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During the first decades of the 20th century, the supply of paper for the printing industries in Mexico became a problematic issue. Production difficulties, price increases and poor distribution during the monopoly of the San Rafael factory started a deep debate on the modernization and interference of the State in the paper industry. This article analyzes the transition between the private monopoly and the creation of the public company, Productora e Importadora de Papel Sociedad Anónima (PIPSA) in 1935, during the government of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). Through parliamentary debates, press articles and ministerial reports, the questioning of the monopoly as a public policy, the birth of PIPSA and the results in its first years of operation will be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State negotiations constitute the foundation for the development of each nation, relying on the acquisition of resources and services. Public procurement not only has economic and social impacts but also demands that public officials ensure compliance with the law. However, some of these officials have violated the legal principles of public procurement, seeking to obtain benefits, goods, or personal services without legal backing. In studies conducted in Ecuador, this phenomenon has been analyzed in relation to the variability of indeterminacies that public officials face in interpreting regulations. Therefore, this paper focuses on analyzing and defining the levels of indeterminacy present in the neutrosophic variable that influences the functioning of state negotiations. The use of neutrosophic statistics is suggested for modeling the study to detect indeterminacies of the variable in each dimension. Among the neutrosophic results, the misuse of government policies in state negotiation processes is identified as the sole criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this communication is to identify, to describe the process of building a public policy agenda that involves men in the construction of equality with women, and to recognize the perception of those who participated in it. It conceived the process as an organization with its own dynamics. A descriptive research about ethnographic approach involved recovery of documentary information of the process, interviews with participants in the construction of the agenda and a workshop. Results are presented in a timeline involved papers to prepare work meetings; profiles of potential participants were identified, the work to be developed was outlined and the respective call for in-person and virtual meetings was issued. Participants in the work meetings discussed contents of the agenda and political impact, the requirements to continue the process and the formation of specialized working groups. Elements such as uncertainty, the breaking of agreements and their fixed, the (mis)knowledge of what public policy among others, intervened in the process. As a conclusion, the lessons that emerge from this process are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, two processes of monetary innovation have occurred simultaneously: the digitization of money and the rise of social currencies. These trends have been integrated and have led to the emergence of what we call digital social currencies. This paper has two objectives. On the one hand, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of a complete digitization of social currencies. While new technologies and digitization offer significant advantages for social currencies, such as the possibility of making them more far-reaching and efficient, they can also have several challenges and problems. Among the most important problems is the exclusion of use by individuals with little interest or digital skills. Focusing on this problem, in the second part of the paper we conduct a quantitative analysis, using multilevel logistic models and data from the Global Findex survey, to discern which part of the population are less susceptible to the use digital money. Knowing which population groups might be excluded from digital social currencies can be used to develop and design public policies aimed at improving financial and digital inclusion for the entire population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State negotiations constitute the foundation for the development of each nation, relying on the acquisition of resources and services. Public procurement not only has economic and social impacts but also demands that public officials ensure compliance with the law. However, some of these officials have violated the legal principles of public procurement, seeking to obtain benefits, goods, or personal services without legal backing. In studies conducted in Ecuador, this phenomenon has been analyzed in relation to the variability of indeter-minacies that public officials face in interpreting regulations. Therefore, this paper focuses on analyzing and defining the levels of indeterminacy present in the neutrosophic variable that influences the functioning of state negotiations. The use of neutrosophic statistics is suggested for modeling the study to detect indeterminacies of the variable in each dimension. Among the neutrosophic results, the misuse of government policies in state negotiation processes is identified as the sole criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United Nations claims that education is a crucial element in reducing poverty rates in any country if it is accessible, adaptable, acceptable, and affordable; known as the 4A's of education, which are considered within the national education policy. This paper analyzes the effect of the 4A's of education on multidimensional moderate-income poverty and extreme income poverty in Mexico in the years 2010 and 2020. This is achieved with the analysis of microdata from the Module of Socioeconomic Conditions of the National Survey of Household Income and Expenditure (MCS - ENIGH) 2010 and 2020 and with dichotomous logit models. The results indicate that the 4A's have a greater effect on the reduction of multidimensional extreme income poverty than on moderate, even over different periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the importance of integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adapting policies into the socio-economic development plans of coastal municipalities in Cuba. To this end, a literature review was carried out to locate the main theoretical and bibliographical sources on Disaster Risk Reduction, Climate Change Adaptation, coastal municipalities and government policies and triangulate them to create a four-phase integration tool. This tool will improve the territorial development plans and make them more effective while promoting an integrated vision of disaster risk reduction and adapting to climate change as a fundamental basis for the sustainability of development in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the role of political neighborhood brokers in the execution of public policies in slums. It studies their relationships to the State as well as their capabilities to boost or hinder the implementation of public policies. In particular, the paper focuses on the processes of redevelopment at two slums in the City of Buenos Aires: Rodrigo Bueno and Playón de Chacarita. The evidence gathered shows that if the State and the brokers establish relationships of cooperation the process of redevelopment smoothly moves forward. On the contrary, if they come into conflict the entire process is put at risk. Furthermore, the absence of brokers compels the State to lead the redevelopment without links to the neighborhood which obstructs the development of the project. The same situation occurs if brokers lose their legitimacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fire is one of the most frequent destructive events across the world and the main cause of alterations in the functioning of ecosystems, shifting the patterns of matter and energy exchange with the atmosphere. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to identify the area affected by fires in the province of Cordoba, Argentina, between August and September 2020, 2) to analyze the impacts through four ecosystem variables: the aerial net primary productivity (ANPP), evapotranspiration (ET), albedo, and land surface temperature (LST), and 3) to identify priority areas for restoration through multicriteria analysis. We have used Sentinel-2 images and MODIS products through the Google Earth Engine platform. Fires affected 109,307 hectares, of which 40% exhibited a moderate to high severity. ET was the most affected variable, decreasing by up to 24.8% compared to the pre-fire average situation. The impact on LST and PPNA was found to be moderate, with extreme changes of 10.2% and 10.6%, respectively. We have identified four priority areas for restoration. The low priority areas represent 50% of the total burned area, while high priority areas represent just 7%. This paper provides highly useful information for implementing public policies aimed at guaranteeing the sustainability of these ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper analyzes the perceptions of communities in depopulated territories and of a group of journalists regarding local media and identifies which journalistic functions and roles they consider most valuable. The findings are an opportunity to reflect on the connection between media deserts, community expectations about journalism and the future of local media in the context of a potential media reform. Methodology: Five focus groups have been conducted: four of them held in two towns located in the province of Cuenca, Ledaña (1,563 inhabitants) and Priego (885 inhabitants) and a fifth focus group was held online with journalists and professionals selected for their specialization in depopulated territories and rural areas. Results: The analysis shows that professionals and citizens are committed to “militant journalism” when working in depopulated areas; they value an attentive and caring approach to communities, constructive criticism, the generation of interaction networks and depth when addressing their problems. Three roles are identified for media: instrumental, recognition and mediation. Discussion and conclusions: In the current context there is a space of opportunity to explore formulas that incorporate the media as strategic actors in public policies facing the demographic challenge, at the same time this opportunity could catalyze the implementation of some media reform proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates, using a panel data model, that mainly firm-specific (microeconomic) versus macroeconomic variables affect the long-run profitability of a group of banks in Mexico in the pre- and COVID-19 periods. Interbank deposit, deposit rate, bank size, size of non-performing loan portfolio, delinquency, operating expenses, traditional deposit, salary, unemployment, and interest rate have statistical influence on bank profitability, but this relationship changes in the COVID-19 period. These results can be useful in the decisions of the different areas of banks, as well as for the design of public policies aimed at maintaining the stability of the banking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the limitations of current public policies of Territorial Planning (TP) in the case of the river fishing territory of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. First, an analytical description of the emergence in recent history of public policies on land use planning is made and the adequacy of the debates on the concept of territory is investigated. Subsequently, the main characteristics of the river fishing territory are developed in order to understand its particular complexity. In turn, the multi-territorial dimensions juxtaposed to the fishing territory are analyzed, describing the transformations to which this multi-territory has been subjected in the last 30 years. To conclude, a detailed description of the artisanal fishing sector in a territorial key is developed in order to reflect on the pending future challenges for the design of public policies that guarantee the right to the river fishing territory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public markets in San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, on the one hand, are multicultural