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During the thirties many right-wing nationalist groups appeared in Chile. Most of them declared to be against Liberalism, Democracy and Communism. In some cases these groups also embraced the Fascism and the Antisemitism coming from Europe, developing anti-Semitic campaigns, unprecedented in the Chilean History. This article enquires in the responses of the weekly paper Mundo Judío, main press publication of the Chilean Jewish community during the thirties, to the Antisemitism of the Jorge González von Marées' Movimiento Nacional Socialista, the most important Chilean fascist group of the period, distinguishing two main reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present and analyze the first Arabic language grammar produced in Chile, the Gramática de la Lengua Árabe [Grammar of the Arabic Language] by Luțfī 'Abd al-Badī' in 1967. To this end, we first discuss the interest that this grammar presents for the study of Arabic language learning in Chile. Secondly, we present an analysis of the grammar, highlighting its various elements, a brief biography of the author, and its possible influences. Finally, we propose some ways to pursue this research. A tentative bibliography of Luțfī 'Abd al-Badī', and an obituary are presented at the end of the article as appendices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matters of care has been a relevant issue for several decades in feminist studies, particularly in relation to the power relations that have been built from their feminization, and the consequences they have had in all spheres of life. Despite their importance, the way care is spatialized has not been sufficiently treated based on the daily interrelations in which they are part of. Based on research taken place over the course of a decade by a collective group of researchers on the daily mobility practices as well as on care issues, we have been able to identify six categories that contribute to the spatialization of care from a relational spaces approach. Through mobile ethnographies of urban dwellers' daily lives, we were able to understand how care strategies and circulations take place, and their relation with subjects of care, practices, time spaces, places, affects, materialities and objects that support care in cities like Santiago, Concepción or Temuco. Understanding them from a perspective of relational space helps to visualize the complexity that care implies, and at the same time the intertwined implications of space that go beyond domestic space. This paper contributes to the existing work on the invisible aspects of care including the spatialization of care and to the discussion on the need to defamiliarize and collectivize care in Chile. This is particularly relevant today, as care became a major issue in Chile and globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as it was possible to identify the material reality of care in tangible ways, and also to question the ways we want to care for ourselves and our living space in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Chile, an increasing number of Civil Society Organizations (CSO) have positioned themselves as vehicles of social and political transformation through the implementation of projects in the built environment. These organizations are driven by social goals and represent an alternative to governmental and market gaps. This paper aims to describe the role of CSO in the context of housing and urban regeneration in deprived territories. To do so, an analytical framework based on their intermediary role and the dimensions of social innovation is proposed. Based on the analysis of two group of organizations: foundations and associations, and community-led functional and territorial organizations, the paper elaborates on their role in vulnerable territories, and the results are synthetized in four main types of social innovative practices. Main results showed the contribution of SCO from their simultaneous role as implementer and catalyst, with a predominant contribution in the dimensions of processes and empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 1972, the Sub Department of Design of the Corporación de la Vivienda (CORVI) published a document with eighteen housing prototypes developed by its teams between 1966 and 1971. This document was the result of the previous experience of those teams in developing a large part of the social housing built in Chile, of the work of systematization and standardization of that set of works, and of the design indications given by the managers of these teams. Drawing on the document itself, secondary sources that report on CORVI's decisions, and interviews with Orlando Sepúlveda Mellado, an architect member of CORVI's design teams, this paper analyzes the practical meaning of "Tipología de viviendas racionalizadas 1966-1972" and suggests that it performs a non-canonical mode of the notion of typology, articulates a standardization of project ideas, and responds to the contingencies of the sociomaterial environment. This helps to conclude that the inaccuracies observed in the document are part of an objectual strategy of communication of the technical aspect that aims at its practicality, that is, to efficiently narrate the complexity of architectonic rationalization as a political and socio-technical program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes expedients of daily mobility that -though fundamental for the sustainability of life, have been marginalized in territorial planning: the pedestrian trajectories of migrant women. The research explores urban walking practices in the La Chimba neighborhood, Santiago of Chile, using a qualitative perspective trough focus groups and directed interviews combined with shadowing techniques of women from the global south. From the observation of the rhythms, affects and wisdoms of the participants in the study, the paper concludes that