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In this article, with the help of Heidegger and Foucault's conceptual tools, as well as the achievements of the cognitive science, we try to examine the transition from paper reading to digital reading. This discussion can be a preparation for a philosophical understanding of the digital age. We show that Heidegger's analysis of the ready-to-hand beings and technology can help to understand the reading behaviors of paper and digital readers. We have also use Heidegger's analytical framework for text ontology. On the other hand, Foucault's reflections on the embodied technologies can explain the power-knowledge relationships that is constructed around the reader. In addition, the cognitive science has provided detailed empirical findings on the effects of reading behaviors on the human cognitive biases and skills by examining the various modes of reading. Embodied and skillful cognitive science, by going beyond the computational understanding of human beings, has noticed the various behaviors and states of the body in reading processes and highlighted their effects. To integrate these areas of research, we try to place the findings of the cognitive science within the framework of Heidegger and Foucault's technological understanding of the modern power-knowledge relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Common zinnia (Zinnia elegans), canna (Canna sp.), petunia (Petunia hybrida), compacta (Dracaena Compacta), dahlia (Dahlia sp.), gazania (Gazania sp.), marigold (Tagetes sp.), rose moss (Portulaca grandiflora) and nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) are common ornamental plants in Ahwaz. The identification of fungi associated with these plants will contribute to improving the future management of their cultivation. Members of the genera Amesia and Chaetomium are widely distributed in soil, water, plants, animals and humans. In this study, 12 isolates from Chaetomium and Amesia genera, obtained from herbaceous ornamentals, were identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and methods: During 2017-2018, 40 symptomatic plants, showing root rot, stem canker and leaf spot, were collected and their associated fungi were isolated. Among those, 12 chaetomiaceae-like isolates were obtained, which their morphological and molecular characterizations were surveyed. Mycelial biomass of the isolates, produced into potatodextrose- broth (PDB), was collected by passing through filter paper and freeze-dried. ITS and partial regions of the 28s-D1/D2 (for 4 isolates) and tub2 (for 9 isolates) were amplified using appropriate primers and sequenced. Results: The isolates under survey were compared with known strains using BLASTn search and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, 28S and tub2 regions. Accordingly, the isolates under study were identified as follows: Amesia atrobrunnea, Chaetomium rectangulare, C. globosum, C. ascotrichoides and C. olivaceum. The morphological characteristics of these isolates were in accordance with the type strains of each species. Discussion and conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first record of C. ascotrichoides in Iran and the association of C. rectangulare on compacta, C. globosum on zinnia and canna, C. ascotrichoides on petunia, C. olivaceum on common zinnia, nasturtium and marigold in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, in order to show the trend of explicating the concept of "Loving Allah" through interpreting Quran by Sufis, the comments of mystical commentaries of Quarn and other mystical inscriptions about the 54th verse of Maeda chapter of Quran, which is famous in "Irtedad verse", from beginning until 14th century AH have been surveyed by date of writing. The mystics have relied on Irtedad verse as a permit for loving Allah by focusing on 'yohebbohom va yohebboonah' part. Sufis in non-interpretive writings tried to prove the soundness of their belief in loving Allah from the third century. They repeat and explicate the comments of the departed from the sixth century. In this writings, from the eighth century, the concentration in clarifying Irtedad verse decreases because of considering the issue of loving Allah as definite. In interpretive inscriptions, according to the more cautious style of writing, the above trend happens lately. Mystical commentaries remain silent about Irtedad verse until fifth century, and attempt to establish the authorization of loving Allah until ninth century, and to review the comments of predecessors in a fresh language thenceforth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage systems have an important effect on increasing the flexibility of power grids and are necessary to achieve the goals of smart grids. So far, many researches have been conducted in the field of optimal utilization of batteries, but most of them have studied the effects of batteries only on the side of the transmission or distribution network. In the present study, the effect of the installation and optimal operation of energy storage systems on both sides of the transmission and distribution network has been investigated. This paper presents a bi-level optimization model for integrated energy management in transmission and distribution smart grids along with demand management issues. Considering that both proposed models are mixed integer linear programming models, it is difficult to solve them by direct methods. Therefore, a method based on the change of variables and KKT equations is presented to solve these problems, and globally optimal solutions