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At the time when Spanish Crown was consolidating its presence in American lands through the dispatch of its royal officials, in his treaty Sobre justicia distributiva Friar Juan Zapata y Sandoval, who belonged to the Creole elite, supports the idea that men born in the New World should enjoy ecclesiastic benefits and secular trades in their republics by election, since he considers them worthy and with enough merits to be candidates. In this paper my aim is to research his actual position on these matters within the section "Acerca de la distribución de los oficios seculares" in the same treaty, to prove that Zapata could not really sustain his defense in favor of those men born in the New World. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the main strategies that women deployed to reactivate trade and obtain income, faced with the material destruction caused by the earthquake of September 7, 2017., in Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, Mexico. Based on ethnography carried out in 2017 and 2018, the text initially develops the theme of the ability of "knowing how to sell" as one of the vital jobs of Juchiteca women; subsequently, it covers the process of reactivating trade after the disaster, emphasizing the role that the public market has in female community life; thereafter, the main production jobs carried out by women are presented; and, finally, the paper highlights the tensions and difficulties that arise when choosing to migrate in search of income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta noticias que tratan de la economía latinoamericana. Se informa sobre una comisión colombo-ecuatoriana que estudia las posibilidades de integración de las zonas fronterizas de ambos países. Se anuncia que Chile es uno de los grandes exportadores de papel. Se habla de un remanente de 300.000 toneladas de trigo que tiene Uruguay para exportación.

The aim of this paper is to identify the manner in which emblematic restaurants are related with the agri-food heritage of Quito from the connection with small local producers. Based on a case study, an analysis was made around empirical observations and secondary sources. The results show that the food offered tend to be acquired from large suppliers of remote areas, decoupling from the local agricultural sector. It is concluded that tourism can play an important role in the equal distribution of income among the diverse economic participants of the sector and in the continuity of the local agri-food systems. For this, the coordination between the tourist and agri-food industries is fundamental, starting with the logic of local commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collaborative organization between companies from certain regions and sectors, defined as Local Productive Arrangements or Clusters, has fostered a great debate about the complicated balance between cooperation and competition, whose survival is intrinsically related to the governance capacity of these Arrangements. This paper's objective was to analyze the contribution of governance to strengthen the requirements, if not met, of a Local Productive Arrangement or Cluster, of a group of wine producers in the region of São Roque- SP, Brazil, according to criteria established by the Brazilians Ministry of Development. of Industry and Commerce. The results indicate the need to structure a governance system and change the methodology used to strengthen it, including viable governance requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the existing literature on social networks in Ibero-America, with the objective of organizing the main topics covered, highlighting findings, and proposing future research paths. The four thematic areas that stand out are political communication and electronic government; journalism and traditional media; social groups (including adolescents and young people, those marginalized, women, entrepreneurs and influencers, students, and older adults) and areas of use (including commerce, tourism, education, health, professional communication); and political and civic participation. In addition, we review the literature from the perspective of the platforms (Twitter, Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, YouTube, and Snapchat) and from the geographical regions and countries that make up Ibero-America, to observe similarities and differences. We conclude with the mention and analysis of the two most outstanding patterns of the studies examined: 1) a tendency to expect from the networks a transformative potential that is not necessarily proven, especially in the case of political communication and journalism; 2) transformative capacity of networks in the areas of tourism, education and health, in which traditional media have not been characterized by having a prominent role. Finally, we propose some paths for future studies, among them the pursuit of comparative works, the incorporation of relational perspectives in the treatment of networks, the addition of mixed, experimental and computational methodologies, and the consideration, from the research design standpoint, of the acceleration of technological change and the need to generate questions and conceptualizations capable of surviving the passage of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies factors that explain the survival of Argentine trade flows using the combination of the Classification And Regression Tree analysis (CART) method and cross-section econometrics as the identification method. While the first determines the best predictors, the second offers a global function that links the dependent variable with those. The combination of these methods allows to reduce the number of potentially explanatory