personal pedestrian experiences depend principally on the (re)productive roles that they assume; the contingent otherness of their bodies; and the social and communitarian networks that they establish with their territory of arrival, sharing a common epistemic privilege to know the place they inhabit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses administrative data from projects for which an application was made to CORFO's (Chile's main development agency) Seed Capital Program (SCP) during the 2008-12 period. This paper analyzes the likely impact of the program-which is a subsidy provided to new, innovative firms-on Start, Growth, and Survival. The projects are supported by sponsors in the application process. Results of our analysis indicate that, controlling for observed characteristics, projects that received the subsidy had a 9.5 percentage point higher probability of starting to sell. Among created firms, subsidized (Treated) firms showed a 17 percentage point higher probability of significant Growth (in sales) and a similar effect on Survival. The analysis also examined a change in the program rules in 2011, whereby sponsors were paid based on performance instead of fixed fees, as it was before 2011. For projects affected by the policy change, results indicate no overall association of the program with the probability of Start and a positive correlation with Growth and Survival. These results could be a consequence of sponsors making better project selections for funding. The change in rules would suggest that the program contributes more to the Growth and Survival of new firms than to their Start, which would take place anyway. The data available for this study did not make it possible to fully control for potential selection biases, and thus the results may overestimate the impact of the program. This calls to suggest to improve data collection standards to help identify the true effect of this type of program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile in the mid-19th century was the moment of affirmation of the national state. In this context, the expansion of the educational system was necessary, which in turn required the production of books for teaching in schools. As far as grammatical discourse was concerned, although it generally showed a remarkable stability, the manual genre of school grammar, on the other hand, was not yet established, nor were the differences between the texts for the different school levels (primary and secondary) clearly established. This instability explains the vacillations exhibited by the texts of the period and the various theoretical, methodological and discursive options that are set. In this paper, we focus on two early school grammars: Fernando Zegers Tratado de gramática castellana dedicado a la juventud americana de los pueblos que hablan la lengua española (1844) and Andrés Bello’s Gramática castellana para uso de las escuelas (1851). The first precedes Bello’s consecrated grammar of 1847; the second summarizes how Bello believes grammar should be taught to children. While Zegers had teaching experience, Bello was the great grammarian who repeatedly reflected on the importance of teaching grammar in elementary schools, as shown in several notes he wrote and in the typographical separation he designed for his key work of 1847. In particular, we will analyze from the glottopolitical approach how one and the other author resolve in their respective works the tensions between the grammatical tradition and the new space of school circulation, and between the legitimized grammatical knowledge and the specific objectives of teaching. In this sense, we observe three aspects that operate differently. First, the parts of the traditional study of grammar that are consigned (analogy, syntax, orthography, orthology, prosody, metrics). Second, the type of discourse adopted, which accentuates, with greater or lesser emphasis, the dogmatic tone based on the presence of normative sequences rather than reasoned exposition. Finally, the function of the examples that in one case privilege a religious formation and in the other lead to an indoctrination that contemplates the integral development of the citizen. In summary, we perceive two opposing models of grammar teaching: while Zegers is in line with classical studies that focus on teaching the language in order to reach the written text; Bello, on the other hand, is concerned with promoting grammatical reflection. Both models expose, in addition, different configurations of collective imaginaries and social projects from their discourse on language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes and interprets the changes produced in the neighborhoods of Agüita de la Perdiz and Las Tres Pascualas (Concepción - Chile) as a consequence of the arrival of university students. While international studies have recently mentioned the importance of studentification as trigger of physical, social, economic and cultural effects in traditional residential neighborhoods, Latin- American contributions on this topic are still few. From these premises, this paper aims to analyze the phenomenon of studentification by emphasizing the dissolution of community links, the economic heterogeneization of the neighborhood and the creation of a specific real estate market for the student sector as the main dynamics produced by their arrival and as facts that could be connected to economic policies of housing. In order to do so, the article employs a methodology based on combined quantitative and qualitative data from a fieldwork-based survey. Outcomes confirm the existence of common elements with other study cases, that, together with other specific ones, are explainable by the origins of both neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campamentos (informal settlements) are usually observed as units, islands within cities and located places of urban exclusion. This vision sets urban