstances, the recommended detector exhibits 98.45% relative sensitivity to various edible oils at optimum frequency of 1.8 THz. An extensive simulation of that microstructure fiber across THz frequency range reveals that it is possible to concurrently achieve very low effective material loss of 0.004632 cm−1 and a very low confinement loss of 1.07 × 10–15 dB/m. In addition, the proposed fiber is thoroughly studied for other crucial factors like total loss, spot size, and numerical aperture. This optical waveguide's outstanding achievements will make it possible to use it in a variety of practical terahertz applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of fault detection in data collection in wireless sensor networks, this paper combines evolutionary computing and machine learning to propose a productive technical solution. We choose the classical particle swarm optimization (PSO) and improve it, including the introduction of a biological population model to control the population size, and the addition of a parallel mechanism for further tuning. The proposed RS-PPSO algorithm was successfully used to optimize the initial weights and biases of back propagation neural network (BPNN), shortening the training time and raising the prediction accuracy. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) has become the key supporting platform of Internet of Things (IoT). The correctness of the data collected by the sensor nodes has a great influence on the reliability, real-time performance and energy saving of the entire network. The optimized machine learning technology scheme given in this paper can effectively identify the fault data, so as to ensure the effective operation of WSN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatigue cracking has hitherto been a crucial constraint on the development of reclaimed asphalt pavements attributed to the performance of rejuvenated asphalt binder. Therefore, it is extremely significant to evaluate the fatigue performance of rejuvenated asphalt precisely and objectively and to improve the fatigue life of rejuvenated asphalt binders. With preceding research in our group, this paper investigated the fatigue properties of waste rubber/oil (WRO) rejuvenated asphalt and universal rejuvenated asphalt by dynamic shear rheometer test (DSR). The applicability of common fatigue life evaluation indexes and the response to internal and external influences on the fatigue performance of rejuvenated asphalt were analyzed. It is demonstrated that Np20 corresponding to the mutagenesis of phase angle is physically significant and independent of the parameters including rejuvenator type, loading mode and loading level, which was recommended as the evaluation index for fatigue life of rejuvenated asphalt in this paper. The fatigue performance of both WRO and universal rejuvenated asphalt is found to decrease with loading frequency and loading level, but the fatigue life of WRO rejuvenated asphalt is comparatively superior to the latter, particularly at high loading frequencies and levels. Influenced by waste tire crumb rubber (WTCR), increasing the proportion of WTCR can improve the fatigue life of rejuvenated asphalt. When compared to other rejuvenated asphalt, RWRO@55 rejuvenated asphalt shows better fatigue performance and its fatigue life rebounds at high loading frequency. Consequently, the recommended mastic–oil ratio is 5:5. However, when the rheological recoverability compensation is considered, the fatigue lifetime evaluation of rejuvenated asphalt will be changed significantly, and therefore the fatigue performance evaluation of rejuvenated asphalt should consider the influence of rheological recoverability to develop a comprehensive evaluation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute, the demand for edible oils and fats is growing. Tucumã is a native Amazonian fruit with high lipids content in the pulp and kernel. The pulp oil has a high content of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, mainly β‐carotene, a pro‐vitamin A. Kernel fat has high oxidative stability as it is rich in saturated fatty acids, with a predominance of lauric acid. Tucumã pulp oil and kernel fat can formulate functional fats due to their physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties. This paper aims to provide an overview of intellectual property and academic production about tucumã oil and fat. The increase in scientific production from 2001 to 2020 indicates that the research institutes have expanded interest in tucumã fruit. However, intellectual property using tucumã oil and fat for industrial applications is still modest. Using the selected keyword combinations, nineteen and ten papers related to pulp oil and kernel fat are met, respectively. The United States leads the patents publications related to tucumã fruit, oil, and fat (45%). Most patents are directed to the cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors (59%), demonstrating the necessity for studies focused on applications in the food industry. Practical Applications: Tucumã pulp oil and kernel fat can be used to formulate functional fats due to their physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory properties. The tucumã pulp oil has a high content of unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids, mainly β‐carotene, a pro‐vitamin A. The tucumã kernel fat presents high oxidative stability as it is rich in saturated fatty acids, with a predominance of lauric acid. Most patents are directed to the cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors, which demonstrate the need for studies focused on the food industry. The small number of patents favors promising partnerships between companies and scientific institutions for the transfer of academic knowledge of new technologies applied in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food industry is dealing with the challenge of preserving fruits and vegetables and extending their shelf life, so the methods of food preservation have been investigated. Pathogens causing intestinal infections have been identified as a major cause of human disease; therefore, efforts should be