spaces, loaded with histories, migration, conflicts, resistance and defense of livelihoods, but they are also spaces conducive to misuse and management power. The objective of this paper is to make visible from within, through the narration of the merchants, the practices of the power of certain leaders. The markets will continue, the leaders fall and others will emerge; the problems will drag on as long as there is no structural attention within public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aftermath of the social, political, and economic crisis of 2001 in Argentina, the longstanding penitentiary management model began to disintegrate. This model, despite its fluctuations, had primarily been sustained on the principles of punitive reformism and the ideology of resocialization since the formation of the national state. A significant portion of this paradigmatic shift was encapsulated in the so-called Plan Estratégico Operativo 2016-2020. This plan, for the first time, introduced computerized and automated algorithmic systems for decision-making in the comprehensive management of the incarcerated population in Argentina. This article is grounded in an empirical ethnographic study specifically dedicated to examining the design process of one of these systems with the aim of reconsidering the intersections between their frameworks and the adherence to the principles established in national regulations, international Human Rights recommendations, and the institutional discourses of the penitentiary agency that have traditionally guided the management of federal prisons in our country. With no precedents in the study of the use of these systems in Argentina, this paper offers a set of preliminary findings intended to propose some bases for discussion and analysis of the progress, challenges, and issues posed by the process of technologization and digitization in national penitentiary management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moratoriums constitute strategies and instruments used by public policies to establish limitations of the growth in the tourist accommodation. They are usually justified by the need to correct market failures and incorporate rationality criteria in the territorial development of tourism from approaches linked to sustainability. Thus, they contemplate some measures aimed at establishing quantitative, qualitative and temporal limits and rhythms of tourist containment, which, in some cases, are aimed at regrowh, postgrowth or degrowth. However, sometimes these measures result from regulatory capture processes. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the measures to contain and limit the growth of the tourist accommodation supply of the tourist moratoriums. The intention is to determine if some of them approached the tourism post-growth paradigm, as well as detect some non-existent effects. desired. We base ourselves on the paradigmatic evidence of the moratorium on tourist accommodation implemented in the Canary Islands (Spain). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the growing success of gamification in higher education, it is surprising there are still no studies focusing on its implementation in the field of public policy. This paper aims to fill this gap. This article reviews the origins, benefits, and limits of gamification. It also introduces a series of activities implemented previously: the use of Lego bricks, a Kahoot contest, a urban rally, a surviving game among urban gardens, an escape game, a SimCity competition, and a simulation based on Diplomacy. This paper must be considered as roadmap that should be adapted by teachers to their own context. We advocate for a moderate and reasonable use of gamification. This trend must be considered as a simple tool to facilitate learning, and not as an end in itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an analysis and reflection of the results of the project "State Capacities for a Post Pandemic Municipal Agenda", from the call Pisac Covid 19. Argentine Society in the Post Pandemic; promoted by the National Agency for the Promotion of Research, Technological Development, and Innovation (Agencia I+D+i) of the Argentine Republic. The article is based on the advances and developments made by the research teams of the project and the progress made in some lines of work for the design of national public policies for LGs. This paper first presents the hypotheses and methodology of the research project. It then outlines the characteristics of the current situation of cities, their challenges, and capacities in a global context of accelerated and deepened transformations due to the pandemic and, in the following section, the main characteristics of local governments in Argentina. Subsequently, the results of the study are presented in relation to the different dimensions of the local governments studied and the profiles identified. Finally, models of local governments are proposed, resulting from the analysis and combination of the profiles previously identified, for the design of strategies to strengthen these capacities in the current context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education of the future, relevant and internationalized, as a public good and universal right, the support of public policies and the commitment to equity and quality for the benefit of society and the Sustainable Development Goals is a very topical topic. The concepts, principles, roadmaps, vision, and thematic axes that are defined in the World Conferences on Higher Education, the Regional Conferences that precede it, demand contextualization to each region, country, territory, and institution. The objective of this paper is to reflect on the background and future impact of higher education, internationalization from the regional perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean, and the necessary integration of higher education systems to face the poor positioning of most universities and its impact on the levels of development in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public policies to promote the social economy (Morandeira, 2013) have been progressively reformulated in the Basque Country over the last five years, moving from