variables in problems in which there is no theoretical consensus, or to resolve situations in which there are non-linear relationships, missing data or anomalous observations. The application to the case study allows us to observe that there is a significant difference between pre-existing export flows and new flows, even though the explanatory variables of their duration turn out to be the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the final stage of Import Substitution Industrialization in Argentina, which took place between 1960 and 1975. We present, on the one hand, the gains and structural constraints of this process and, on the other, we retrieve some economic policy ideas and definitions that sought to address these constraints. In the first case, we highlight the positive evolution of some aspects (such as manufacture exports, changes in the internal composition of the sector and the development of large projects in basic industry) that inform about the maturation of the industrial process. Regarding the ideas, we analyze how the intellectual contributions and debates reveal a relative consensus around the need to strengthen the industrial presence in external markets and thus overcome the traditional substitution strategy identified with the original proposals of the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLAC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1974 China and Brazil began the building of a dialogue that consolidated, ever since, an important partnership for both countries, especially in areas of trade, infrastructure, finance, technology, energy and food. Such connection became closer after Brazil's inclusion as a member of BRICS, an entity formed by Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. However, could it be said that relations were intensified from this inclusion? Giving the question, the purpose of this paper is to identify how the creation of the BRICS influenced in the relationship between China and Brazil, using a theoretical and exploratory research. Given the findings, it is understood that these diplomatic exchanges between the two states have been intensified due to interaction in the BRICS bloc, however, some warning signs are perceived about a Brazil's dependency on Chinese political and economic directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper devolope a study about the inmigration to the Veracruz region and the role played by Spanish emigrants in the viceregal commerce. It will be shown how the domain of this commerce by the Spanish emigrants, who recurrently came throughout Veracuz eighteenth century attracted by the posibilities offered by the lucrative trade between the two sides of the Atlantic Ocean. The economic strategies that developed the important network of interest that they wove, it made possible the control of the commerce in the Veracruz region, even going so far as to compete whith the powerful of merchants of Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed is to study business enterprises in chains which by, its high level of technology, organization and capital concentration, uses differential and hierarchically the territory. Supermarkets in Argentina have an increasingly concentrated market and oligopolized result of mergers and acquisitions in the sector and related industries. Carrefour logic is analyzed over the last decade and their actions in the Buenos Aires Province and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (Argentina). The database used in this paper was built-up using the website of the company and contained the number of establishments and their spatial location. It is noted that the company increased its market share through the dissemination of its stores across the territory, mainly by opening convenience and incorporating a high percentage of private label products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the possible local history boundaries within the paradigm of global history. Based on the questioning to the existing equation between local and global, by means of an analogy between micro and macro levels, the current research attempts to rebuild the methodological implications of the so-called "Spatial turn". Likewise, it analyzes the contradictions of the metaphorical analysis of space. Particularly, this research will focus on the rejection to the endogenous explanations of global history. This, in turn, contributes to the highlighting of the analytical boundaries of the circulation paradigm on which this is, likewise, based on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to urban theory, commerce and public spaces are historically related to each other. Based on this premise, this paper analyzes a market, a shopping center and a mall. The goal of this research is to identify the key factors that turn these shopping precincts into public spaces and contribute to the public sphere in Santiago, Chile, at least within the context of the limitations associated with their private nature. To date, these three typologies have been the focus of intense debate. However, there are few studies of the public life that takes place in these spaces, especially when considering that they coexist simultaneously in the city, claiming a space within it. This research describes the physical-spatial and administrative characteristics of these three cases in order to contribute to the strengthening of public policies in urban design. Likewise, commerce is studied in relation to accessibility patterns at metropolitan level and the types of markets that aim to attract different users and promote the public nature of these spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of trade liberalization, economies in Latin America have endeavored to capitalize on their comparative