to these problems are guaranteed. Several integrated systems that include transmission and distribution networks are considered to evaluate the proposed model and method, and the results show that the proposed model is efficient and shows the positive effect of modeling energy storage systems on both sides of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In C-RAN architecture, all computational processing is performed in the central baseband unit (BBU) pool, while radio operations are carried out in the remote radio heads (RRHs). The central BBU pool is connected to the RRHs by fronthaul links. Therefore, by separating the processing unit and the radio units, the clustering structure of RRHs can be designed to adapt to network changes. This paper deals with the problem of radio and computation resource allocation to maximize the weighted sum rate. To reduce complexity, we use user-centric clustering and appropriate training resource allocation. Additionally, to lessen channel training overhead, an incomplete model of channel state information is considered, in which only intra-cluster channel state information is estimated. By replacing a sticky lower bound of user data rate in the main problem, the beamforming vectors under the constraints of computational and radio resources are designed in three steps. In the first step, the weighted sum rate maximization problem is solved under maximum radio transmitted power constraints by the weighted minimum mean square error method. Then, in the second step, we propose a greedy algorithm to allocate computational resources to users. In the third step, fronthaul capacity constraints are applied by another greedy algorithm [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is an anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium, morphologically an elongated bacillus with a sharp end belonging to the Bacteroidaceae. It is the normal flora of the mouth that is present in other organs in some diseases. Given the role of F. nucleatum in the creation and development of human diseases, it is very important to investigate its characteristics and functions. However, due to the obligate anaerobic nature of F. nucleatum, purification and long-term storage of the bacteria pose problems. The aim of this study is to find an optimal method for the purification of F. nucleatum to enable a detailed study of the functions and mechanisms of the bacteria to provide new therapeutic approaches to control or treat the diseases caused by F. nucleatum for future studies. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken from deep periodontal pockets of 16 patients using 40 size paper points with tryptic soy broth transfer medium (first method) and Columbia agar culture medium with gas pack type A and anaerobic jar (second method). The samples were then examined for the presence of F. nucleatum by macroscopic and microscopic observations, biochemical tests, PCR and sequencing. Results: The results showed that the tryptic soy broth transfer medium was not able to preserve and keep the bacteria alive, and the purified F. nucleatum was isolated by direct transfer to Columbia agar culture medium with gas pack type A and anaerobic jar. Discussion and Conclusion: Due to the obligate anaerobic nature of F. nucleatum, the use of transfer medium is not efficient for isolation due to the greater exposure of bacteria to air oxygen, and the optimal method for purification of F. nucleatum is the second sampling method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore the ethical implications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the realm of art. Drawing on the philosophy and ethics of AI, this study examines the ethical challenges that may arise in the art domain. Given the increasing use and penetration of AI in the field of art, there is a need for more careful attention to the ethical dimensions of this phenomenon by scholars of art and philosophy. To achieve the objective of the paper, concepts such as AI, some of its techniques, and the ethical issues of AI in art are explained and analyzed using the analytical-descriptive method. The findings of the study reveal that ethical issues such as privacy and surveillance, manipulation of behavior, opacity and transparency, bias in decision systems, and automation and employment can be investigated in the field of art. These ethical issues are sometimes in conflict and sometimes in direct relation with each other. This study suggests that addressing the ethical questions of AI in the field of art requires addressing the ethical questions of AI in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study area lies in the south of Mamoniyeh, a part of the Zaviyeh 1:100000 geological map, which covers the middle part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. The volcanic phases and the intrusive masses constitute the predominant rocks of the area which has been subjected to magmatic and tectonic activities. Thus, owing to the lack of detailed studies on the volcanic rocks of this area, we try to link the tectonic setting and the magmatic evolution of the rocks under study. In addition, magma evolution processes, such as fractional crystallization, crustal contamination, and magma mixing may play an important role in the genesis of these rocks. The present paper presents new petrological and geochemical data on these volcanic rocks, which were formed during the Eocene. The Urumieh Dokhtar Magmatic arc is characterized by a series of volcanic and plutonic rocks that formed during the Late Cretaceous to Early Miocene, approximately 