informality as enclaves. The campamentos in Alto Hospicio (North of Chile), which have played a central role in the development of the city, stress this static vision. Observing on experiences of residential mobilities of its inhabitants, we develop a relational perspective, which proposes to unveil how the campamento is produced by a set of interdependent relations with the city. Informality, vulnerability, and precariousness expand beyond the campamento "object". Three family stories are presented that contribute to develop a more situated analysis of the relationship between campamento and urban space, as well as to understand the development of a city of accelerated growth and vibrant transformation such as Alto Hospicio. The paper argues that the case of Alto Hospicio invites us to rethink the concept and treatment of urban informality beyond the campamentos, promoting the opening of new theoretical and empirical questions in Chilean urban studies to fully understand the experiences in which people build their place in the city under the current urban development (neoliberal) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a phenomenological description of the social outburst in Chile since October 2019, this paper intend to show the abuse of the notion of model and the ambivalence of plurality as analytical category. The protest appears in different perspectives: 1) As the expression of a social movement which attempts to change the model; 2) the arise of an unspecific malaise crossed by a constituent/depriving process; 3) A nihilistic expression of excluded, reluctant to all kind of authority; 4) A drug dealers strategy in order to cover territories in marginal zones. The connection with the political system put the protest on another framework of significance, and set up the question of an alternative governability; otherwise, this description involves a turn of reflection against the traditional sense of understanding: instead of seeking the permanent through the transitory, the permanent appears crossed by the transitoriness and immersed in the singularity of an experience, narratively communicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lexicographical corpus of the Mapuzugun produced in the period 1880-1930 has not yet been subject to studies that place it in relation to its specific historical and linguistic context. This paper presents a first analysis of the bilingual lexicographical repertoires produced in the aforementioned period, which marks the end of the Mapuche resistance and the beginning of the state occupation of the territories in the south of the current republics of Argentina and Chile. In relation to this historical context we analyze how these linguistic instruments (Auroux 1992) configure discourses on language that mobilize certain linguistic ideologies about the Mapuzugun. From a glottopolitical perspective (Del Valle 2017) that considers the principles of critical studies of lexicographic discourse (Chen 2019), it is characterized the interaction between diverse discourses on language in the period as well as the incidence of political and military processes in the language space. Based on some characteristics of the works reviewed, general categories are proposed that allow locating and describing the corpus according to the discourses on the Mapuche language that are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the three housing complexes built by the Sugar Refinery Company of Viña del Mar (CRAV) in the city of Penco, in the Bío-Bío Region of Chile, which are today considered part of the architectural and historical heritage of that locality. Namely the CRAV Campus, Desiderio Guzmán and Villa Los Radales. The paper describes urbanarchitectural principles present in these groups, their programs, types of housing, surface and materiality. Additionally, the devices of social control deployed in order to discipline workers in their living spaces are also described. These three developments were part of a larger industrial area that defined the manufacturing character of the metropolitan area of the city of Conception, constituting a housing area adjacent to the production facilities of the CRAV-Penco. Furthermore, they provided workers with living standards associated with modernity, through access to quality housing and multiple urban facilities that fostered the creation of the socalled refining family. The CRAV Campus operated as a closed site subject to greater corporate control than the other two groups analyzed. Currently, these housing complexes constitute a recognizable industrial district in the town and is part of its tangible and intangible heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides evidence on the degree and patterns of intergenerational income and educational mobility in urban Chile. We find intergenerational income elasticities for Greater Santiago in Chile in the range of 0.52 to 0.54. This is lower than recent nation-wide elasticities for Chile of about 0.6-0.7, but still stands as fairly high in comparison with the comparable international evidence. We also find that intergenerational educational mobility is lower for the younger cohorts, which however does not necessarily imply an increase of intergenerational educational mobility in the last decades, as life-cycle effects may be at work. Finally, we find evidence of a higher degree of intergenerational persistence of income at the two extremes of the income distribution, which is more accentuated at the top centiles of the distribution. We suggest that this may mirror the unusually high concentration of income at the top of the income distribution in Chile, a hypothesis that requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, results of a study on the geographic variation of the phoneme /r/ in the speech of Chilean professionals of eight different cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique y PuntaArenas) perfonning a reading-aloud task