a centralized model based on direct economic aid to one that seeks to incorporate a more holistic, ecosystemic and local approach. In the path of the main studies that collect these regulatory changes at the state level (Chaves, 2019; Fajardo, 2019; Chaves et al., 2020), in this paper address the main changes detected in the implementation of public action in the Basque Country. In this new, more territorialized and ecosystemic scheme, to the implementation of all public policy tools, both soft and hard (Chaves, 2009), organizational elements are added that tend towards models based on the co-construction of public policies (Vaillancourt, 2008). A proposal for public intervention is presented in which a model is defined with measures in collaboration with social economy entities to TRANSFORM the local development framework, the so-called "transformative public intervention". Finally, based on this third intervention model proposal, "Hernani Burujabe" is presented as a pioneering experience in the Basque Country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, at the same time that the problems of women and diversity in relation to entry and permanence in the labor market have gained visibility, gender and diversity issues have occupied a relevant place on the public agenda. In this framework, this work aims to know and analyze the gender and diversity policies implemented in national public companies in Argentina. This is an exploratory and descriptive study where regulations, documents and public information on the development and implementation of policies aimed at reducing gender inequalities in national public companies were surveyed. Specifically, this paper presents a systematization of the surveyed actions, their link with current regulations and ministerial authorities, and the presence of heterogeneity of actions carried out in the different companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the forms that organizational hybridity assumes in subnational state-owned enterprises in Argentina --specifically, in those at the provincial level--; as well as the characteristics of the relations with the owner state and the national state, as a basis for the study of their interjurisdictional governance. The paper is based on a comparative analysis of four cases of provincial state-owned enterprise, using primary and secondary sources. Among other aspects, it is highlighted that the orientation of the companies analyzed includes a relevant presence of their public mission, although coexisting with varying degrees of commercial objectives. Likewise, the link with the owner state is mostly hierarchical, without ignoring different levels of managerial autonomy. Finally, the predominant relations with the national state are generally characterized by cooperation, usually in terms of the implementation of public policies, which reinforces the centrality of the companies' public mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the importance of the social processes -inherent to the drive to modernise the state undertaken under the first government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo- that surrounded the gestation of works of institutional architecture as an expression of political aestheticisation. Primary and secondary sources were used to uncover a series of works of institutional architecture that laid the foundations for the modernisation and standardisation of school buildings in Chile at the beginning of the twentieth century. The results revealed the significant role played by The Foundation Company, the American company responsible for the Standard Schools, which were expressions of political aestheticisation that set the guidelines for educational architecture in Chile for the following five decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cross between aging and progressive dependence gives rise to one of the most vulnerable stages in the existence of every human being. In this paper I ask myself to what extent the perspective of human rights is being correctly applied to this group of elderly and highly dependent people. To answer this question, I begin by distinguishing between the concepts of existential vulnerability and constructed vulnerability. While the first must be assumed by individuals and cared for by society, the second must be fought. Next, I review the public policies that have been promoted at a global and regional level in relation to the recognition of the rights of older people who are becoming increasingly dependent. This review leads me to notice a certain disproportion between the insistence on guaranteeing the rights of the elderly who can act autonomously compared to those who, being highly dependent and close to dying, can barely lead an independent life. This emphasis on active and healthy ageing, if it does not integrate long-term and end-of-life care, may end up turning against older people when they are more fragile, because it is based on a lack of knowledge of existential vulnerability that generates constructed vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes from a regional scale the value chain that structures the Argentine space sector and the articulation between private companies and public innovation and development centers and laboratories during post-convertibility (2003-2021). The territorial cut is focused on the region of La Plata and nearby towns. Likewise, the idea of complex goods is worked on in this article, this notion refers to "project-based" products, with a high unit cost and "made to measure". hese goods are characterized by containing capital goods in their parts, thus motorizing the network of high value-added industries. In the region studied, the Faculty of Engineering of the UNLP and other research centers (UNLP-CONICET-CIC) have developed activities of fundamental importance for the Argentine space program, joining the nearby town of Pipinas, the Punta Indio Space Center (VENG-CONAE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we try to analyze some recent and ongoing changes that are taking place in the Uruguayan higher education system. Based on a system historically conditioned by the presence of a single public university, we try to briefly