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• Reducing modifiable risk factors could prevent the onset of cognitive decline. • Physical multimorbidity–cognitive function association was mediated by depression. • Routine screening for depression in multimorbidity patient may delay dementia onset. This paper explores the role of depressive symptoms (mediator/moderator) in the association between physical multimorbidity (exposure) and cognitive function (outcome) among older adults in the three most populous middle-income countries. This study used cross-sectional data from China (2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study), India (2017/2018 Longitudinal Ageing Study in India), and Indonesia (2014/2015 Indonesian Family Life Survey), with a total sample of 73,199 respondents aged ≥ 45 years. Three domains of cognitive tests were harmonised across surveys, including time orientation, word recall, and numeracy. The four-way decomposition analysis assessed the mediation and interaction effects between exposure, mediator/moderator, and outcome, adjusted for covariates. The mean age of the respondents (in years) was slightly younger in Indonesia (56.0, SD = 8.8) than in China (59.5, SD = 9.3) and India (60.0, SD = 10.5). The proportion of male respondents was 49.3 % in China, 47.3 % in India, and 47.5 % in Indonesia. Respondents in China had the highest mean cognitive function z scores (54.7, SD = 19.9), followed by India (51.1, SD = 20.0) and Indonesia (51.0, SD = 18.4). Physical multimorbidity was associated with lower cognitive function in China and India (p < 0.0001), with 48.4 % and 40.0 % of the association explained by the mediating effect of depressive symptoms ('overall proportion due to mediation'). The association was not found in Indonesia. Cognitive functions were lower among individuals with physical multimorbidity, and depressive symptoms mainly explained the association. Addressing depressive symptoms among persons with physical multimorbidity is likely to have not only an impact on their mental health but could prevent cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how Chinese university students negotiate their second language (L2) motivational dynamics, including their ideal and ought-to L2 selves, to participate in informal digital learning of English (IDLE) mediated by generative artificial intelligence (AI). It demonstrates the extent to which enjoyment, the most observable positive emotion in L2 learning, influences their involvement in AI-mediated IDLE (AI-IDLE) activities. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed-method design, this study surveyed 690 Chinese undergraduate students and conducted 12 post-survey interviews. Using a structural equation modeling approach, the quantitative analysis reveals that participants' ideal L2 self can significantly predict both their sense of enjoyment and AI-IDLE, while the ought-to L2 self is only able to directly predict enjoyment. The quantitative results also demonstrate that enjoyment can partially mediate the relationship between the ideal L2 self and AI-IDLE and simultaneously fully channel the indirect impact of the ought-to L2 self on AI-IDLE. Supplementing these quantitative findings, the interview data provides a nuanced understanding of how motivation and enjoyment shift and interact with learning contexts as participants engage in AI-IDLE. Drawing on these quantitative and qualitative insights, this study identifies implications for pedagogy, particularly in terms of motivating Chinese university students to engage in IDLE while maintaining emotional well-being in the age of generative AI. • Ideal L2 self significantly predicts AI-mediated Informal Digital Learning of English (IDLE). • Ought-to L2 self fails to directly predict AI-mediated IDLE. • Enjoyment partially mediates the relationship between Ideal L2 self and AI-mediated IDLE. • Enjoyment fully channels the indirect impact of Ought-to L2 self on AI-mediated IDLE. • Motivation and enjoyment shift and interact with learning contexts to shape AI-mediated IDLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Rapidly urbanizing communities in middle-income countries could be sources of vaccine hesitancy, and may create hot spots of low vaccination coverage. This study characterizes vaccine hesitancy in Shanghai and identifies disparities in vaccine safety and efficacy concerns by residency status-a marker for recent migration into the city.Methods: Parents of children aged ≤18 years from immunization clinics in Shanghai were enrolled in summer 2019, with the data analyzed during winter 2019-2020. The paper questionnaire used the Parental Attitudes towards Childhood Vaccines scale, which included questions about vaccine safety and efficacy concerns. The primary independent variable was residency-whether an individual was a Shanghai local or a recent migrant (i.e., non-local). Linear regression models assessed the relationship between residency and vaccine safety and efficacy concerns.Results: Among 1,021 participants, 65.4% had local residency, and the remainder were urban non-locals (13.1%) or rural non-locals (21.5%). A majority of parents expressed concerns about vaccine side effects (73.8%), vaccine safety (63.9%), and vaccine effectiveness (52.4%). Compared with locals, rural non-locals were more concerned about vaccine side effects (β=0.26, 95% CI=0.07, 0.46), vaccine safety (β=0.42, 95% CI=0.19, 0.65), and vaccine effectiveness (β=0.37, 95% CI=0.16, 0.58).Conclusions: Differences in vaccine hesitancy by residency could lead to geographical and sociodemographic disparities in vaccination coverage and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease.Supplement Information: This article is part of a supplement entitled Global Vaccination Equity, which is sponsored by the Global Institute for Vaccine Equity at the University of Michigan School of Public Health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption and carbon emissions of the urban building sector have been growing so rapidly in recent decades that developing low-carbon buildings has become a common trend in the world. However, the current developing situation of low-carbon buildings in China's urban area is still dissatisfactory though some measures have been taken. Thus, it is valuable to explore the critical factors responsible for the imperfect low-carbon development. Based on the extant researches, this paper firstly concluded 18 possible factors affecting the development of low-carbon buildings in China's urban area Then, with the data collected from a questionnaire survey, 6 critical factors are identified through factor analysis. The research also employed structural equation modeling to further indicate the influence priorities of the 6 critical factors over corporate low-carbon willingness. The results show that all of these critical factors have significant impacts on low-carbon constructionand return on investment has the first priority over low-carbon willingness. Correspondingly, six proposals are proposed at the end of the paper with the aim to provide a reference for the effective development of urban low-carbon buildings. It is worthy to mention that the results are also valuable for the construction of resource saving and environmental-friendly society in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A land-sea coordination system is constructed. • An initial indicator system is established based on analysis of influential factors using questionnaires. • Structural equation modeling is applied to screen the initial indicators. • Reliability and validity analysis of the screened indicator system is conducted to verify its feasibility. • The screened indicator system is suitable for evaluating standard ports. Abstract The evaluation of the development of a land-sea coordination system, including how to measure success, remains a significant subject for exploration among researchers and practitioners. The main challenge in this subject is to establish a suitable indicator system. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to construct an indicator system to evaluate the development of a land-sea coordination system. We take Lianyungang port as a case study. A land-sea coordination system is considered as composed by three sub-systems, i.e., a land-side sub-system, a sea-side sub-system, and a port sub-system. Based on analysis of influential factors using questionnaires for the development of a land-sea coordination system, an initial indicator system is established. We apply structural equation modeling to screen the indicators from the initial indicator system. Finally, we analyze the reliability and validity of the screened indicator system. The results show that a total of 26 indicators are generated and grouped into three major categories: (1) economic development; (2) service system; (3) resources and environment, and the screened indicator system is of suitable feasibility to be applied to evaluate the development of the considered land-sea coordination system. Additionally, the results provide a scientific reference and decision-making basis for policy formulation and development evaluation of standard ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study proposed a mediated moderation model based on the cognitive theory and susceptibility phenotype theory for depression to explore the moderating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between trait anxiety and depression and the mediating role of rumination in this interactive effect.Methods: The subjects were selected via the