95 to 20 million years ago, and extends for about 2,000 kilometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous use of an efficient routing protocol and mobile sink not only prevents rapid sensor energy depletion but also effectively improves the energy balance in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new data aggregation method is proposed called "Ant colony-based Routing and Petal-shaped Data Aggregation (ARPDA)", which includes clustering, Cluster Head (CH) selection, intra-cluster routing, determining polling points, and designing the sink node trajectory. In the proposed method, the network is divided by several virtual concentric circles that are equidistant from each other. The intersection point of these circles with the virtual lines passing through the origin of the network determines the probable polling points for the sink node. First, by efficiently clustering the sensor nodes and forming an intra-cluster routing tree based on the ant colony optimization algorithm, the sensor data is aggregated in CHs; then, by selecting the appropriate polling points and designing a petal-shaped path, the sink node periodically collects the aggregated data in CHs based on two linear and circular movements. Considering the sink movement in the CH selection process is another advantage of the proposed algorithm. Numerical results confirm the better performance of the proposed algorithm compared to the EDT algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using a deep learning technique, the sensing characteristic of a refractive index (RI) sensor based on a multimode optical fiber speckle-gram has been extracted. The investigated sensor structure consists of a tapered optical fiber or microfiber (MF) induced on a standard multimode optical fiber (MMF). Due to the presence of evanescent waves around the MF, the guiding status of the end MMF is dependent on the external RI around the taper. Thereby, the propagating modes and resulting interference pattern or speckle-gram become sensitive to the changes in the taper environment. Herein, by analyzing and quantifying the speckle-gram modulation, the RI changes around the taper are characterized. To extract the sensing characteristic and improve its measurement accuracy, deep learning algorithms and specifically the ResNet deep neural network are used in the processing of the output speckle-grams. Using this algorithm, while the tapered fiber is immersed in different refractive index solutions in the range of 1.33 to 1.368, a set of output speckle images is captured for learning and then a number of them are used for measurement, and finally the accuracy of detecting the refractive index of the solutions RI has been achieved up to 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jalaloddin Davani who has written many books, treatises, and letters, is one of the great scholars of the Shiraz school of thought during the Timurid period. Considering his influential attitude in the dynamics and excellence of Persian mystical literature, it is important to know about his Persian works which often include mysticism, philosophy, and theology. Obviously, before judging his opinions and beliefs, one should investigate the authenticity of his works. Therefore, the present research aims at the critical codicology of Persian works attributed to Davani to determine their authenticity. Reviewing the catalogue of manuscripts in the libraries shows that, in most catalogues, there are many mistakes in the title of Davani's Persian works. These bibliographic mistakes have been repeated in the works of many subsequent authors. To write the paper First, based on the Union Catalogue of Iran Manuscripts (Fankha), the titles of all Persian works attributed to Davani were identified. Then, using his Persian manuscripts and other sources, the authenticity of his Persian works in the catalogue of manuscripts was examined. In this study, through the comparative investigation of Davani's Persian manuscripts in Iran, some of our codicological and bibliographic information about Davani's Persian works have been corrected, especially the title and number of his authentic and non-authentic works. The result of the current critical codicology showed that Davani has written at least twenty original Persian works. In addition, according to the entries of Davani's Persian works in Fankha, at least nine nonoriginal Persian works have been attributed to him. Thus, at least nine entries of Davani's Persian works in Iran seem incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to efficiently find the number and optimal placement of BTSs in the coverage area such that the implementation cost is minimized, while the user's traffic in the corresponding area and the channel interference constraints are satisfied. Design/methodology/approach: An integer linear mathematical model has been proposed to assign all customer points to transceiver-based stations. The objective function has been assumed to minimize fixed costs while considering a penalty for reducing interference. An optimization solver has been applied to solve the model. Findings: The proposed mathematical model was compared to another existing model in the literature from three points of view: coverage cost, construction costs, and running time. The results indicated that the proposed model has the appropriate efficiency to find solutions to real practical problems. In more detail, the proposed model succeeded to find solutions with less coverage or construction cost in a shorter time, compared with the model in literature, which has been