review the changes at this educational level in recent years, hand in hand with different national governments. In a regional scenario of increasing privatization from which Uruguay was apparently on the sidelines at times, we examine the characteristics of some changes that are taking place now and may constitute advances in a certain wave of privatization. We use contributions from the educational field, higher education and public policies and we conclude the text problematizing how novel these changes are and their possible impact given certain national characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows that the liberalization processes and the expansion of the financial sector have changed profoundly the economic, social, and political life of the world economy. New phenomena have arisen, such as the supremacy of the monetary authorities over the fiscal ones and the transformation of national governments into creditors of the central banks. These changes have generated negative consequences, like financial instability, an increase in the number of crises, low growth, and distributive inequality. The article clarifies the need to modify relevant aspects of economic policy. It argues that attributing the role of leaders to the monetary authorities in the coordination of economic policies harms growth and distributive equity. The work claims that discretion should be returned to fiscal policy and that public intervention should guide the evolution of the productive structure. To restore discretion to fiscal policy, the quality of public policies and the levels of trust between the different institutions of national economic policy and between financial market operators and government authorities must be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Expanding the horizon on academic plagiarism" addresses the increase of academic plagiarism in different educational institutions and by various actors, such as students, scientists, and politicians. Some forms of plagiarism are highlighted, such as copying on exams and school assignments, purchasing custom-made papers, and the use of artificial intelligence. Plagiarism affects both the original creators and the legitimacy of university institutions. Strategies to combat plagiarism are mentioned, such as teacher and peer supervision, detailed review of works, and the use of software programs. It is proposed to conduct national-level research, implement public policies, and improve training in academic ethics to address the problem of plagiarism. The article concludes by recommending opening the discussion and analysis on the topic. [Extracted from the article]

This paper analyzes the context of the enactment of Law nr. 1014 of 2006 and the implementation of the Chair of Entrepreneurship in 19 Secondary and Middle School Educational Institutions (respectively equivalents to USA Middle and High Schools) in Popayán (Cauca, Colombia). As a main methodological instrument, we used an open-ended questionnaire to obtain information from the teaching staff responsible for the Chair. The discussion of the empirical data used a mixed approach. The first phase supported the quantitative analysis to estimate the answers obtained. A second moment emphasized the qualitative approach, seeking dialogue between empirical data, reference literature, and documentary sources. The results highlight the prioritization of the entrepreneurial (instrumental and economic) conception of entrepreneurship and, to a lesser extent, differentiated curricular practices from that hegemonic vision. We concluded that the perspective of the Chair of Entrepreneurship, imposed by Law, influenced the pedagogicalconceptual improvisation derived from the municipal marginalization of political decision-making at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centered in ecosocialist and ecofeminist perspectives, this paper examines the negative impact of extractivism as an economic activity that removes a huge number of natural resources and evaluates how global capital's ecological management, which I call "greening," has developed in Central and South America. Three questions are addressed: how the regional and local network on the governance of nature in Latin America has been organized; why extractivism strikes women hardest; and to what extent and how movements against extractivism have become involved in contesting global trends as well as national and local policies supporting them. The paper exposes the United Nations as a key force in the permanent model of colonialism, economic dependence, patriarchy, and geopolitical power characterizing extractivism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous groups have been historically, economically, socially and educationally marginalized; a phenomenon whose reperfusions still echo in present times. The efforts that have been undertaken in different areas through public policies and educational reforms have not reached the necessary scope, showing an unavoidable need to generate a real and permanent change. In this respect, first person testimonies of those involved to achieve a favorable evolution in this regard. This study uses the phenomenological method to analyze the academic experiences of 36 indigenous students of elementary, highschool or university level, of regular schools as well as indigenous ones, who live in the states of Durango and Chihuahua. It also examines their sense of identity related to their customs and traditions. The inclusion criteria that was considered for the participants was that they had to belong to an indigenous group. This research positions itself in the interpretative framework and qualitative approach, using the in depth interview and questionnaire as techniques. The obtained information was analyzed and classified in the following categories, according to the purpose of the research: customs and traditions, sense of belonging, classroom experiences and relationship with non-indigenous classmates. The results of this paper show the strong sense of belonging of the students toward their communities of origin, |but they admit that the migration to the city and discriminatory experiences have led them to stop using their native language and