advantages and join global production processes; despite the fact that industrial exports have grown, however, they have had only a modest impact in terms of boosting the product in Latin American economies. The objective of this paper is to determine the influence of industrial exports on the product in six Latin American countries, using the input-output model and the network theory. The hypothesis sets out to prove that out of an economy's total transactions, the spillover effects from the industrial sector exports in each country are more diversified the more the country trades with the United States, even if these effects are weak, due to the low structural articulation in each of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to identify the impact of the different types of innovation on export behavior in the Colombian food and beverage industry. The application of the propensity score matching method reveals that only technological innovation has a significant effect on the sector's export behavior. In particular, product innovation impacts positively the internationalization of large companies, while process innovation does so in SMEs. The differences in strategic and innovative strategy explain the heterogeneity in the impacts obtained by the size of business and the type of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the way in which trade routes for circulation of salt in the Province of Tunja contributed to the coniguration of an extensive economic territory, integrating the provinces of Santa Fé, Pamplona and Tunja in the New Kingdom of Granada during the XVI century. The research initiates from a historiographic relection related to the circulation and commerce of salt, its transport media and trade routes used by the natives and spaniards. These routes consolidated an economic space mediated by the production and distribution of salt, which transformed the Province of Tunja into an axis that articulated relations between salt production locations in the province of Santa Fe and its consumers in the provinces of Tunja and Pamplona. This regional articulation enabled the circulation of products from different thermal loors, as well as the integration of an ample colonial territory. The location of Tunja as a crossroads between the Provinces of Santafe, Pamplona and the San Juan Plains, made this city and its surroundings into an attraction for Spanish settlement. Likewise, during the second half of the XVI century, this condition triggered the organization, throughout the province of Tunja, of different places of lodging, sale and resale of products of the earth as well as imports from Spain, for the sustenance and supply of basic needs. These places enabled the circulation and exchange of local products such as salt, hayo, cotton, blankets and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The area now designated Nigeria has a long history of communities trading across frontiers with neighbours and distant lands long before the arrival of the Europeans and the introduction of modern international trading system. The various polities that emerged and controlled different parts of the area participated effectively and benefited from long distance trade, which afforded them the opportunity to exchange their abundance for what they lacked but which was available elsewhere whether far or near. With reference to the nature of the Nigerian environment, regional specialisation, external trade relations and the capacity of the traditional economy, this paper examines international trade in pre-colonial Nigeria and its impact on the economy. The paper concludes that the distortion of inter-regional trade arrangement and the structure of pre-colonial Nigerian economy began with the gradual penetration of Europeans into the hinterland to effect direct purchase of palm produced from producers after the abolition of slave trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines academic works which study spaces of socialization and meeting of both homo and bisexual men, according to the notion of'visibility', discussing the uses of this term in literature. It argues that the growth of LGBT commerce is not linked to a major political or social visibility of sexual minorities in comparison with the past, and that the concentration rate is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition to get a real access to sexual minorities rights. In order to understand the problematics linked to visibility and experiences of sexual minorities in the city, it's necessary to analyze those spaces, places and actors of the sexuality's construction in urban, historic and social local contexts in which sexual minorities are acting, interacting, and presenting themselves; considering the great variety that exists within the homo-erotic expressions and homo-socialization forms, and the complexity of the socio-ethnic-sexual identities that participate in the relation with urban area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We offer an ethnographic description of the circulation of vegetables on the border between Mexico and Guatemala. These goods move from one country to the other through ant-style piecemeal trafficking on misdirected paths: they enter constantly as contraband in small quantities, using tolerated border crossings. The objective is to show how the interactions between the border actors involved construct a local order that is different from that of the State's normative parameters. An order is founded on a series of unwritten rules that govern the practices of crossing, thereby creating an "interpretive community." This paper clarifies why the operating personnel from different levels of the Mexican government charged with overseeing trade are not outside of this community but rather