made to reduce these pathogens in fruits and vegetables. Essential oils extracted from herbs and edible plants have natural antimicrobial additives. Due to their low water solubility, high volatility, and strong organoleptic qualities, essential oils are not commonly used to reduce microbial growth in fruits and vegetables. To overcome these challenges, encapsulation of essential oils in nanoemulsions plays an important role as a potential solution. Nanoemulsions prepared from essential oils have both antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that make them stand out among food additives. Nanoemulsions are often used to provide physical stability. The use of nanoemulsions improves bioactivity while also reducing the impact on food organoleptic characteristics. This review paper discusses the recent advances in the preparation and stability of EO-based nanoemulsions, their antibacterial efficacy, and their application in fruit and vegetable products. In addition, this paper discusses the antibacterial mechanism of action of EO-based nanoemulsions and the applications of nanoemulsions in various sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to use the two-way fixed effect (TWFE) methodology to estimate the impact of the reform, exploiting its staggered implementation across regions. The analysis is restricted to graduates from the short vocational track before and after the reform. Design/methodology/approach: This paper studies the impact on the length of school-to-work transition of a reform that extended from two to three years the short vocational track in Italy in the early 2000s. Findings: The study finds that the reform had a positive impact and reduced school-to-work transition by around five months (a 24% reduction). Moreover, the new short vocational track proved to be extremely effective for migrants and females, whose school-to-work transition was reduced by 1.4 years and 0.9 years, respectively. In implementing the new short vocational track, some regions adopted a quasi-market organization in which private training institutions competed with public schools. This model proved to be more effective in shortening school-to-work transitions, in particular for migrants. Originality/value: This study makes an important contribution to the literature on the labor-market effect of vocational education by showing that lengthening the short vocational track, and changing the overall content of curricula, can speed up school-to-work transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper reviews the research progress of peanut evolution and genetic breeding. • Point out the main problems and challenges of molecular genetic breeding in peanut research. • Clarify the future research directions of peanut. Peanut is an important cash crop used in oil, food and feed in our country. The rapid development of sequencing technology has promoted the research on the related aspects of peanut genetic breeding. This paper reviews the research progress of peanut origin and evolution, genetic breeding, molecular markers and their applications, genomics, QTL mapping and genome selection techniques. The main problems of molecular genetic breeding in peanut research worldwide include: the narrow genetic resources of cultivated species, unstable genetic transformation and unclear molecular mechanism of important agronomic traits. Considering the severe challenges regarding the supply of edible oil, and the main problems in peanut production, the urgent research directions of peanut are put forward: The de novo domestication and the exploitation of excellent genes from wild resources to improve modern cultivars; Integration of multi-omics data to enhance the importance of big data in peanut genetics and breeding; Cloning the important genes related to peanut agronomic traits and analyzing their fine regulation mechanisms; Precision molecular design breeding and using gene editing technology to accurately improve the key traits of peanut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerine (glycerol) is a polyol consisting of three carbon atoms bonded to hydroxyl groups. It is a by-product of the transesterification of triglycerides, such as animal fats, vegetable oils, or used cooking oils during the biodiesel production process. Crude glycerine is subject to purification processes resulting in distilled glycerine containing at least 99.5% glycerol. Currently, produced high-quality distilled glycerine is used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Recently, technologies for converting glycerol to other chemicals through catalytic processes have been intensively developed, e.g., production of bio-based 1,2-propanediol. In the near future, glycerol will certainly become a promising renewable raw material in many modern biorefineries for the synthesis of biofuels, chemicals, and bioenergy production. This paper presents the possibility of using ion exchange resins to remove impurities with trace amounts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds from crude and distilled glycerine, produced during the biodiesel production process from used cooking oils. It was determined that using ion exchange resins at the preliminary purification stage (before distillation) was ineffective. Using cationite resins to purify distilled glycerine produced from waste materials enables the removal of impurities in the form of sulphur and nitrogen compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern societies and industrial sectors are serviced through storage and distribution centres (SDCs) such as supermarkets, malls, warehouses, etc. Large quantities of supplies are stocked here, e.g., food grains, clothes, shoes, pharmaceuticals, electronics, plastics, edible oils, electrical wires/equipment, petroleum products, painting materials, etc. Fires due to the burning of these materials are categorized into six classes, viz., Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class K, and Class F. A fire is extinguished better when the right type of fire retardant is used. A thumb rule on firefighting also says, "never fight a fire if you do not know what is burning". In this paper, we