traditional attires. In regards to the academic aspect, they share positive experiences related to the coexistence with their classmates and their professors' teaching approach, nevertheless, they express a sense of deficiency towards their Spanish use, and even to have endured marginalization in team work because of it. The paper concludes on the importance of guaranteeing the right to use and preserve the native language and particular cultural manifestations, as well as providing a truly intercultural educational model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the Programa de Crédito Argentino del Bicentenario para la Vivienda Única Familiar (pro.cre.ar) on implementation processes, created in 2012 by the National Government. pro.crear programm generated expectations among citizens and different economic sectors. However, it got around several obstacles in its implementation and some of its lines were more effective than others. This paper offers a "bottom-up" view that recovers experiences and residential trayectories of Program beneficiaries. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with beneficiaries and successful bidders (who could effectively access and use the credit) of pro.cre.ar (2012-2015) in the Municipality of La Matanza, province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of new technologies in higher education is now a basic instrumental skill for students. However, there are few available sources to help university professors to choose the right applications for their classes. This pedagogical proposal is based on a selection of applications of interest for teachers and students in policy analysis which aims to maintain the balance between pedagogy and technology. These applications are designed to develop skills related with the public policy cycle, along with transversal issues like policy actors, institutions, ideas and territoriality. Each application is evaluated according to three variables: it must be free-of-charge, accessible and stable. The paper also includes some comments about their graphic interface and operability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an analytical model to understand, analyze and compare the state migration policies in the presence of persistent and increasingly migratory flows nowadays. Thus, migration policies are analyzed from the most critical concepts and with the historical reconstruction of the origin and development of migratory instruments and regulations. Finally, it proposes a model for analyzing the State's Governmental Logic with the help of Neo-institutionalist perspective and the Public Policies Approach; the Foucaultian-inspired debate on "technologies of power" for population control, and sociological developments on individuals' migration practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial planning is a public policy that aims to improve the quality of life of citizens through the development of a territorial model in the geographical space to act. Four decades after the approval of the first Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, it is possible to carry out a critical analysis of the public policies in spatial planning developed in this period. In these decades, regulations, guiding principles, procedures and work methods in spatial planning have changed, with a definitive commitment to sustainability since the beginning of this century. All this in relation to the proposals of the European Spatial Planning Strategy and the European Landscape Convention, as basic documents of territorial planning in this geographical space. The balance of spatial planning in the C. Valenciana offers lights and shadows that must be taken as lessons for the future practice of territorial planning. The geographical discipline has played an important role in the process of implementing territorial policies in the Valencian region, participating in the elaboration of plans on a regional or subregional scale, incorporating tools, working methods and proposals in the search for a territorial balance, difficult to achieve in an area with little culture of the territory. Finally, the paper presents a series of proposals for future spatial planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraordinary expectations of construction of tourist accommodation at the end of the nineties in the destination of the Canary Islands (Spain) determined the convenience of intervening from the state. The purpose was to limit its unsustainable growth. The problem resulted in the way to address it, when different alternatives emerged from two groups of politicians and technicians. The main objective of this paper is to describe their behavior. This has allowed us to identify the public actors who were involved and led this pre-operational process, to discover their behavior patterns and leadership capacity, as well as the reactions of some to certain proposals and actions of others, especially when there were conflicts and divergences when multiple interests and technical and political points of view converged. For this, the content analysis approach or correlate of the moment has been chosen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the design of the public policy of the Administration of Justice 2017-2027 in Colombia, specifically, in its components of public information and ICT. For which, the theoretical foundations of two disciplines that have gained relevance for research are used for impact and better understand the behavior of citizens: public policies and behavioral economics. The first provides support and structure to the analysis, while the second allows for a focus on the cognitive biases that humans exhibit when making decisions, which is extremely useful for any policymaker and executor. The methodology used will be of a qualitative type with a historical-hermeneutical character. Finally, the need to rethink aspects of the digital component of the aforementioned public policy will be evidenced so that, from its design, it is more effective and closer to the citizen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public issues regarding water are defined based on aspects of ownership and institutional responsibility, which has repercussions on