compose an important part of it and how the State is empirically constructed within it, starting from the idea that the State is not an all-encompassing and coherent entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic integration between the United States and Mexico has affected the economic, political and social relations in the border region. The paper seeks to relate the increasing economic integration and business cycles of the economies of San Diego and Tijuana to the development of both national and binational economic organizations in the border region. The methodology of analysis uses both statistical estimations of the economic integration of San Diego and Tijuana and semi-structured interviews of economic organizations to analyze the increasing economic integration and the role and achievements of the cross-border economic organizations. The results showed that cross-border cooperation is predominately controlled by federal and state governments on both sides of the border. However, the main achievements of cross-border economic cooperation have been accomplished by local private organizations. The perspective of further local economic development greatly depends on both the possibility of increased involvement of federal governments and the growing encouragement of regional organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the study of the' Documentary Credit as a mechanism of payment in international trade transactions. The main objective is to explain, in general, a number of issues relating to this figure by presenting the reader with the relevant information with regards to the payment mechanism and the roles of the individuals involved in the contract itself. This paper is by no means an exhaustive study about the Documentary Credit but a brief approach to a subject rarely addressed in national Law and the importance of which is not always highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the growth slowdown of the Mexican economy during the reform and post reform periods. It addresses four possible factors behind the growth deceleration. First, the role of international trade integration, showing that the trade policy reforms of the 1980s and 1990s were in fact very successful in enhancing export growth and trade openness but not in promoting a dynamic pattern of trade specialization. Second, the productivity growth slowdown, arguing that this should be seen as a consequence rather than a cause of the growth deceleration as the evolution of productivity growth is closely associated with the expansion of tertiary underemployment. Third, the discussion of the role of human capital formation suggests that educational and health indicators have been improving during the recent period, partly as a consequence of the demographic bonus, and cannot be held responsible for the fall in output per worker that has taken place since the early 1980s. Finally, the paper focuses on what it believes is the primary determinant of the growth slowdown, the low rate of physical capital accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse data on 523 commercial French agents established in Mexico that were registered in the "Indicateur General de l'Industrie et du Commerce Francais pour l'exportation et l'importation", published in Paris since 1892 by Engineer and Businessman F. Bianconi. Two consular reports from 1892-1893 were filed and secured by descendants of Honorary Consul of the French Legation in Puebla. One of the main topics discussed in this paper is the fact that "Free-Trade Imperialism" by French Businessmen was the result of regional and national capital accumulation and social and political networks of these residents inside Mexico, than an active foreign French imperialist policy as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the present day globalization context there are three Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in which the labor issues forma part of the Labor Cooperation Agreement (LCA), accompanied by a text that contains "labor principles" : the FTA of North America with its ACLAN, the Canada-Chile FTA with its ACLCC, and the FTA of Canada and Costa Rica with its ACLCCR. There are also two FTAs in which no labor agreement is incorporated: the United States and Chile (FTAEUCHI), and the USA, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Dominican Republic (FTAEUACARD). In this paper the purposes, principles and labor agreements in these FTA and LCA were analyzed, interrelating them with the principles and norms of the ITO and the labor principles adopted by the UN and the OAS. In the conclusions certain considerations related to the impact of these contents in labor relations were formulated. The paper does not refer to globalization as such, or to the non-labor contents of the FTAs. It likewise did not examine constitutional contents, or solutions to controversies, nor the application of sanctions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper assesses the possible impact of the new communication technologies on the operative performance of a generic supply chain. A simulation study has been accomplished in order to conceptualize the integration process that could take place in the supply chain, and to measure improvements in supply chain speed and flexibility as a consequence of a faster and shared information flow. The paper presents results for a system dynamics simulation model, whose basic structure was built from the beer game (Sterman 1984). The results show orders of magnitude of the improvements in terms of operational and financial metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the behavior of national and international markets for Colombian orange, in key areas such as production, prices, imports and exports during 