are presented. The results show that most of the realizations for the phoneme /r/ correspond to the approximant, apicoalveolar consonant [ɹ], regardless of the participant's geographical origin and the gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis of the Prontuario de Ortografía Práctica (1865), written by José Bernrdo Suárez, student of the first course of the Normal School of Teachers, inspector of primary schools and pupil of D. F. Sanniento. The research is part of the mid-nineteenth century Chilean context, which created a climate of important debates about language and education ideas, and which carried out the Chilean spelling reform that tried to change the paradigm imposed by the academic orthography. This research is based on the subdiscipline of ethnorthography. Here we analyze how the pedagogical and linguistic ideas proposed by Suarez are related to the political and social context, in which was developed the process of linguistic standardization in our country. The analysis reveals that the normative discourse contained in the spelling manual, actually is a double speech that simultaneously articulated both linguistic and social-political discourses, through pedagogical practices adopted by Suarez in his manual. Therefore, they reflect the ideologies of the nineteenth century Chilean context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis of the Prontuario de Ortografía Práctica (1865), written by José Bernardo Suárez, student of the first course of the Normal School of Teachers, inspector of primary schools and pupil of D. F. Sarmiento. The research is part of the mid-nineteenth century Chilean context, which created a climate of important debates about language and education ideas, and which carried out the Chilean spelling reform that tried to change the paradigm imposed by the academic orthography. This research is based on the subdiscipline of ethnorthography. Here we analyze how the pedagogical and linguistic ideas proposed by Suarez are related to the political and social context, in which was developed the process of linguistic standardization in our country. The analysis reveals that the normative discourse contained in the spelling manual, actually is a double speech that simultaneously articulated both linguistic and social-political discourses, through pedagogical practices adopted by Suarez in his manual. Therefore, they reflect the ideologies of the nineteenth century Chilean context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, results of a study on the geographic variation of the phoneme /r/ in the speech of Chilean professionals of eight different cities (Iquique, La Serena, Valparaiso, Santiago, Concepción, Temuco, Coyhaique y Punta Arenas) performing a reading-aloud task are presented. The results show that most of the realizations for the phoneme /r/ correspond to the approximant, apicoalveolar consonant [ɹ], regardless of the participant's geographical origin and the gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to enrich the analytical record of the process of formation of the political system of the Argentine “Confederation” in the 1850s, from the specificities of San Juan province. We considered variations of San Juan political and economic integration in the national and “transcordillerano” stage. We reveal that the attempts of San Juan authorities to (re)articulated in a long-standing activity as overland trade with Chile, though not always successful, were important both to define provincial political tensions and the gravitation of the province in the political and institutional frame of the “Confederation”. So, we analyzed provincial, regional and international aspects of this process, taking into account the multiplicity of actors, resources, ideas and practices that were involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the potential contribution of employing school effectiveness methodological approach within the ongoing research debate on school choice issues. Using the first approach, we estimate the effectiveness of a sample of Chilean schools after controlling by a baseline at the student level. In order to avoid the endogeneity of such a baseline with respect to the school effect, we use a longitudinal data set (SIMCE 2004 and SIMCE 2006) from which a natural pseudo-experiment is defined in such a way that the baseline is by design uncorrelated with the school effect. Thereafter, we investigate possible relationships between parental school choice (as declared in public standardized surveys) and the schools classified by their effectiveness. The main conclusions of this paper are, on the one hand, that there is not remarkable difference between municipal (public) and subsidised schools in terms of their effectiveness analyzed under value-added; and, on the other hand, that there is no relation between parental school choice preferences and school effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares two normative theories of education in Chile, one centered in the republican tradition, mainly in the XIX and partly in the XXth century, and the other imposed by the military dictatorship and who uses the market freedom and the market efficiency as justificatory devices. The republican theory argues in favor of a central role of the state in the design of a public, universal, obligatory and tuitionless educational system, understood as essential to the formation of citizens in common and to the construction of an egalitarian society. One can think of education, in this perspective, as a common property, a public good of which nobody can, in principle be excluded. To the market theory, education is conceived as a consumer good -or, in another version, as an investment- who means high rates of return to individual users and for that reason must be paid by them. From another perspective, a private system of education is justified in terms of the freedom to offer educational goods in the market, and