their ability to implement effective actions for water resource management. The objective of this paper is to analyze government actions regarding urban water management and explain how they influence its institutional capacity. The methodology employed involved the use of institutional ethnography, which revealed the interactions between water resource management agencies and the priority action plans of governments. The findings recognize that the lack of institutional capacity is influenced by the particular interests of decision-makers who limit the political continuity of previous administrations. It is concluded that each administration addresses public issues according to their own interests, which may not always align with the needs and priorities of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the interrelation between nocturnity, youths, and systemic violence. Based on the theory of conceived and inhabited space, ethnographic work, and on-site exploration, a reconstruction of urban imaginaries "of the border" and "of the night" is presented, as well as the narratives generated by Tijuana's young residents. Thus, a distinction between the night (noctis) and nocturnity (noctem) is exposed, along with some key elements that make up the accessibility, experience, and participation of young people in Tijuana nights' nocturnity in recreational, inequality, transgression, and violence contexts. The results allow us to perceive nocturnity as a socially constructed space, complex and dynamic, with diffuse and rigid borders, that needs a comprehensive public policy that seeks the inclusion of the youth and the progressive decrease of the inequalities that affect them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extension of the Religious Conflict to the north of Mexico had different times and ways compared to the center-west of the country. The northern region has generally been considered not very Catholic, due to Protestant influence and liberal political tradition, which is why it has been taken for granted that the north did not participate in the Catholic mobilization in response to the anticlerical policies of postrevolutionary governments. This vision began to change since Jean Meyer, in the 1990s, pointed out that in Chihuahua, during the Religious Conflict, took place a notable Catholic social and political activity. Although an armed conflict did not break out in 1927, a vigorous social Catholicism had taken root in Chihuahua and all the major Catholic organizations of the time were present and active. New research confirms that, at least Chihuahua was the scene of intense Catholic activity in the 1920s and 1930s that managed to attenuate and delay the onslaught of official anticlericalism. This paper will address in particular the recovery of regional Catholicism after the armed conflict, evidencing the notable impulse and presence of Catholic social and political organizations in the regional scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Territorial inequality associated with the location of population and activities, access to infrastructure and services, employment and material living conditions, is a historical reality in Latin America. This phenomenon has accompanied the demands of successive development models, and since the mid-twentieth century it has begun to be recognised in its full complexity with the installation of developmentalist governments. As a result, various public policies were adopted that failed to have a significant impact on these inequalities or to address their social consequences. Given the need to reformulate approaches, optimise resources and overcome obstacles in the implementation of public policies, this paper seeks to analyse the policies on the government agenda in Argentina from the change of management materialized at the end of 2019, identifying the limitations, achievements and potentialities of the policies proposed in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico and their effects on territorial inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies the key dimensions in the evaluation of a public investment project of environmental transformation carried out in Moravia neighborhood in Medellín, Colombia. The Sustainable Development Goals approach is adopted through a modified five-dimensional scale applied to 197 inhabitants of the area of influence. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models were used to derive first and second order models that could be used to define the scale. From the model, the identification of appropriate variables that can effectively contribute to the recognition of sustainable development to optimize the destination of public resources, as well as the sustainability over time of the projects for a better design of public policies are derived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Man has been placed in the sphere of the human being as a unity of body and soul of which the integrality subject to time and space is predicated, differentiated from others by being endowed with conscience, freedom, temperament, and character, so that the latter can be molded through education, the desire for change and the repetition of an action. Objective: to examine governmental educational policies in the difficult task of being. Methods and materials: the type of research developed corresponds to documentary research, which supports the research study; a systematized tool was used that includes information from authors and their publications, relevant to this research. Results: secondary or university education acquired formally or informally has a specific purpose in each country and government. Therefore, it is necessary to focus and center the human being as an object and instrument in education. Discussion: to restate the central point of this paper, aimed at defining how to direct education in the post-agreement, and after taking being as a premise, rather than knowing and having. Conclusions: according to the analysis made, man is multidimensional, therefore, it is difficult to find an educational system that fully meets the expectations of this integral function; therefore, the educational model should be a tailor-made school, as defined