2010-2015. Multiple databases and data collection of applicable reports of the citrus chain were used; obtained from primary and secondary sources (government agencies at national and international level); then foreign trade reports were generated by the tariff position 08.05.10.00.00 established in Decree 4589 (2006) from Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism of Colombia. World production stood at 47.90 million tons by 2015, with a reference price of 0.80 USD/Kg internationally, in this regard Colombia is considered a marginal player in world production whose national price reaches 0.35 USD/kg and where exports are evolving positively towards Ecuador and some Caribbean islands; however phytosanitary barriers will hinder foreign trade. The Country presents advances in the production and marketing of this fruit, however there is work to be done to be a player who begins to appear on the international stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses some of the challenges related to integration and cooperation in Latin America: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, a clear platform that involves every country in the region, as well as various actors, and trade negotiations in the twenty-first century, in particular, mega-regional agreements whose scopes are limited to a few countries. Latin America is currently exploring the possibilities of convergence and cooperation in a context of diverse geopolitical interests. This will require adopting a flexible and inclusive approach. The experiences of Asia and Africa in this arena will undoubtedly be relevant. Achieving convergence will be crucial to fostering cooperation and coordinating policies to respond to the challenges of globalization. The region will also have to find new resources and models for national and international funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aim is to make a comparison between two nomadic markets of the metropolitan area of Toluca, México. It shows the origin of each one of the products that are exchanged in these markets and the forms of articulation of urban and country or indigenous economies, contrasting them with global markets. This work recognizes the importance of street markets in the supply and demand economical cycle, which tendency, is to consider only supermarkets and elite markets into the economical competition rates of a city. Street markets are commonly left behind, but for societies like Toluca, they represent a common place of recognition and gathering processes. Tianguis (as in the pre-Hispanic word) from Toluca and Ixtlahuaca are been analyzed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the territorial effects of a Program geared to alleviating poverty, called Oportunidades. This is done by looking at the consequences of cash transfers of this program in an ethnic settlement, La Concordia, in the State of Guerrero, Mexico. A semi-structured questionnaire was the research instrument useful to interrogate key actors of the local commercial sector about demand-offer trends in La Concordia. We firstly describe the socio- economic characteristics of Ayutla, its role in the dynamic of the regional economy and the type of commercial activity present in county seat and smaller villages, most of which have a predominant indian population. We go on to explain the transformations derived from the type and kind of commercial activity produced by Oportunidades in La Concordia, during the days when cash transfers occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the recent Mexico experience in the opening to competition in networks infrastructure mainly in the telecommunications sector. In spite of deregulation and privatization policies in the recent past, there are threats coming from regulatory failures which create obstacles in the process of maximizing the competition scope. The path from State-operation to “managed competition” leads to a deficient competition environment due to the excessive authority oversight, which make costly future, more ambitious, deregulation efforts. The paper focus on interconnection policy between the public telephone network operator and the new long distance carriers, and explore related provisions in natural gas and railroads. Also, it focus on spectrum policy allocation and the role of the new antitrust authority and the specialized regulatory agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deontology of psychology in Argentina appears when the profession consolidates institutionally and academically, a process that culminates in the enactment of professional laws. In this context, the professional associations of the different provinces enacted their ethic's codes, and in 1999 the National Ethics Code from the Federation of Psychologist of the Argentine Republic (Fe.P.R.A.) arises as an attempt to unify deontological criteria. After 14 years, a review of the code was carried out taking into consideration the advancement of the psychological science and profession in this country, in consonance with the laws of protection and promotion of rights, enacted in the last decade. Thus, this paper aims to describe the fundamentals of the code's revision and emphasise the main changes on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent tensions in the current accounts of Argentina have reopened the debate regarding external constraints on growth (ECG). In 2003-2013, export growth was slightly lower than it was during the convertibility era, but a major decline in the income elasticity of import demand mitigated the ECG. However, the effective growth rate was higher than that imposed by the ECG, according to Thirlwall's law, which led to the deterioration of the trade balance and growth. This was due to the trade deficit in