the freedom to choose this goods by theconsumers. In Chile an educational system very similar to the republican one, has existed till 1973. This system has had a relatively peaceful coexistence with private education in all levels. In current discussions on education, this mixed system is considered a good thing. The paper argues that this coexistence is no more possible with the actual market model who seeks to exclude any other system, which is incompatible with a strong public system of high quality and who points therefore to the destatisation of all education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the impact that the anti-crime program Comuna Segura: Compromiso 100 had on the reporting rate of different types of crimes. This program, implemented in Chile starting in 2001, was very highly criticized and, therefore, was eliminated in 2006. This paper provides statistical evidence, using the impact assessment methodology, which shows that the program was successful in increasing the reporting rate in targeted municipalities and also in decreasing levels of crimes associated with other crimes, such as rape. All this underlies the importance of carrying out formal impact assessments in order to determine benefits that are associated with a particular program. However, financial issues are also very important too and it is necessary to take them in account when making a fair statement about the cost-effectiveness of the program. This point is, however, not addressed in this paper but should be kept in mind in order to have a complete picture of the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a three-year evaluation performed on the first cohorts of Chile Solidario, the most important anti-poverty program in Chile. The paper presents a description of the program, emphasizing the mechanism by which people were admitted into the program. We then propose evaluation strategies and discuss their validity. The final evaluation is conducted using a Matching estimator , and we discuss the principles surrounding the potential for this to be a valid evaluation method. The initial results using the Chile Solidario Panel suggest that the program had positive effects on psychosocial welfare and on take-up of subsidies and social programs. However , it is not possible to obtain reliable results due to data shortcomings, particularly the lack of baseline data. In order to solve the problem, we generated a database using six years of administrative data, including around 1,000,000 family records per year. A method for overcoming the treatment substitution problem is discussed and implemented. Results are much more robust than those of the Chile Solidario Panel and show small, but clearly positive effects for several variables, especially the number of workers in the family, the percentage of workers in the family and the employment of the head of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses household income mobility in Chile between 1996 and 2001. Compared to industrialized and most developing countries, mobility has been quite high. The purpose of this paper is to apply a binomial probit model and split analysis into assessment of individuals and households on the relative income distribution. Main results are that moving from unemployment to employment significantly increases probability of moving up and decreases probability of moving down. Technical-professional education is promoting move up on the relative income scale and it is protecting movement down. An important result is that high-school education decreases probability of degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the ideology of the National Socialist Movement (MNS) and its leader, referring to Nazism, with regard to anti-Judaism. Compared to the decisive and explicit Nazi judeophobia, the Chilean Movement, although inspired by the first, developed a less intense, volatile and poorly mobilizing anti-Jewish public discourse. The paper is organized in two parts: the first review the extreme and mobilizing nature of Nazi anti-Semitism, from their accommodations and fluctuations; the second and more extensive, outlines the Chilean case, considering the Chilean nationalist tradition, the family and ideological background of the "Leader", the characteristics of MNS and its relations with Nazism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a framework for evaluating the importance of the arrival of new information for forecasting, estimation, and decision making. By fusing known and recently developed statistical tests and concepts, the paper provides guidelines for detecting outliers, influential observations, innovations, and possible breaks in the end of the sample. The methodology is applied to analyze the Chilean CPI inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monthly wage series with quarterly periodicity between December 1994 and December 2004 for thirteen regions in Chile are presented in this paper. These series are based on the information gathered by the Superintendencia de Fondos de Pensiones (Pensions Fund Superintendence), but are corrected for truncation and censoring bias. The comparative analysis of corrected and non-corrected series indicates that the series show a statistically differentiated behavior. The non-corrected wage series are not good predictors of the corrected series. Thus, to develop regional wage analysis based on this information source, it is preferable to use the corrected series presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe the pattern of creation and destruction of Chilean firms between 1999 and 2006. In addition, we construct transition matrices among different firm sizes based on tax information. It has to be noted that the available data for this study is probably the closest to what could be considered as the Chilean population of formal firms. This is one of the major strengths of this paper. By using an econometric panel data model, we