cluster sampling method. A cross-sectional survey of 1619 Chinese adults of Han nationality was recruited from three cities in central and western China. The trait anxiety subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Trait scale), Short Ruminative Response Scale (SRRS), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) were used for a paper-and-pencil evaluation. The data were statistically processed using correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and a test of mediated moderation.Results: (1) Trait anxiety was significantly positively correlated with rumination and depression. There was a significant negative correlation between cognitive flexibility and trait anxiety, rumination, and depression. (2) The moderating effect of cognition flexibility on the relationship between trait anxiety and depression was mediated by rumination, and the indirect moderating effect accounted for 79.25% of the total variance.Limitations: Cross-sectional studies do not reveal the causal relationships between observed variables well. Self-report questionnaires lack objective indicators. The applicability of the current results in the clinical depression population requires further experimental tests.Conclusions: The results support the important role of trait anxiety in the development of depression. Cognitive flexibility moderates the relationship between trait anxiety and depression and has a risk-buffering effect on this relationship. Rumination plays a mediating role in the moderating effects of cognitive flexibility on the relationship between trait anxiety and depression. The findings enrich the research on the relationship between trait anxiety and depression and have important practical implications for the early prevention and intervention of depression, which can increase individual cognitive flexibility and address rumination to regulate depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of smart city service quality on online civic engagement. Smart cities are reconceptualized as smart social substances forming the basis of social interactions in which citizens themselves are involved in negotiating human–computer interactions in the processes of social learning, negotiating and adapting to ICT devices, and prompting behavior change to achieve the desired condition in the cities. In this study, responses from 548 citizens living in China in an online questionnaire are examined using a structural equation modeling technique for data analysis, and a theoretical model is proposed based on social learning theory. The results reveal that high-quality responsiveness and information content of a digital learning service have a significant positive effect on commitment to community and ICT self-efficacy. Additionally, we find that commitment to community and ICT self-efficacy have a significant positive effect on online civic engagement. Moreover, commitment to community mediates the effect of information content, responsiveness, and environment quality on online civic engagement. Our research findings suggest that, in their efforts to improve online civic engagement, smart city implementation practitioners can enhance citizens' individual commitment to community and foster ICT self-efficacy via high-quality ICT devices and digital learning services. • Smart city as a manifestation of actors, ICT systems, services and social learning. • Reconceptualization of smart city as smart social substance. • Interpersonally mediated service advances citizens' ICT self-efficacy. • Community commitment mediates the effect of service quality on citizen behavior. • Mechanisms underlying citizen judgment can enhance online civic engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the large-scale urbanisation process in China, the issue of ‘non-local-governed urban villages’ (NLGUV) arises within government. NLGUVs are suffering from overlapping administration, mismatched responsibilities and rights and unclear lines of authority. This fact not only violates the basic legal principle of administrative division, but also creates serious management problems and goes against the principal of coordinated development of urban and rural areas. Based on a questionnaire survey and interviews of urban villages in Beijing, this paper aims to answer two questions: first, what are the institutional barriers of the NLGUVs, and second, how they have hampered the rural-to-urban transition of those urban villages and urban-rural integration in the urban fringe areas. It is found that, while having administrative problems in common, the NLGUVs vary significantly in terms of demo-geographic, socio-economic, and management characteristics, so it is argued that solutions to the administrative management problems of the NLGUVs should be different. Upon analyses of the 155 NLGUVs distributed over 32 sub-districts and seven districts in Beijing, they are divided into four groups: lagging-behind urban villages, transformed urban villages, problematic urban villages and enclave urban villages. On this ground, urban policies including abuse of the setting criteria of sub-districts, and problems with the resettlement policy of urban villages and current land acquisition policies are identified as the main causes for the ‘production’ of the NLGUVs. The findings shed lights on the restructure of administrative system for existing urban villages and reform of urban policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing amount of global waste generated over the years, most countries have the urgency to implement effective household waste recycling to solve this problem. In order to develop the policy that regulates waste recycling behaviour, it is important to investigate on the external factors that may influence an individual's waste sorting behaviour and participation rate. In this paper, we examined how four possible external factors―namely market incentives, market facilitators such as informal recycling market, government incentive and government facilitators―influence waste separation behaviour of Hangzhou's residents in China. The survey questionnaire was designed based on the extension of an extant theoretical framework and literature review, and then disseminated to the households through systematic sampling in JB Street of Hangzhou, resulting in a sample size of 631 valid responses. The partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of each construct. Our results revealed a significant and positive correlation between all the constructs to waste separation intention except the path from market incentive to intention. We further discussed on the moderating effect of the social-demographic variables such as social influence, gender and income on recycling intention and waste separation behaviour. This study expands the understanding on perceived effectiveness of external factors that influence residents' waste separation behaviour. The findings can be extrapolated to other countries to implement effective household waste management policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The housing problem in China has shifted from a quantity to a quality problem, and it is time to take into consideration design quality in addition to housing delivery. This paper aims to explore and understand the challenges to improving housing design quality in China, helping to identify areas for future improvement and necessary corrective measures to be taken. A series of critical factors in housing design quality are identified by using a triangulation of a comprehensive literature review, qualitative interviews and a questionnaire survey administered to experienced practitioners in the Chinese housing industry. It is substantiated by a case study of two real-life housing projects, conducted to manifest the hindrances and the benefits achieved. This study has identified seven critical challenges: inadequate building technologies, lack of design accuracy, insufficient time and uncertain high cost, lack of consideration for end-users, insufficient collaboration, lack of public facilities, and insufficient incentives of quality design. Some key benefits related to housing design quality are also summarised in this study, including, but not limited to, enhanced brand recognition, regulatory incentives, improved customer satisfaction, reduction in operation and maintenance costs, and less construction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2012-2014, our laboratory had investigated a total of 9 suspected front blind spot crashes, in which the medium and heavy goods vehicles pulled away from rest and rolled over the pedestrians, who were crossing immediately in front of the vehicles. The drivers alleged that they did not see any pedestrians through the windscreens or the front blind spot mirrors. Forensic assessment of the goods vehicles revealed the existence of front blind spot zones in 3 out of these 9 accident vehicles, which were attributed to the poor mirror adjustments or even the absence of a front blind spot mirror altogether. In view of this, a small survey was devised involving 20 randomly selected volunteers and their goods vehicles and 5 out of these vehicles had blind spots at the front. Additionally, a short questionnaire was conducted on these 20 professional lorry drivers and it was shown that most of them were not aware of the hazards of blind spots immediately in front of their vehicles, and many did not use the front blind spot mirrors properly. A simple procedure for quick measurements of the coverage of front blind spot mirrors using a coloured plastic mat