manufactured goods of industrial origin (MIO), in light of technology dependence in capital goods and inputs. This paper analyzes the evolution of ECGS in Argentina at both the global and sector level, aiming to determine which MIO sectors had the greatest impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most decisive ways in which the global economy and power relations were transformed at dawn of the twenty-first century was the rise of China as a major power, as well as the consequent influence the country has been able to exercise over peripheral nations. Although the majority of administrations in Latin America have rejected the policies once hailed by the Washington Consensus, it is striking that they have largely accepted a new system of asymmetrical relations with another major world power, which is fostering the reprimarization of the productive structure in Latin American economies. Thus, beginning with the case of Argentina, this paper explores the path to what is now known as the Beijing Consensus, with an emphasis on a characterization based on the analysis provided below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will analyse factors which, since the end of last century, have made interregional relations very important to understand the world geopolitical and economic order. Interregional relations are defined as those which pertain to relations between regions or between a given state and a given region, or within a megaregion. This evolution results from: the growing demand in the emerging economies and the interaction among them, a new framework of interregional economic relations, and the development of new commercial channels. Finally, this paper will introduce the different articled included in this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the taxation of capital gains on the alienation of assets, particularly vessels, ships and aircrafts operated in international traffic from the perspective of double taxation conventions. Therefore, Article 13 of the OECD Model Convention is analyzed from its respective commentaries, the history of the Model and the proposed changes. The research also cover the comparison with the United States Model Convention and the treaty practice. Finally, as an auxiliary source, the interpretation and analysis given by the specialized doctrine is discussed in the paper. The text shows the results of the research on the taxation of capital gains from property operated in international transit, the distribution of the taxation power by double tax treaties (DTC’s) and the difficulties that arise when followed the wording of the OECD Model. Under that Model, exclusive taxation power is allocated to the effective place of management. The article concludes by emphasizing the conflicts of interpretation that may arise, and possible interpretative solutions based on the Partnership Report or on a systematic application of Articles 3.2 and 23 of MCOECD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2006 marked a milestone in the history of the regional integration of Venezuela. After 33 years as a member of CAN, the country withdrew from the integration agreement and joined Mercosur, marking a significant change in regional integration strategy. In this paper, the causes of this change, as well as its economic and political effects, have been analyzed through desk research. One of the main conclusions is that Chavez decided to use regional integration as a tool to address the liberal policies of the United States, regardless of the economic consequences. Another is that, due to the economic and institutional deterioration of Venezuela, the non-oil productive sector is not ready to compete with other members of Mercosur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes processes of interaction, tension, conflict and economic interests in one of the major border areas between Mexico and Guatemala. Informal transborder trade involves several actors who have been building these processes pursuant to agency initiatives. From a conceptual perspective, supported by the dialectical relationship between the notions of a border the behavior of transborder actors, it is concluded that in the study area, an informal border-trade integration process has developed and its actors transcend the border, rendering that border permissive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics, in the Cardiff model (Fawcett, 2000, 2008, 2011, forthcoming a, forthcoming b), we explore the transitivity system of communication processes in the economic media discourse in Spanish. In the Cardiff Grammar, verbal processes are conceived as a subset of mental processes of cognition and they have a configuration of three participant roles: Agent + Affected- Cognizant + Phenomenon. The participant role Agent gives information or knowledge to an Affected who, thereafter, becomes Cognizant, and so comes to know of some Phenomenon. It is assumed that these three roles are inherent in this process type, i.e., they are required at the level of meaning, even if they are covert and sometimes unrealized at the level of form (Fawcett, in preparation a, in preparation b). In this paper, we analyze a subset (50 texts) of a corpus called DIDIECO (Economic Media Discourse), built according to the principles of Corpus Linguistics (Biber, 1993; McEnery & Wilson, 2001; Parodi, 2010). In order to annotate the corpus, syntactic and semantic analysis were made, applying verification tests (Fawcett, 2011) for participants roles. Our main purposes are: (i) distinguish criteria to identify members of the class "communication process"; (ii) determine the frequency of instantiation of each verb in this kind of discourse; (iii) extend in delicacy the system network proposed by Fawcett, based on the concept