have proposed an Intelligent Decision Support System (ID2S4FH) to generate a real-time 'fire-map' of such SDCs during a fire hazard. We have interfaced six tin-oxide-based gas sensor elements, a temperature and humidity sensor, and a particulate matter (PM) sensor with microcontrollers to capture the real-time signature patterns of the ambient air. We burned sixteen different types of materials belonging to six classes of fire and created a dataset consisting of 2400 samples. The sensor array responses were then pre-processed and analysed using various classifiers trained in different analysis space domains. Among the classifiers, four classifiers achieved 'all correct' identification of the fire classes of 80 unknown test samples, and the lowest mean squared error (MSE) achieved was 2.81 × 10−3. During a fire hazard, our proposed ID2S4FH can generate real-time fire maps of SDCs and help firefighters to extinguish the fire using the appropriate fire retardant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the transport, storage, and consumption of edible vegetable oils, the color of some freshly refined oils is gradually darkened, which is known as the color reversion. The oil industry has been plagued by the issue for a long time because the dark color of the oil is related to its poor quality and low acceptability for consumers. Color reversion of refined vegetable oils is primarily related to the processing pigments, especially tocored, which is the oxidation product of γ-tocopherol. However, the underlying molecular action mechanism of tocored is not yet fully understood due to the complex transformations of tocored in oil systems. This paper presents a brief description of oil color, followed by an overview of research progress on the mechanism of color reversion. In particular, the effect of minor components (phospholipids and metal ions) on color reversion is highlighted in an attempt to explain the remaining mysteries of color reversion. Furthermore, the measures to restrain color reversion by quality control of the oilseeds, the adjustment of technical parameters of processing, and the storage conditions of refined oils are summarized to provide some references for the oil industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oil contains a variety of active substances, which have the functions of strengthening the heart and lowering cholesterol, and can prevent a variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases caused by vascular sclerosis edible oil. Based on the logistics model, this paper builds a research model on the influencing factors of consumption and purchase intention and analyzes the coastal areas of camellia oil. Using this model, it makes an empirical analysis and research on the differences in the purchase intention and influencing factors of different consumers of camellia oil. Based on the results of empirical analysis, the main research conclusions of this paper are extracted, including the influencing factors of consumers' camellia oil purchase willingness and the differences in the influencing factors of consumers' camellia oil purchase willingness under different income levels, and put forward some corresponding measures and policy suggestions in a targeted manner. Based on the research model of the influencing factors of purchase intention established by logistic algorithm, this paper analyzes the coastal areas of Chashan oil and finds that the factors affecting consumers' purchase intention are positively related to education and personal monthly income and negatively related to gender. "Educational education" is significant at 1% and has a positive correlation with a coefficient of 0.864; personal income is significant at 5% with a coefficient of 0.762; for gender, it is negatively correlated with a coefficient of -0.259, indicating that other variables remain unchanged. Education can promote consumers' willingness to buy camellia oil, and consumers with higher education are more likely to buy camellia oil. In the same regression prediction model, the regression prediction efficiency of this model is better. In general, this shows that the model in this paper has certain superior performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue (SI) focused on the novel methods developed using contactless sensors for food, beverages and packaging. The use of traditional methods to evaluate food, beverages, and packaging tends to be time-consuming, labour-intensive, and usually involves high costs due to the need for expensive equipment, regular refill of consumables, skilled personnel and, in the case of sensory evaluation, incentives or payments involved for participants recruitment and/or panelists training and participation. Other papers focus on the use of other specific sensors, such as a low-cost and portable electronic nose (e-nose) to predict aromas and roasting intensity in coffee [[5]] and the use of flexible sensors for monitoring oyster survival rates [[6]]. [Extracted from the article]

[Objectives] The paper was to master the species, incidence regularity and control techniques of main diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleífera in Anhui Province. [Methods] The species of main diseases and insect pests of C. oleífera in major C. oleífera afforestation bases and seedling bases in Anhui Province were investigated through field survey and literature search. Afterwards, the symptom characteristics, occurrence regularity and harms of diseases and insect pests were analyzed, and scientific and reasonable control techniques were put forward. [ Results] The main diseases of C. oleífera in Anhui Province were soft rot disease, blister blight, anthracnose, sooty blotch, etc., and the main insect pests were Euproctis pseudoconspersa, Biston margínala, Hypomeces squamosus, Curadlo chinensts, Chrenoma airitarsis, etc. The control techniques mainly included ecological regulation, physical prevention and control, chemical prevention and control, and biological prevention and control. [Conclusions] The results will promote the high-quality development of C. oleífera industry in Anhui Province, and contribute to the improvement