with dimensional grids was also introduced and described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor performance of Chinese international contractors in terms of corporate social responsibility can impair their growth and internationalization in overseas markets. This study aims to probe into these contractors' perception of corporate social responsibility, diagnose perception distortions (if any), and identify approaches to improving this perception. A benchmarking analysis based on the stakeholder theory is conducted against the perception of international prominent contractors (assumed to represent international best practices). A questionnaire survey is administered to evaluate corporate social responsibility perceptions of both Chinese international contractors and international prominent contractors. The results of the gap analysis validate that Chinese international contractors' perception of corporate social responsibility is distorted and incomplete. Significant perception gaps between the two categories of contractors are found, mainly due to poor health and safety management, low compliance and ethical standards, and insufficient consideration of corporate social responsibility-related aspects in business decision making and implementation on the part of the Chinese international contractors. The findings indicate that Chinese international contractors ought to pay more attention to labor protection, environmental protection and anti-corruption issues; they should improve their compliance and ethics levels in their overseas operations to effectively identify and create shared values between the corporation and the society. The findings of this study could also lead other contractors and organizations in the international construction industry to a better understanding of the Chinese construction industry and the associated sociocultural environment, which could reduce business conflicts and disputes, and lead to more effective business activities. By utilizing the stakeholder perspective of corporate social responsibility, this paper can lead practitioners and the academia to a balanced and unbiased view on corporate social responsibility efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, China has undergone an extremely rapid phase of urbanization, which has caused many acute problems between urban and rural areas. This paper identifies three categories of social, economic and environmental conflict, and investigates their significance according to the views of two different populations using a questionnaire survey and interviews. Using fuzzy set theory, the key causes of urban-rural conflict related to urbanization in China are identified. The differences in urban and rural people's perceptions of these key factors are discussed and the factors underlying these perceptions are analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The fall-related injuries of old people have attracted increasing attention particularly because of the continuous aging of the population. In this meta-analysis, we aim to present the incidence and sub-groups of fall-related injuries among old people in mainland China. Methods A systematic electronic literature search was performed using four Chinese and two English databases. The selected papers were cross-sectional studies in mainland China, the participants of which were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using questionnaire. The risk of bias was assessed using the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE), and the pooled rates were estimated by DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model. Results A total of 40 cross-sectional studies that focused on 128,691 participants who were aged 60 years were included in this review. On the one hand, 54.95 per 1000 (overall), 45.94 per 1000 (males), 78.89 per 1000 (females), 25.95 per 1000 (60 years to 69 years), 33.03 per 1000 (70 years to 79 years), and 62.74 per 1000 (≥80 years) were estimated for the pooled incidence of fall-related injury. On the other hand, 91.72 per 1000 (overall), 94.54 per 1000 (males), and 144.93 per 1000 (females) were estimated for person–time incidence of fall-related injury. Higher incidence rates were observed in females compared with males, and these rates continued to increase along with age. Conclusions A moderate level of fall-related injuries was observed among old people in mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This paper describes and preliminarily evaluates the usefulness of the daily syndrome-specific absenteeism surveillance system (DSSASS) as an early warning system of school outbreaks in rural China. Study design: We conducted an experimental study in rural areas of Hubei Province from September 19, 2011 to December 31, 2011. Methods: Nine public elementary schools from two counties were selected as pilot sentinel schools. Daily monitoring data of the absent date and reason, sex, age and class of each absent student was collected and entered into a web database. Reported data were checked daily and field investigation was carried out when there was abnormal absentee aggregation. Descriptive analysis and preliminary evaluation were then conducted after the pilot study. Results: The findings showed that the total average of daily absenteeism rate was 3%, and the absenteeism rate differed by county, school level and grade level. The daily absenteeism rate in illness absentees was highest (2.74%), followed by business absentees (0.13%) and injury absentees (0.09%). The total timeliness report rate was 64.84% and the total incident report rate was 29.22%. One varicella outbreak and one influenza B outbreak were identified, but neither of them was detected by China Information System for Diseases Control and Prevention (CISDCP). The study shows syndrome-specific absenteeism data would be useful for early detection of unusual public health events or outbreaks in school. However, more efforts are needed to enhance the quality of surveillance data, and longer follow-up and more analysis are required to evaluate the system comprehensively. Our study might provide useful experience and evidence for other developing regions or counties establishing similar systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Parental belief is associated with Child social-emotional development. • Parental investments mediate parental belief and child development. • The mediation effects vary across investments and developmental outcomes. • The varieties of play materials and activities are the strongest mediators. Parental investments are associated with early child outcomes, and some evidences outside China suggest that parental belief might affect parental investments. However, the interrelationships of parental belief, parental investments, and early child development has not been well documented in China. This paper aims to study the interrelationships between the caregiver's parental belief, the caregiver's parental investments, and the child's early developmental outcomes in rural China. A total of 1787 sample households in an undeveloped rural area of western China are enrolled in the cross-sectional study. A parental belief questionnaire, the Family Care Indicators (FCI), the Bayley Scales of Infant Development version III (BSID-III), and a socioeconomic questionnaire were used to measure the caregiver's parental belief on parenting practices, the caregiver's parental investments, the child's early developmental outcomes, and the socioeconomic characteristics of sample households, respectively. The mediation model was then applied to estimate the interrelationships. The results find that the caregiver's parental investments significantly mediate in the relationships between the caregiver's parental belief and the child's early developmental outcomes. Through parental investments, one standard deviation (SD) increase in the caregiver's parental belief is corresponding to 3% of one SD increase in the child's four developmental outcomes (cognition, language, motor, and social–emotion) respectively. For future studies aimed at designing targeted interventions on early child development in rural China, the key findings of this paper might be informative. Early interventions aimed at strengthening the caregiver's subjective belief on parenting practices and increasing the parental investments in the household might be effective to improve the development of rural children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the mediating roles of mathematics anxiety and learning interest between problematic smartphone use and mathematics achievement. After two-stage stratified sampling, 30,601 Chinese fourth-graders participated by completing a paper-based test on mathematics achievement and an online questionnaire that included questions on demographic information as well as the problematic smartphone use, mathematics anxiety, and mathematics learning interest scales. The results showed that (1) smartphone use was more problematic among boys than among girls, and students with a low SES tended to be more problematic smartphone users, (2) problematic smartphone use was negatively correlated with mathematics achievement, (3) mathematics anxiety and learning interest partially mediated the relationship between problematic smartphone use and mathematics achievement, and (4) the relationship between problematic smartphone use and mathematics achievement was serially mediated by mathematics anxiety and then mathematics learning interest. The implications of this study and suggestions for future research are