of "lexis as most delicate grammar" (Halliday, 1961), and (iv) consider the diversity of verbs that realize communi- cation processes in the light of the discourse in which they are inserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite it has been known for more than a century and a half, Dzilam Gonzalez is an important archaeological site that has been left into oblivion, and it also has been badly plundered and looted, as it is located within a colonial and modern settlement. Dzilam was an ideal economic control center because of it's strategic position between Izamal and the north coast of Yucatan. It's political privileged position lasted through time, even during the social changes that occured in late periods and also at the conquest. This paper sinthetizes the results of the first stage of research at this site, as well as contributions of other regional studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes as inputs for its analysis the trade flows between Colombia and a selected group of the East Asian countries, the export-import trade for each country, the intra-industry trade taking place in those countries and the Colombian national competitiveness situation. From that infor-mation it is inferred that Colombia is still following the Dependency path which means that trade with the most developed Asian countries may fall in the circumscription of exporting primary sector products. Only if Co-lombia seeks to enter in the intra-industry trade sectors in the Asian mar-kets with competitive products, will be able to diversify its export basket and break the pattern imposed by dependency. Therefore, the priorities for Colombia are mainly achieving high national competitiveness and produ-cing competitive products, but right now competitiveness is still weak and this demands upgrading its competitive factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the case studies conducted by Hamilton in 1949, the approach to this subject has been carried out by many authors, in relation to other work on economy topics in general and to the study of the banking systems of the Modern Age in particular. For the preparation of this article, and always bearing in mind the important role of this comprehensive and well- structured literature, it has been studied the original works of the authors, Spanish and foreign, who for three centuries and within their plans for reforming their country, estimated that a good solution to alleviate the economic problems of Spain was the creation of a public bank that would channel the enormous capital flows of a kingdom widespread throughout the world. However, principally due to the abundance of numerary derived from continuing arrivals of precious metals and cash from the overseas territories of the monarchy, these plans only had been tried to implement in cases of absolute necessity, as during the successive economic and monetary crisis in the early seventeenth century, and during the War of Independence of the United States, where the lack of coins led the rulers to turn to the issue of paper money, and finally to the creation of the National Bank of San Carlos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to offer a critical view on the role of emotions in financial markets. More specifically, I pretend to analyze the relationship between emotions and the socio-structural conditions of these markets. I propose an approach based on a) secondary ethnographic sources through which it is possible to explore the individual inter-subjectivity of the financial actors and b) a specific kind of financial literature whose main goal is to propose a behavioral-emotional regulation model for traders. According to several main concepts from Norbert Elias' sociology, I suggest an analytical scheme which connects the macro-sociological and micro-sociological aspects related to the presence and regulation of financial emotions. In this sense, I try to respond to two key questions: a) what are the typical emotions experienced by financial actors and which are their functions in the investment decision process? and b) which emotional regulation patterns are proposed to these actors in order to complete successful financial operations? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades of the nineteenth-century, new products that were traditionally not considered for export, appeared -wheat, corn, linseed, frozen beef and lamb-. As a result, goods that were sold abroad after the Independence started a declination process. Nevertheless, we must point out to that some of them declined in absolute terms -salt meat, tallow and other cattle products-, while another group diminished it participation relatively in the whole export value -wool and hides-. In this paper, we propose the reconstruction of the trajectory of the dirty wool and different types of hides between 1890 and 1913. For such a purpose, we used a new trade series created by us, based on the correction of the official value. For the first time in the historiography the products are related to the destinies. Besides, as a complement, we work with unpublished diplomatic sources as Serie Diplomática y Consular from the Foreign Relations Ministry Archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main features of modern State is the monopolization of law. And in the theoretical grounds for that, Legal Positivism has a special position. Usually positivists have been seen as authors who identify law with the will of the State. It is assumed that they are interested only in the observation of facts related with the origins of law, and consequently that they identify law with political power as a fact. The aim of this paper is to show the opinion of some early 19th century German lawyers, con- sidered positivists, about the