found that productive sectors with the largest economies of scale show the lowest entrance rates, the same time, the macroeconomic environment proxied by GDP growth unemployment rates do has an impact on the exit but not on entrance figures. But, largely what has happened in lagged exit rates directly affects contemporary entrance rates. Therefore, public policies should be aware about those who want to restart new firms rather than concentrate too much on maintaining those which are notably unproductive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the state of formal and informal equity sources currently available for financing entrepreneurial activity in Chile. By integrating theoretical perspectives regarding formal and informal equity funding and information gathered from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) surveys, the paper argues that despite the favorable environment existing in Chile for equity investment, these markets are still incipient and strongly dependent on public policies. In this respect it is proposed that public intervention to address equity gaps in Chile should also adopt a demand-side perspective, aimed at improving the quality of investment opportunities, and should incorporate a geographical dimension, considering the particularities and financial needs of non-metropolitan regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to sketch a critical reading of several texts by the German linguist who settled in Chile in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Rodolfo Lenz, focusing on the way in which he worked on the settlement in Chile of the means and ends of philological research as modern linguistics had come to conceive them at the time. Thus, it shall be attempted to account for how the work of Lenz in order to give form to a proper space and audience for this discipline, the construction of an object based on the Spanish spoken in Chile, the Mapuche language in contact with it, foreign European languages and traditional narratives point to the political task of contributing to the affirmation of Chilean Spanish as a modern national language provided with all the elements that the device of modern language sciences envisaged for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the agricultural sector during the ISI period and the debate about the agricultural wage and the living conditions of the farm workers have a long historiography. But until today there is little information about workers' income in the long run. In this paper we want to reflect about the wage level reached during this period and for that we will present a new wage series for 1934-1973. We seek to analyze their behavior considering the sector labour productivity, its relation with industrial wages and the institutional frame in this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case of Joseph Thomas Acosta, indio, hechicero, is registered in a set of criminal prosecutions for heterodoxy, followed by the Justicia Real during S.XVIII in Chile, showing not only the legal practices that support these processes but also the set of signs and elements that form a common languague for witnesses, defendants and judges. This paper presents the transcription of a new process of hechicería, and throws some keys to understand the general context of phenomenology heterodox in colonial Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper is part of Fondecyt project 1120886 and has the objective of analyzing the allophones of codal /s/ in the speech of Santiago professionals, including articulatory descriptions and corresponding phonetic notation. It is a perceptive and acoustic study of the realizations of /s/ which aims at establishing in what respects phonotactic rules governing informal speech differ from those of formal speech. Different allophonic variants of /s/ were examined in four phonetic environments - /s/+plosive and affricate, /s/+resonant, /s/+fricative and /s/+approximant - in two genres - interviews and reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the next paper, we will study the land takeovers in the province of Cautín between 1967 and 1973, because this province was not only one of the main centers of these conflicts, but also because it has been one of the provinces that has had a bigger attention by the researches about rural disputes in Chile during these troubled years. Through a detailed analysis of regional documentation, we have carried out a quantification, classification and characterization of the land takeovers and the subjects who performed them. Through a detailed analysis of regional documentation, we have carried out a quantification, classification and characterization of the land takeovers and the subjects who performed them. Our ultimate goal is to review and reassess some of the traditional views and conceptions that exist about this protest expression and the rural disputes in the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On this work we will review some of the first revealed strategies by the Pewenche groups of Alto Bío Bío to adapt to the reductional situation, characterized for the asymmetric relation between this groups with the Chilean major society, becoming an ethnic group or native group (indigenous community). In this paper it will be characterized and exhibited both intragroup and extragroup interaction levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was read at the XIV World Congress of Jewish Studies, Latin American section, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (2009). Here is presented a personal vision, about the Jewish Community of Chile such as perceived until August of that year. From then at the present, there have been new developments that should be incorporated into this writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of Long Distance Commuting ( LDC) has increased as a result of the continuous reduction of transport costs. This paperformalizes