discussed. • This study examines the relation between PSU by pupils and math achievement. • The mediating roles of math anxiety and learning interest are also investigated. • PSU was negatively correlated with mathematics achievement. • Math anxiety and learning interest played partially mediating roles respectively. • Math anxiety and then learning interest also played serially mediating roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of China's public long-term care insurance (LTCI) pilots on the well-being of older adults and their families. Using panel data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, we exploit the rollout of the LTCI pilots across different cities during 2015–2017 and identify the effect of LTCI using a difference-in-differences approach. We find that the implementation of LTCI has reduced the likelihood of older adults reporting unmet activity of daily living (ADL)–related need for care, the intensity of informal care, and the amounts of ADL-related care expenditures and out-of-pocket medical expenditures. LTCI coverage was also associated with an improvement in self-reported health and a reduction in one-year mortality risk of older adults with baseline need for care. From a policy perspective, these findings suggest that the introduction of LTCI may benefit all members of the household, both care recipient and caregivers, which has important implications for the development of LTCI in China and other middle-income and developing countries. • Study impacts of China's long-term care insurance (LTCI) on well-being of older adults. • We exploit the rollout of the LTCI pilots across different cities during 2015–2017. • LTCI reduced older adults' unmet activity of daily living (ADL)–related need for care. • LTCI reduced informal care intensity, ADL-related care expenses, and medical expenses. • LTCI was associated with better self-reported health and lower mortality risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ethnobotanical relevance: Due to the global rise in the use of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Chinese materia medica (medicinal materials, or CMM) are giving cause for concern over their evidence base, safety/possible toxicity, questionable quality and use of endangered species of both animals and plants. However, little if anything is actually known about the range of species used to produce CMM used in Europe and even in China. This study represents the first attempt to identify and compare the most important CMM used in both regions, to begin the process of assessing the risks to public health and possible future benefits. Materials and methods: Data were collected from a convenience sample of TCM practitioners in the EU and mainland China, using a paper/online survey. Among other questions, respondents were asked (1) which conditions they most commonly treated using CMM and the likelihood of them using herbal manufactured products and decoctions in addition to raw herbs; (2) the perceived frequency with which they observed adverse events to CMM; (3) the frequency and reasons for use of 1 herbal formula and 6 specific individual herbs; (4) an open question about other CMM they used, including materials of non-plant origin. Data were entered into PASW statistics package and analysed using frequency tables, cross-tabulations and chi-squared tests to compare EU and Chinese results. Results: From a total of 747 useable questionnaires (420 from China, 327 from the EU) of those responding from the EU, TCM was generally more commonly used for obstetric/gynaecological and dermatological conditions, compared to neurological and gastrointestinal diseases in China. Disorders treated by Chinese practitioners were more varied, and often more serious, than those treated by their European counterparts, and the range of materials used in China was wider. The potential for toxicity was not high in either region, but although greater in China due to the use of more potent CMM, the incidence of side effects was perceived to be higher by EU practitioners. Conclusions: Very few of the species used to prepare CMM in the EU in this study give rise to safety concerns from what is known from the scientific and other literature, and in China only a few toxic CMM appear to be commonly used, some of them only after processing and mainly for serious disorders. The main cause for concern is likely to be interaction with prescribed medication, especially in central nervous system and cardiovascular conditions where drug interactions have previously been reported most frequently and which would currently be more applicable in China than Europe. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Any analysis of how changing environmental hazards impact on public health is fundamentally constrained unless it recognizes the centrality of the social and behavioral dimensions of risk. This paper reports on a research project conducted among low-income peri-urban households in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. The research was based on cross-disciplinary inputs to develop a multi-layered understanding of the implications of a dynamic seasonal environment for diarrheal disease risk. It is a widely held assumption that the major changes in the abundance of surface water between the flood and dry seasons in the Mekong Delta are likely to be reflected in the changing patterns of disease risk, especially for poorer households that tend to rely heavily on river water for domestic water use. Therefore, this study investigated seasonal patterns in the contamination of environmental water, incidences of diarrheal illnesses, water use and hygiene behavior, together with perceptions of health risks and seasonality. During the period of October 2007 to October 2008, the UK and Vietnamese research team worked with a total of 120 households in four low-income sites around the city of Long Xuyen to conduct water testing; administer questionnaires on self-reported health, risk perceptions and behavior; and conduct semi-structured interviews. The research team found no overall evidence of a systematic seasonal risk pattern. At the population level, marginal temporal variations in water quality in the environment failed to translate into health outcomes. A complex risk narrative emerged from the interweaving data elements, demonstrating major inter- and intra-household variations in risk perceptions, hygiene behavior, seasonal behavior and other risk factors. It is suggested that these complexities of human behavior and transmission routes challenge simplistic assumptions about change in health outcomes as a result of seasonal environmental changes. These findings demonstrate the key role social science can play in a holistic and critical analysis of environment and health interactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Guangzhou has experienced a pattern of dual-track urbanization since economic reforms began in the 1980s. Industrialization and an increasing population have caused the city to relocate jobs and housing to the suburbs. Simultaneously, town governments have developed township and village enterprises (TVEs) and built affordable housing in villages. TVEs have become major industrial processing centers, and the towns that house them have seen the emergence of co-location effects whereby migrant workers become concentrated in urban villages and live near TVEs to optimize their commuting time. It is argued that these co-location adjustments are heavily influenced by institutional policies. This paper reports the results of two surveys, the first a questionnaire survey administered in Shijing Town and the second comprising a series of in-depth interviews carried out in two of Shijing’s urban villages. The results show that a high proportion of the respondents worked and lived in Shijing Town or one of the research villages. Most respondents spent a short time commuting to work. The results also suggest that the pattern of co-location among migrant workers and TVEs observed here reflects the desire to optimize commuting time. Some respondents noted that they had relocated to the research villages because they were ineligible to apply for public housing due to the hukou system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: As cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of death in many countries including China, nurses are increasingly required to be abreast of technological advances and the skills necessary to manage this increasing health care problem. Chinese nurses are under pressure to provide skilled electrocardiography monitoring, and be sufficiently skilled to detect myocardial ischemia and infarction, in this large patient population. This presents a challenge for the nursing profession in China, particularly for nurses working in coronary care in a country where advancement has been so rapid, yet little research has been conducted or reported in the literature. Objectives: The two main objectives were: to explore the demographic and educational factors that affect the use of ST-segment monitoring and correct electrode placement by CCU/ICU nurses in China; and to explore the factors both individual and institutional that affect monitoring and lead placement. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to nurses in 126 randomly selected tertiary hospitals, which were stratified into three homogeneous regions across China. The instrument examined demographics, information about hospitals, electrocardiogram devices, current practice patterns and perceptions toward monitoring and lead placement. Data from 734 nurses and 59 nurse managers from 59 hospitals were analyzed using t-tests, ANOVA, Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: Electrocardiogram monitoring was used to detect myocardial ischemia by 43.7% of respondents, and 35.1% selected leads according to electrocardiogram or angiography findings. Most (70%) agreed that monitoring for acute coronary syndrome was important, while 39.2% did so, and 15.7% were able to identify correct placement. Logistic regression revealed a significant relationship between the uses of ST-segment monitoring and number of hospital beds, continuing education and a belief in its use and ease of use. Correct electrode placement was significantly correlated with respondents from university hospitals, hospitals with more acute coronary syndrome admissions and more independent thinking nurses. Conclusions: Despite best practice evidence, less than half of the sample used electrocardiogram monitoring to detect myocardial ischemia and the majority could not identify correct electrode placement, while ST-segment monitoring was not used routinely. This paper highlights the need for improvements in education both in universities and hospitals and discussion addresses conventions in units, which inhibit development of nurses’ skills. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is widely recognized that the coordinated development between urban and rural areas can not only narrow gaps in infrastructure between urban and rural areas, promote balanced development in rural areas in terms of society, economy and environment, but is also an effective way to address issues facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers. In line with this, development of infrastructure projects has been an important means for promoting coordinated urban–rural development in developing countries (such as China). However, there is a lack of indicators that can be used to assess the contribution of infrastructure projects to coordinated urban–rural development. This paper thus attempts to present a set of critical indicators for evaluating the contribution of infrastructure projects to coordinated urban–rural development in the particular context of Chongqing, Western China. First, a list of optional indicators that are with potential for assessing the contribution of infrastructure projects to coordinated urban–rural development is presented based on examination on related project feasibility reports, official reports and literature. Then 42 indicators are identified from the optional list through a questionnaire survey. By using the data collected, the relative level of significance of each indicator is derived. Finally, an indicator system consisting of 19 critical indicators is established based on results of principle component analysis. The applicability and significance of the identified indicators for assessing the contribution of infrastructure projects to coordinated urban–rural development are discussed as well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyze consumers’ awareness and attitudes towards biofuels implementation in road transportation sector of China with respect to different consumption groups. Firstly, the status and future trends have been reviewed, which focuses on the private vehicles development, energy demands of road transportation sector and biofuels. Furthermore, a comprehensive survey has been conducted for 374 private vehicle drivers (owners) in Nanjing. A questionnaire survey method is implemented to collect information including respondents’ awareness, brief of biofuels, selection attitudes to biofuels and views on policies. Furthermore, the biofuels selection motives of respondents have been concluded into two main factors, “purchasing pressures” and “product attraction”. Then the respondents were divided into three clusters and compared. The results indicate that 90% of the respondents need to know more about biofuels implementation, and the majority of the respondents emphasize the active significance of reducing GHG emissions to improve energy security and mitigate energy crisis. But 55.6% of the respondents think that biofuels technology is still not mature. It is found that the different perceptions of biofuels between 192 passenger vehicle drivers (PVD) and 182 freight vehicle drivers (FVD). The former focuses on fuel price and fuel performance, while the latter pays more attention to fuel availability. Besides, PVD concentrate on fuel-related attributes while FVD focus on policy-related factors. The survey results give rise to some deeply consideration about the various preferences and awareness on biofuels among different consumer groups. These findings in this study will help to understand the consumer''s energy consumption behaviors and improve the further implementation for biofuels in Nanjing city. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a comparative investigation into the learning styles and strategies of effective and ineffective language learners. Subjects for the study were one hundred and ten undergraduate university students in Hong Kong. They were categorized as ‘more effective’ or ‘less effective’ learners, on the basis of their scores on a standardized public English examination administered at the end of secondary school. Subjects completed an online questionnaire through which data were collected on their learning strategy preferences as well as patterns of language practice and use. The study revealed key differences in learning strategy preferences, learning styles and patterns of language use. Implications of the study are presented and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Creating better understanding between environmental quality and energy use, this paper collects 150 household energy use data sets, using questionnaires, from households in Lanzhou, China. Converted to kilograms of coal standardized energy equivalent, urban energy usage is calculated at a yearly rate of 490.37 kgce/a per capita and 1598.61 kgce/a per household. Types of emissions are also specified. Coal is the dominant energy source, and maximum environmental benefit is shown to be gained from substituting natural gas and solar energy for coal, and specific measures for substitution are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purposes of this paper are to analyze winter energy use of residential buildings in different cities of China, and to figure out the influence factors of winter residential energy use. The investigated residences were located in seven typical cities of five architectural thermotechnical design zones. Questionnaire surveys revealed building characteristics, household characteristics, the utilization of domestic appliances, and thermal environment in winter. Winter energy consumption in different cities bears obvious regional characteristics. In south China, Hong Kong has the largest mean household energy use amount, and Changsha and Chongqing follow Hong Kong; Kunming in the warm zone has the small energy use. In north cities, if district space heating is excluded from total energy use, Urumqi and Xi’an have the energy use at the smallest level, but space heating use is very huge. The energy use amounts of space heating of Tangshan, Urumqi and Xi’an are several times as large as the amounts of all the end uses in the southern cities. The analysis on influence factors of winter energy use are made for Chongqing and Hong Kong, respectively, by Quantification Theory I, and the results show there exist obvious differences in influence factors between the two cities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There has been a considerable increase in the needs for implementation of multimedia representation technology into the museum field to develop online exhibitions and enhance museum educational functions. China Digital Science and Technology Museum (CDSTM) is such an emerging effort in this field. The purpose of CDSTM is to provide solutions to issues of unbalanced museum distribution, exhibition space limitation in China and seeking more ways to offer diverse and multimedia-rich exhibitions. This paper addresses the application of incorporating innovative and rapid digital technology in digital science and technology oriented museum development in China. Three modes of online exhibitions have been developed to emphasize user experiences through extensive application of animation and virtual reality technologies. CDSTM''s e-learning functionality in promotion of scientific literacy in the public and enhancement of formal school science curriculum is also discussed. In addition, evaluation on users’ expectation and satisfaction is conducted to identify perception based on questionnaire and web logs. The feedbacks indicate that CDSTM has positive impacts on mitigating traditional science and technology museum challenges, and has the potential to promote science education and science literacy in public as well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tower cranes are extensively used for lifting materials in construction sites. Most construction sites are very confined and close to public. Tower crane accidents not only hazard workers in construction sites, but also pedestrians. This paper investigates tower crane safety in related to the understanding and degree of executing statutory requirements and non-statutory guidelines for the use of tower cranes in the Hong Kong construction industry. A questionnaire survey and structured interviews are conducted. It is found that human factors are attributed to tower crane