state monopolization of law. And the sources show that political absorption was not admitted by all of those lawyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic globalization has been produced heavy changes into trade, thus lifecycle for products and services has been reduced. This is increasing supply levels and force to companies to establishing strategies for facing change acceleration by acquiring and retaining customers in long term. All this must have an acceptable cost. Sales force is an important element for do this. Sales force consists of a set of salespeople. They represent a direct link between company and customers. Ideally, each salesman must be associated with a set of customers. Customers may be located within a well-defined geographical area. Thus, redesigning sales territories is a strategic activity that contributing to achieve that one territory will be exclusively assigned to one salesman. This paper introduces and describes a recursive minimum spanning heuristic for bi-objective redesigning sales territories. The problem was inspired for a real company which distributes its products into Mexico. The management of the company seeks for a territorial compact configuration that minimizing the difference between current and new turnover variances, and the total distance traveled by salespeople. For analyze the behavior from the proposed heuristic, two extreme instances corresponding to current regions and the integral instance were solved. Until now, has been impossible solved the integral instance by exact methods. Results showed that contiguous territories are possible, and these can contribute to identify potential markets, and detect excessive or insufficient sales force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides elements of the methodological basis for the location and pre design of logistics platforms according international experiences adjusted to the Cuban situation. For this purpose they are included the following topics: productive chains, logistic families, etc. To conclude with the factors that determine the dimensioning of this kind of infrastructure and the elements that can constitute it depending of the kinds of logistic services to perform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The massive trade and the intensive use of information and communication technologies, is more likely for consumer or user. This paper considers that the Internet is as difficult to separate advertising from other marketing areas, as the Internet, simultaneously announcing, running the business transaction, technical reports on, the consumer, offering gifts and continued after sales service. This will be determined by the particular nature of publicity and its differences with the offer, will describe the characteristics of the environment is performed (cyberspace) and the risks faced by these people or consumers in e-commerce activity, based on some consumer rights violated in this act of commerce. This will be a literature review and indicate the stages of a real electronic transaction that serves as evidence indicating the impact of publicity on each of them. Concluding, that the influence of publicity on the consumer and the informative character of the same affect the contractual consent from the pre-contractual stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trade data shows that real exchange rate fluctuates more than other variables such as consumption and GDP, and also presents significant deviations from the Law of One Price. In light of these facts, this paper develops and estimates a non-monetary DSGE model under financial autarky for the international trade of goods and services between Chile and the U.S. In this context, the higher volatility of the real exchange rate is explained by the existence of transaction costs and varying degrees of imperfect substitution in consumption between home and foreign goods which endogenously induce a home bias effect. The results reveal that the estimated transaction costs and the asymmetric home bias effect content in the data would be responsible for the low correlation between consumption in both countries and the higher real exchange rate fluctuations. Finally, the model is able to replicate much of the stylized facts observed in the data, but fails to address the Backus-Smith puzzle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the productive matrix of Cordoba (Argentina) and their export potential through a better use of Chilean ports to Asia. Although exports from this province are still concentrated on products with low technological complexity, a fifth of its export basket today comes from the manufacturing sector. In fact, if we analyze the growth of industrial sectors and the density of firms in each sector, the results of this study show that there is a set of economic activities in C6rdoba that meet the basic conditions to expand its exports to Asia. These are the industry of auto engine parts, manufacturing of machinery and electrical equipment and some chemical products segments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the solutions that governments propose in order to foster economic and social development are economic growth and international commerce. In this context, a greater understanding of the influence of international commerce and economic growth in undernutrition in Latin America would be necessary; this is the objective of this paper, that we achieve thanks to the bibliography available. Concerning the fight to undernutrition, both solutions separately are not enough, and the improvement of undernutrition indexes in Latin America should be accompanied with measures that allow the deprived people to benefit from commerce and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]