by Edouard Clepèrede in his theory of functional pedagogy, in other words: tailor-made for the user. From the perspective of capitalism, it is considered that the knowledge acquired should not only be theory, but should alternate with practice. With regard to competencies, further work should be done on educational models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the participatory public policies for the young during the first year of the Sars-CoV2 pandemic. This type of intervention recognizes a long trajectory that refers back to the creation of sectoral youth organizations in the 1980s decade. However, the promotion of participation adopts particularities within different political-institutional contexts. The article questions the way in which the policies to promote participation are carried out through the development of virtual discussion boards during social isolation measures. Participatory scenes are explored considering the characteristics of the dialogues, the profile of those who participate and the modulations that arise around what it means to participate. The investigation is carried out through virtual ethnography tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to employment for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities requires individualized support processes, especially in the transition from school to employment. Public/private collaboration initiatives are emerging as successful strategies. This paper analyzes the implementation of the Individualized Itineraries Project in Castilla y León, analyzing its impact on the professional career of people with intellectual disabilities and its incursion into public policies. From the analysis we can conclude that these programs promote the employability of the group, under a comprehensive model of intervention that transcends the intermediation, covering planned actions from training for employment to access to housing. It is also observed its consolidation within the strategy of attention to disability in this territory and its orientation towards the achievement of a new model of day centers, oriented to the professional training of people with intellectual disabilities, with the aim of achieving a new social role that contributes to their life project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically analyzes three key dimensions that have influenced the localization of the UN-2030 Agenda in the Yucatan Peninsula: 1) Rivalry of diverse concepts of sustainable development among stakeholders; 2) Construction and functioning of UN-2030 Agenda institutional architecture and governance, and 3) Public policies through which UN-2030 Agenda has been implemented. A qualitative approach was selected to conduct this research. Data collection and systematization was conducted from February 2021 to February 2022 and includes primary (interviews and survey) and secondary sources (official reports, and other governmental information acceded through transparency law procedures). Analysis was carried out at the state level. The research results shows that, the localization process of the UN-Agenda 2030 in the Yucatan Peninsula is affected by the existing competition of contesting conceptualizations of sustainable development among stakeholders. This situation has contributed to the institutionalization of a sustainable development model characterized for being a green image, which has generated two issues regarding the UN-Agenda 2030 localization in the region. Firstly, the disassociation of public policies and in some cases has raised questions because of the serious incongruences among some governmental decisions. The second place is a failure in the introduction of socioecological structural changes in the pursuit of sustainable development in the region because the government-implemented actions are low in effectiveness, and there is a waste in the usage of resources and missing opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes as its object of study the production of Spanish feature films by Netflix. The main objectives are the analysis of Netflix's film production and marketing strategies in the Spanish market and the identification of the platform's relationships with Spanish production companies and television in the production or co-production of original content. The results highlight the integration of Netflix in the systematized dynamics of production and commercial exploitation of successful Spanish cinema. Netflix respects its legal obligations, but also takes advantage of a protectionist system for European culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ostensibly, Joe Biden's victory over Donald Trump in the 2020 presidential elections should have placed United States international policy back on a familiar path. However, despite the prevalence of a highly traditional vision of US foreign policy, the Biden administration has maintained significant continuities with the previous administration, as reflected in the policy towards China and the withdrawal from Afghanistan. In part, this is due to the constraints produced by the deep divisions that exist at domestic level. This paper aims to unravel the fundamental elements of Biden's foreign policy, focusing on possible ideological and doctrinal elements, strategic priorities, and any continuities and changes relative to his predecessor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically studies the impact of government quality on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in a sample of 46 economies in the 1996-2018 period. In particular, we comparatively examine to what extent quality of government influences FDI inflows in two groups of countries that show relevant differences in their levels of government quality: 33 OECD countries and 13 Latin American countries. Applying panel data methods, we found that institutional quality positively affects FDI in both groups of countries, and the impact is stronger in OECD countries than it is in Latin American countries. This study reveals that the design of public policies that strengthen institutional quality is essential, particularly in Latin American countries with weaker institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]