safety. Indolent performance of requirements or responsibilities of practitioners in tower crane operations is found. Inadequate training and fatigue of practitioners are one of the main reasons causing unsafe practices of tower crane operations. Recommendations for improving safety performance in tower crane operations are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The promotion of green strategy in housing development has significant contribution to the implementation of sustainable development principles. Why do the housing developers go for green? This paper examines the benefits and barriers in applying green strategies in the process of housing development and facilities management. The examination is conducted from the whole process of developing a housing project, including project plan and design, construction, and operation and management stages. It is considered by the housing developers that the application of certain types of green strategies can help contribute to building up developers’ competitive advantages, such as solar system and optimizing building envelope thermal performance technology. The four case studies suggest that housing developers believe that the application of these green technologies can contribute to reputation gaining, reduction in construction and operation cost, receiving favorable land prices, and more channels available for financing. On the other hand, the major barriers affecting the application of the green strategies in housing development process have also been identified, such as higher cost for green appliance and higher cost in relation to customers’ demand. Data used for analysis are collected from a comprehensive questionnaire survey and four constructive case studies within the Chinese housing development market. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With a growing population and densely populated urban environments, China is looking at alternative methods of underground pipeline installation and replacement of their aging infrastructure. Conventional open trench activities result in disruption to these urban centers through road closures, traffic delays, traffic detours, loss of access to homes and business, unsightliness, noise and general disruption for everyone. Trenchless technologies are a viable and sustainable solution to China’s buried infrastructure. Numerous challenges are present when promoting trenchless technologies in China including minimal local engineering knowledge, lack of trained contractors, lack of specifications, and system impact concerns raised by government owners. This paper presents the results of a survey questions obtained from a cross-section of 209 Chinese engineers from Shanghai, Beijing, Shengyang, Chongqing, and Guangzhou to gain a snapshot of the current level of knowledge on trenchless construction methods. The results reveal an understanding of trenchless technology in general; however, a lack of understanding of technologies such as lining of pipe, trenchless grouting, auger boring, and pipe bursting. Pipe jacking and horizontal directional drilling are currently by far the most recognized and understood trenchless technologies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper develops an analytical framework based on the reasoned action theory and discusses the environmental activism (EA) of residents living close to the polluting companies. The data was collected by a questionnaire survey conducted in August of 2009 in Suzhou city of Jiangsu Province, China, which successfully obtained a total of 343 valid responses. The survey suggests that the residents are reluctant to act against their neighboring polluters. Nearly 10% respondents have never taken any action against the polluters, and the occasional EA participators account for 66.2% of the total. The items of EA, which require the residents to directly communicate with the governments or polluters, achieve very low ratios of participations (with a range of 5–25%). The path analysis confirms that there are large influences of certain attitudinal components on EA involvement. Understanding of corporate environmental information significantly determines the resident’s intention of EA practices. The residents have an obvious tendency to act collectively against the polluters. An essential message of this study is that the strategy of corporate environmental information disclosure may effectively increase the resident’s readiness of EA participation. The government shall responsively support the residents’ EA efforts since successful environmental protests will greatly convince them to jointly act against their neighboring polluters. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purposes of this paper are to analyse energy consumption characteristics and to find out influence factors of residential energy consumption in summer in typical cities of China. The investigated residences were located in seven cities of five architecture thermotechnical design zones. Questionnaire surveys revealed housing unit characteristics, household characteristics, the possession and utilization of domestic energy consuming appliances and indoor thermal environment in summer. Energy consumption analyses show that summer energy consumption amounts in different cities bear distinct regional characteristics: the household amounts of electricity use are largest in Hongkong, and the values are smaller but still at a high level in Beijing, Shanghai and Changsha, and at the smallest level in Kunming, Harbin and Urumqi, while the difference in gas use is small among these cities. Influence factor analyses show that city locations, housing unit characteristics, the utilization of space coolers and water heaters, household characteristics, and subjective evaluation of indoor thermal environment all contribute to the residential energy consumption in summer when taking all the families in the seven cities as the sample collectivity, while detail analyses for separate cities shows each city has its own characteristics. In Shanghai, the satisfaction rate of thermal environment, the possession and operation of air conditioners and housing unit characteristics greatly affect the summer energy consumption, but the electrical fan is judged as the non-influence factor, while in Urumqi, the possession and operation of electrical fans and the categories of water heaters have remarkable effect, and the influence of housing unit characteristics is also distinct, but the number of air conditioners and their usage contribute little to energy use due to the cool climate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reports on the second phase of a cross-sectional study of pragmatic development in Hong Kong. The first phase (Rose, 2000) involved primary school students ages 7, 9 and 11. Participants in the present study were secondary school students in Forms 2, 4, and 6 (ages 13, 15 and 17). A questionnaire was designed to elicit requests, with scenarios derived through exemplar generation and variable values arrived at through two rounds of metapragmatic assessment. The variable values were therefore determined by the participants, not the researcher. The questionnaire was administered in Chinese, with participants instructed to record their responses in English using a recording device provided to them. Data were transcribed and analyzed by the author and a research assistant using the coding categories for requests developed in the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (Blum-Kulka et al., 1989). Results indicated ample evidence of pragmalinguistic development, particularly in what appeared to be the onset of pragmatic expansion in the Form 6 group''s wider range of modals and the appearance of supportive moves. However, there was little evidence of sociopragmatic development, other than the increased occurrence of please in requests to higher status hearers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The main objective of this study is to create a better understanding of public awareness and performance in the promotion of a Circular Economy (CE) in Tianjin, China. The data and information used in this paper were collected by distributing questionnaires randomly in 6 urban districts and interviewing 600 respondents. The results indicate that the residents have limited awareness and a poor understanding about the CE program. However, they hold a positive attitude toward garbage sorting while most of the residents simply classify the garbage into categories that can be sold, reused or exchanged for new ones. People''s awareness of the CE program has a positive correlation to their educational level, whereas their pro-environmental and resource conservation behavior has a positive correlation to the age of the respondents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The increasing awareness of waste management concerns from construction and demolition waste has led to the development of waste management as an important function of construction project management. The Hong Kong government started employing the implementation of a waste-management-plan (WMP) method for all construction projects in 2003. During the trial period, the government received different version of feedback from the industry. It also came out that detailed descriptions of waste management procedures in the WMP method largely affect the productivity of companies. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the existing implementation of the WMP method in the Hong Kong construction industry. A questionnaire survey and structured interviews were conducted. The result showed that “Propose methods for on-site reuse of materials” and “Propose methods for reducing waste” are the main benefits gained from the implementation of the WMP method. However, “Low financial incentive” and “Increase in overhead cost” are considered as the major difficulties in the implementation. From that, “Use of prefabricated building components” is considered as the major effective measure to encourage the implementation of the WMP method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There is an increasing interest in using ordinal data collection methods, such as the best-worst scaling (BWS), to develop preference-based tariffs (value sets) for health-related quality of life instruments, yet the evidence on their performance is limited. This paper proposed to use an anchored BWS technique (in which the state of "death" served as an anchoring state) to directly develop a utility weight that lies on a scale anchored at 0 = death and 1 = full health for the Simplified Chinese version of the Short Form 6 Dimension version 2 (SF-6Dv2). An online panel from the general population of Mainland China completed an online survey between 20th July and 19th August, 2019 and 463 respondents were included in the main analysis. The Conditional Logit (CL) model, which assumes a homogeneous preference, as well as a Hierarchical Bayes (HB) model, which accounts for preference heterogeneity, were used to analyze the BWS data. The model performances were evaluated based on monotonicity and model-fit statistics. The majority of respondents indicated that the BWS questions were easy to understand and complete. Initial analyses suggested that the best and worst choices should not be pooled together. Based on model fit statistics of separated estimations and previous literature on health state valuation studies using BWS, the best choices were used for developing the final algorithm. The HB estimates were found to have better model performance than the CL estimates. This study provides an essential insight into using an anchored BWS approach in health state valuation. Furthermore, it demonstrates the advantage of using HB compared to the traditional CL model in producing preference values. • An anchored best-worst scaling technique has been used to develop preference weights directly. • Accounting for individual heterogeneity leads to a better model fit. • Incorporating respondents' views of attribute importance can improve model performance. • A Chinese online-panel-based scoring algorithm for SF-6Dv2 is developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Parental investment and skill mediate caregiver mental health and child development. • Caregiver depression are more harmful to parenting practices and child development. • The variety of play material has significant mediation effect on child development. • Coercive parenting mediate caregiver mental health and child development. Parenting practices are associated with early childhood development (ECD), and some evidences suggest that mental health might affect parenting practices. However, the interrelationships of mental health, parenting practices, and ECD outcomes have not yet been well documented in developing contexts like rural China. This paper aims to investigate the interrelationships between the caregiver's mental health, parenting practices, and the child's ECD outcomes in rural China. A total of 1787 sample households in an undeveloped rural area of western China are enrolled in the study. A socioeconomic questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, the Family Care Indicators, the Parent and Family Adjustment Scales, and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development version III were used to measure the socioeconomic characteristics of sample households, the caregiver's mental health, parental investments and parenting skills, and the child's development outcomes, respectively. Mediation model was then applied to estimate the interrelationships. The results showed that parental practices significantly mediated between the caregiver's mental health and the child's cognition, language, motor, and social–emotion development. Through parental investments, one standard deviation increases in the caregiver's mental health test score was associated with the decline in the child's four development scores by 0.6% standard deviation, respectively. Through parenting skills, one standard deviation increases in the caregiver's mental health test score was associated with the decline in the child's language and social-emotional score by 2% and 5% standard deviation, respectively. Different dimensions of caregiver mental health, parental investments and skills played heterogeneous roles in the interrelationships. Early interventions aimed at improving the caregiver's mental health, parental investments and skills are important and might be effective to improve early childhood development in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Intergenerational transmission of parenting styles exists in rural China. • The transmissible parenting style emphasis the role of father in parenting. • There is intergenerational transmission of rejective, hostile parenting style. • The transmission of parenting style is mediated by caregiver's mental health. The quality of parenting is associated with both early childhood development and lifelong negative adult outcomes, and there is evidence to suggest that some aspects of parenting show patterns of intergenerational transmission. However, the mediating mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of parenting style are not fully understood. This study aims to examine whether intergenerational transmission of parenting style occurs among caregivers in rural China, and whether the mental health of caregivers is a critical mediator in the transmission process across generations. The sample consists of 194 caregivers who were recruited from an investigation in rural Jiangxi Province, China. Parenting style of both father and mother of the caregiver were self-reported by the caregiver using the simplified version of Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (s-EMBU) inventory. The current parenting style of the caregiver is assessed by using the Parenting Practice Questionnaire (PPQ). We use multivariate regression to predict the intergenerational transmission of parenting style and examine the potential mediation effects. We found that 'emotional warmth' and 'rejective' parenting style of caregiver's parents are positively and significantly associated with 'warm' and 'hostile' parenting style of the caregiver, respectively. The transmission of rejective, hostile parenting style across generation is fully mediated by the mental health status of the caregiver. Specifically, the mediation effect of caregiver's depression, anxiety, and stress are all statistically significant. Findings in this paper support the existence of intergenerational transmission of parenting styles in rural China. Caregiver's mental health mediate the transmission process of rejective, hostile parenting style. This raises the possibility that parenting services may benefits across generations, and provides empirical evidence for preventive services aimed at improving caregiver's mental health and parenting styles at the early stage of child development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The gender disparities in DCM vary among different maltreatment subtypes. • DCM's negative effect was more severe for girls than for boys. • Gender heterogeneity is less evident than gender homogeneity in the risk factors. Currently, gender disparities in domestic child maltreatment (DCM) have become an important and highly controversial issue worldwide. This study aims to provide panoramic evidence from China on this issue. Data were derived from a survey of 4,308 children (M age = 12.13, 48.7% were boys) conducted in seven provinces in rural China from June to December 2019. This study used multistage cluster sampling to select respondents, and modified versions of the JVQ Scale and the DSM-5 Scale (11–17 years old) were adopted. This study reached three significant conclusions. First, the gender disparities in DCM vary among different maltreatment subtypes. Compared with girls, boys are more likely to experience physical abuse. A higher prevalence of neglect is observed among girls than among boys. Second, although DCM significantly increased the likelihood of posttraumatic depression for all children, its negative effect was more severe for girls than for boys. Third, gender heterogeneity is less evident than gender homogeneity in the risk factors for DCM. In rural China, children's problematic behaviours, family structure, parents' experiences of childhood violence and family relationships are common predictors of maltreatment for all children. This paper highlights gender differences in the risk of DCM among children in rural China, reveals the Confucian culture behind DCM and gender, and provides Chinese evidence for building an international dialogue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Explore the effect of work-family conflict on parenting stress for ADHD families. • Identify work-family conflict as a potent contributor to parenting stress. • Non-working parents have higher parenting stress than employed parents do. • Chinese mothers experience higher parenting stress than fathers do. • More research is needed given the absence of work and parenting stress research. This paper reports the results of a one-time survey