the relationship between LDC and wage through a job search model where a commuting time variable is included. The paper proposes that LDC be compensated in wage and be increasing in distance, and that the regions which receive more commuters pay a higher premium wage. The results suggest an average premium of 19% for LDC. However, the applicable rate depends on the workplace location of each commuter, and thus it might be as high as 40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines, from a historical, anthropological and linguistic perspective, various attempts to regulate the relationship between the Mapuche language and Spanish in Chile, from the activity of the first missionaries to the current efforts of the State and Mapuche intellectuals to revitalize Mapudungun in urban and rural environments. We review the contact between Mapudungun and Spanish through history as a key to understanding the processes of language planning (formal and informal, explicit and implicit) that have been developed since the first contacts between Spanish and Mapuche until today. We also analyze two initiatives that have attempted to modify the situation of the Mapuche language: the creation of a unified alphabet of Mapudungun and the constitution of the Mapuche Language Academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the scientific contribution of Dr. Rodolfo Lenz, German scholar, to the knowledge of Mapuche or Mapudungu(n), the main indigenous language of Chile, and the culture associated with it. His task was therefore ethnolinguistic, based on data obtained from competent native speakers. More than a century later, his work is still valid, and its knowledge is mandatory for those seeking to explore thoroughly the Mapuche culture and language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the attitudes that 400 subjects from Santiago de Chile show towards the dialects of Spanish spoken by the three main groups of immigrants in this city: Peruvians, Argentinians, and Colombians. We observe their attitudes on the basis of concepts such as correctness, liking, and similarity, and also on the basis of associations with a number of non-linguistic concepts. We conclude that valuation of these varieties depend both on linguistic and nonlinguistic factors (correspondence of these varieties with the linguistic profile of an ideal model of correct Spanish and social valuation of their speakers, respectively). Moreover, we point out that the attitudes observed, which belong to the host society, may affect the social integration of these groups of immigrants, and in different ways in each case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper estimates the effect over participation outcomes of the new reform to the pension system made in Chile in 2008, using a difference in difference matching estimation. The main results found that the treated group shows a higher withdrawal from the labor market and that they worked an average of 8 percentage points (pp) fewer months than the control group in 2009. The treated group also contributed 18 pp fewer months than the control group, and they have, on average, 6 pp more months in inactive status. Looking at the difference in per capita income, the treated group has an average of US$34 more per month than the control group in 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the main aspects of immigration of Jewish families travel to Chile and suggests that such a trip was made by an important group of relatively common challenges. On the other hand, argues that these challenges were very different magnitudes depending on the specific circumstances of the historical context and conditioned experiences varied. Finally, proposes certain capabilities that may have helped cushion the considerable level of uncertainty that surrounded each trip, and would have served as support since the time of departure to the arrival and entry into Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the schooling alternatives of families that could face school closure. This article identifies, characterizes, and georeferences the institutions classified as low-performing by the SEP Law along with their closest alternatives. The findings indicate that a significant number of families do not have any quality alternatives nearby, particularly families in rural areas and/ or in schools with a high percentage of low SES students. Additionally, when admissions barriers and family preferences are incorporated in the analysis, school alternatives are considerably reduced. Alternatives are further reduced when using a more stringent definition of school quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the pillars of the educational voucher system is that competition between schools to attract students would improve the quality of the education provided. Surveys in Chile have suggested that parents are not aware of the performance of their children's schools. In this paper, we assess the effect of public information of school quality on the school choice by parents. We use a data set which includes measurements of the distance between homes and schools, and the performance of the school measured by a standardized tests and the school fee for two distinct periods (1996 and 2003). Whereas in 1996, information regarding school performance was scarce, it was widespread in 2003. We conclude that regardless of these considerations, school performance is an important determinant of school choice. Thus, parents appear to act "as if" they knew it when choosing a school. Nevertheless, making public the information regarding the performance of the schools has made it a more important factor in choosing a school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis of the writings by Pedro Prado from a mystical perspective, an approach that the author himself understands as having religious as well as socio-ethical foundations. This is why Prado's characters rise