of China's edible vegetable oil supply and national grain and oil security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste cooking oil (WCO) that is not managed optimally will harm the environment and human health. However, WCO can be recycled into valuable products. In this paper, appropriate WCO management is designed to minimise the cost of collection to a recycling centre as raw material for other products. The post-use products were analysed for circularity based on economic, environmental, and social aspects. A questionnaire-based survey was used to map community behaviour towards post-use products. Furthermore, the design of the waste collection point is carried out using the Maximal Covering Location Problem (MCLP) and the creation of the retrieval route using the Sequential Insertion (SI) algorithm. This study found a circularity framework for waste originating from households whose presence is scattered in small quantities. This study found phenomena related to community behaviour towards WCO and succeeded in developing the collection points and routes design in two scenarios. The municipal government can utilise the strategy of WCO collection points, and optimal WCO collection routes based on community behaviour to manage WCO waste better. Estimates of the WCO's potential, the costs required to handle, and the financial benefits and opportunities for running a circular economy were also analysed. The results of this study could be a good case study of WCO management, especially to develop economic circularity in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperate perennial fruit and nut trees play varying roles in world food diversity—providing edible oils and micronutrient, energy, and protein dense foods. In addition, perennials reuse significant amounts of biomass each year providing a unique resilience. But they also have a unique sensitivity to seasonal temperatures, requiring a period of dormancy for successful growing season production. This paper takes a global view of five temperate tree fruit crops—apples, cherries, almonds, olives, and grapes—and assesses the effects of future temperature changes on thermal suitability. It uses climate data from five earth system models for two CMIP6 climate scenarios and temperature‐related indices of stress to indicate potential future areas where crops cannot be grown and highlight potential new suitable regions. The loss of currently suitable areas and new additions in new locations varies by scenario. In the southern hemisphere (SH), end‐century (2081–2100) suitable areas under the SSP 5–8.5 scenario decline by more than 40% compared to a recent historical period (1991–2010). In the northern hemisphere (NH) suitability increases by 20% to almost 60%. With SSP1‐2.6, however, the changes are much smaller with SH area declining by about 25% and NH increasing by about 10%. The results suggest substantial restructuring of global production for these crops. Essentially, climate change shifts temperature‐suitable locations toward higher latitudes. In the SH, most of the historically suitable areas were already at the southern end of the landmass limiting opportunities for adaptation. If breeding efforts can bring chilling requirements for the major cultivars closer to that currently seen in some cultivars, suitable areas at the end of the century are greater, but higher summer temperatures offset the extent. The high value of fruit crops provides adaptation opportunities such as cultivar selection, canopy cooling using sprinklers, shade netting, and precision irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the impact of dwell angle and two-stage fueling technique on engine efficiency and tailpipe emissions in a 3.5 kW powered four-stroke diesel engine fueled with waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel blends were investigated. An experiment with single-cylinder high-pressure CRDi equipped diesel engine was executed at two different dwell angles (5° CA and 10° CA) with varying pilot fueling quantities of 10% and 20% at nozzle fueling pressure of 600 bar. The outcomes revealed that the combined effect of dwell angle and two-stage fueling techniques had enhanced the BTE by 8.13% for B20P20 pilot fueling timing (PFT) of 28° bTDC, whereas BSFC lowers for B20P20 blend at pilot fueling timing of 33° bTDC. Comparing B20P20 PFT at 28° bTDC to PFT at 33° bTDC, CO, HC and smoke emissions drop by 72.72%, 37.04%, and 93.75%, respectively. The nitrogen oxide reduction is unaffected by two-stage fueling strategy among all the test sample fuels and significantly higher for the biodiesel blends than mineral diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the diffusion and regeneration of bio-oil in aged bitumen, waste cooking oil (WCO), waste wood oil (WWO) and straw liquefied residue oil (SLRO) were selected in this paper. According to the surface wetting theory, the contact angle is obtained by combining laboratory experiments with molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, and the wetting parameters are calculated to evaluate the wetting behavior of bio-oil. The experimental phenomena of the wetting process and the main factors driving wetting are further analyzed. A permeation experiment is designed to obtain the permeation fusion layer (PFL). If the crossover modulus of PFLs changes compared with that of the aged bitumen, it is determined that the bio-oil penetrates the corresponding fusion layer. The results show that the motion of bio-oil included spreading and shrinking processes, and a precursor film played a pivotal role in the transportation of nanodroplets. Higher surface tension, lower viscosity and cohesion can effectively promote the wettability of bio-oil. A higher temperature and a longer permeation time are conducive to the permeation of bio-oil in aged bitumen. WCO with the strongest wettability has the weakest permeability, while WWO has superior permeability and can activate the macromolecules' surface activity, but its wettability is relatively weak. It is necessary to further modify WCO and WWO to be suitable rejuvenators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]