among Chinese families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (n = 314) and families with typically developing (TD) children (n = 308) in mainland China, which aimed to examine the effects of the parenting role, work-family conflict, child ADHD symptoms, parental depression, anxiety, and somatization, parenting alliance, and social support on parenting stress. The results of the study have shown that (i) parents of children with ADHD experienced significantly higher levels of parenting stress than did parents of TD children; Chinese mothers experienced significantly higher parenting stress than fathers did; (ii) mothers of children with ADHD had more work-family conflict than mothers of TD children did; (iii) non-working parents had higher levels of parenting stress than the employed parents did; (iv) work-family conflict, depression, anxiety, and somatization, child ADHD symptoms, parenting role, and social support accounted for 40.9% of the variance in parenting stress; parenting alliances did not approach significance in the regression. Implications for social work practice and service development are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that China has experienced the largest internal migration in its history and that these internal migrants are largely excluded from urban services, posing major challenges to their health outcomes. This paper attempts to address this issue from a socio-ecological lens, examining John W. Berry's conceptual framework of acculturation on internal migrants' health in China. We employed the National Migrant Dynamic Monitoring Survey (MDMS; 2014) data, with around 16,000 samples from eight cities. Our results showed that compared to their hometown culture, where migrants can successfully integrate into the mainstream culture of the destination area, mental health stress can be prevented and self-assessed health status is improved. Well-integrated migrants showed the best self-reported health (SRH) and mental health status, while segregated or marginalized migrants received lower health scores. It was interesting to see that the origin culture only protected SRH whereas the local culture could promote both mental health and SRH. This evidence may be alarming. Local government must respect origin cultures when carrying out social integration policy. In addition, macro-migration policies should encourage local mobility within the same cultural areas to minimize the negative effects of migration. • Applied John W. Berry's framework to urban-to-urban and rural-to-urban migration. • Attitude towards host culture and origin culture impacts internal migrants' health. • Cultural distance is linked with the selection of acculturation strategy. • Local governments should respect migrants' origin culture in policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adopted Chinese youth scored more favorably on BASC-3 than non-adopted Chinese youth. • Adopted Chinese youth scored more favorably on BASC-3 than non-adopted US youth. • High adoptive family SES benefited adopted youth adjustment. • Testing measurement invariance is important for cross-cultural comparison. In this paper, we examined if high SES families had an effect on youth's adjustment by comparing 226 internationally adopted female Chinese youth who experienced pre-adoption institutionalization with 1059 non-adopted Chinese peers living in China, as well as 209 non-adopted American peers. On average, the adopted youth's families had a higher SES status than the two comparison groups. Survey data on behavioral problems and prosocial adjustment were collected with the third edition of the Behavioral Assessment for Children (BASC-3). We found the adopted Chinese youth outperformed their Chinese counterparts in all comparisons and their US counterparts in most comparisons. These results offer some evidence that a high family SES may compensate for the adoption-related risks such as earlier institutionalization. Possible mechanisms underlying the benefit of high SES were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Gifted and poor children are hard to reach their potential. • Education philanthropy can raise human capital for poor and gifted children. • Education philanthropy increases well-being via raising human capital accumulation. In China, increasing income inequality has created excessive obstacles to the social mobility of low-income children. Private wealth may play a positive role in ameliorating inequality by way of investing in education philanthropy. Using an alumni survey from a high school in Guangdong, China, this paper utilizes human capital theory to examine the effects of education philanthropy on human capital accumulation and well-being for low-income and gifted students. The findings indicate that a well-designed education philanthropy program significantly increases well-being via human capital accumulation for these children and demonstrates potential to also reduce intergenerational inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newly graduated nurses have comparatively high levels of occupational stress. Previous studies have evaluated stress across this population as a whole; however, little is known about potentially different occupational stress responses among new nurses and the impact of demographic and work-related characteristics on occupational stress responses. To determine differences in occupational stress levels of newly graduated nurses at different time points during the first 3 years of practice; to identify potential subgroups of nurses who perceive different occupational stress levels over time; and to evaluate differences in identified subgroups based on demographic and work-related characteristics. An observational longitudinal study. Four tertiary hospitals in Shanghai were selected randomly using a computer-generated random number table. All 343 newly graduated nurses employed in the selected hospitals were invited to participate. The inclusion criteria were (1) newly graduated without nursing experience, excluding nursing internship; (2) current employment in in-patient departments/ICU/operation room; and (3) consented to participate. A total of 152 participants met criteria and completed all four points of data collection. Participants completed an annual paper survey. Occupational stress levels were measured using the Job Stress Scale for Newly Graduated Nurses. Occupational stress scores at different time points were compared using latent growth modeling. Group-based trajectory modeling was performed to identify subgroups of occupational stress trajectory. ANOVA and Fisher's exact test were conducted to examine the differences of demographic characteristics between classes. The entire sample of newly graduated nurses experienced a significant decrease in occupational stress during the first three years. The best-fitting group-based trajectory model described three distinctive trajectories: low occupational stress (19.1% of sample); medium occupational stress (67.1%) and high occupational stress (13.8%). The low occupational stress subgroup had a higher proportion of nurses from Shanghai, and the majority were employed as contact- based nurses. In comparison, the high occupational stress subgroup had the largest proportion of nurses from other provinces (outside of Shanghai), almost half of participants were employed as "bianzhi" nurses, and the majority reported to be assigned preceptor by shift. Newly graduated nurses perceived occupational stress differently over time. Identified subgroups with different demographic characteristics have significantly different perceptions of occupational stress over the first three years of practice and future intervention programs such as peer-support programs or a standardized preceptorship should be tailored to meet the unique needs of these different subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has 55 ethnic minorities with 114 million population. As a piece of the worldwide picture of child abuse in ethnicity, the study on child abuse in Chinese ethnic regions is significant but insufficient currently. Therefore, this study examined the prevalence, negative effects, and risk factors of child abuse involving girls in Chinese ethnic regions. A multi-stage cluster sampling procedure and paper-and-pencil questionnaire survey were used to conduct the study in 126 classes in three counties of Southwest China, which includes a total sample of 2899 girls. The rates of physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect to girls in ethnic minority areas were significantly higher than those in the Han areas. Moreover, all types of child abuse negatively affected girls' mental health at different levels. However, the effects of abuse were more severe for girls in Han than for ethnic minorities with similar abuse severity. In addition, academic performance and parent-child relationship were correlated with child abuse for girls in the ethnic regions, and the risk was especially higher for girls in rural towns and those of younger age. Findings from this study indicated that the prevalence of child abuse of girls in ethnic regions was high. Although with lower prevalence of child abuse, girls in Han should be intervened for their more severe mental health problems with abuse than the peers in ethnic minority areas. Great attention should be paid to girls in ethnic regions with poor academic performance, bad parent-child relationship, especially in rural towns and in young age, to prevent the risk of child abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]