towards ultimate levels of reality, but they never lose touch with the "land of men" to the point of turning into seers who yearn for beauty and justice. In "La barca", the characters undertake a vertical as well as a horizontal journey in order to face the mystery. In Alsino, on the other hand, the vertical journey also serves to approach the divine, whereas the horizontal one is used to judge the Chilean rural world. The mediation between that which is above and what is below is represented by a ship that sails and lies, as well as by a man who walks and lies, both of which are to be seen as allegories of the artist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how Voces usadas en Chile, a lexicographical work written by Chilean lawyer and amateur linguist Aníbal Echeverría y Reyes and published in 1900, was received by his contemporaries, as it can be seen in a corpus of six critical texts dated between 1899 and 1905. Some of these critical texts were published in Chilean and American press and the rest in book form. Among the authors of these texts are Rodolfo Lenz, Miguel Luis Amunátegui Reyes and Fidelis del Solar, all of which played a significant role in the development of linguistics in Chile. We conclude that the reception of Echeverría's work was mainly negative because most commentators interpreted it as a prescriptive work whose normative function was impeded by fundamental faults. This interpretation can be explained in the context of the period of Chilean lexicography and linguistics to which these texts belong, the pre-scientific period, as Matus (1994) calls it, characterized by a strong normative interest. Among the most frequent criticisms, disagreements concerning the normative treatment of specific items stand out. We interpret this as a case of norm negotiation, which we deem inherent in a linguistic community undergoing a standardization process, as it was the case of late 19th century's Spanish-speaking Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I answer Sergio Villalobos' review of the book Cartas Mapuche. Siglo XIX (2008), looking for explaining the rationale that underlies the silence of Villalobos about the letters themselves and his attack ab hominem to the compiler of the letters. I relate the arguments of the commented review to the reactionary ideology of certain Chilean historiography and its particular concept of "Frontier Studies", showing how this ideology defend and reproduce the historical censorship of the Chilean colonialism and racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new method for the description of rhetorical structures and their corresponding linguistic features in research articles in Spanish. The method is based on a critical review of different approaches focusing on this phenomenon. To this effect, we labelled a 162-research-article corpus using rhetorical moves. The corpus is representative of Chilean scientific production between 2000 and 2008. We applied statistical techniques to over the 11,000 records to account for the prototypical rhetorical moves and describe the lexico-grammatical patterns associated to them in this type of specialist texts. The results of the study demonstrate the operation of particular 'prototypical' rhetorical moves in such texts as well as the lexico-grammatical patterns which formalize the former. The research done provides valuable empirical evidence both for those aiming at the analysis of scientific discourse and those focusing on the teaching and learning of scientific writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe the perception which Spanish-speaking subjects from Santiago de Chile have of the geographical variation of Chilean Spanish in terms of three dimensions: the similarity observed in the speech of various regions in relation to their own speech, the quality attached to regional varieties, and the pleasantness perceived in them. These perceptions reveal the attitudes that the subjects have towards the regional varieties of Chilean Spanish identified by themselves. We conclude that people from Santiago de Chile have a high degree of linguistic self-esteem as they show a more favourable attitude towards the variety of Spanish spoken in the capital city and in the central region of Chile, in general, than towards the varieties spoken in the northern and southern regions. Nevertheless, in the affective dimension (pleasantness) and specially amongst people from the middle and lower classes, the southern variety increases its positive valuation, although never surpassing the positive valuation of the central region of this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to approach from a variationist point of view a specific type of discursive markers in spoken Spanish in Santiago de Chile: interrogative markers of contact control. For this purpose, we identified the particles that perform that function in a sample of 54 interviews that make up the PRESEEA Sociolinguistic Corpus in Santiago, Chile were. On the one hand, we analyzed the behavior of such markers in the variety of Chilean Spanish indicated above and, on the other hand, we established their distribution in a socially stratified sample of Santiago speakers. For the study of these particles, we applied Briz (2001), Martin Zorraquino and Portolés (1999) and Portolés (2001) concepts and classifications of discourse markers, and the suggestions of Cortes (1988) for quantitative analysis. The analysis considered the «interrogative marker of contact control» as a sociolinguistic variable with one or more values or variants (markers). Consequently, socio-demographic factors were correlated with the subjects' use of such markers. Thus, based on the functional-pragmatic commutability of the discourse markers found in the interviews we carried out a quantitative analysis according to the variables age, sex, gender and educational level of the interviewees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]