referred to as the SSH model in the paper. However, there have been some samples in which the SSH model overtakes the proposed model in one or two mentioned aspects for comparison. Research limitations/implications: The limitation of this study is that the channel model was considered based on the simple free space path loss model, while the real channel model based on the environmental effects can be suggested for future work. Another important issue is that for BTS localization design, knowing the status of the real environment leads to the proper design in such networks. Social/practical implications: BTS localization is the most important issue in mobile networks' design. In a practical situation, there is not any software available to design a mobile network in the corresponding coverage area. Therefore, this paper can help communication engineers to implement the proposed approach in a real environment. Originality/value: In this paper, the problem of the optimal location of transceiver-based stations (BTS) in different models in the coverage area has been addressed such that the implementation cost is minimized, while the user's traffic in the corresponding area and the channel interference constraints are satisfied. This has not been considered in the literature. Any of the existing models focus on one aspect to optimize, such as maximizing the coverage, minimizing the interference, and minimizing coverage or construction costs. The novelties of the proposed model are twofold: i) two goals were considered in the objective function, i.e., minimizing construction costs and minimizing interference. Since interference with full coverage is unavoidable, the model added a penalty to the objective function to reduce the interference as much as possible; and ii) it was assumed that there is more than one single type BTS, any of which has different power, radius, and capacity. This makes the model more real and indeed more complicated to solve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to propose a flow shop scheduling problem for equipment overhaul. This problem consists of three stages, the separation of the components of an equipment is done in the first stage. Repairs and overhaul operations are carried out on the separated parts of the first stage in the second stage. Finally, the overhauled parts of the previous stage are mounted on each other in the third stage. In the third stage, operations are performed in parallel workshops. The objective function of the problem is the maximum time to complete jobs, and the sequence of processing jobs should be done in such a way that the value of the objective function is minimized. Design/methodology/approach: To solve the problem, a mixed integer programming model has been proposed for small size, which determines the processing sequence of jobs based on the position of each job. A genetic algorithm has been used to solve the problem in large dimensions. By increasing the size of the problem and in different sizes, the results have been examined and analyzed, which shows the efficiency of the model and the proposed algorithm. Findings: To check the accuracy of the model's performance and also the effect of the presence of parallel machines in the third stage, an example was presented in this paper. Accordingly, while the accuracy of the model's performance was checked, the effect of the presence of more machines was determined in the third stage. As the number of machines increased in the third stage, the value of the objective function did not deteriorate. The performance of GAMS in solving the problem in a small size was investigated. Considering that solving the problem for large dimensions is not possible in a reasonable time and the problem is NP-hard, then solving the problem in large dimensions was done using a genetic algorithm. Therefore, solving the problem on a large dimension has been done using the genetic algorithm. According to the obtained results, the efficiency of the genetic algorithm was shown. Due to its low average value, it indicated the convergence of the genetic algorithm. Research limitations/implications: Considering that there are not many published papers in the field of equipment overhaul, it is difficult to access related models and papers. Therefore, in this paper, the model and solution method have been written with many reviews. Also, to check and reduce costs, the number of third-stage machines has been determined using sensitivity analysis. Practical implications: The problem of equipment overhaul is used in many fields in reality. For example, the operations related to the maintenance, repair and overhaul of the aircraft engine have been investigated. Since the planning of maintenance and maintenance operations is difficult, the focus of research has been on improving maintenance operations by finding suitable scheduling for job shop operations in maintenance operations. They emphasized that scheduling can improve maintenance operations and presented a simulation model. Social implications: The purpose of creating a space to start an activity is to reduce costs, earn money and achieve profit. To examine the cost-effectiveness of the equipment overhaul issue, we can refer to the number of third-stage machines. According to the amount of equipment to perform an overhaul on them, the number of third-stage machines can be determined. Therefore, extra machines can be removed to reduce the cost. On the other hand, if the related equipment to the customers is different, to reduce the storage costs or increase customer satisfaction, different goals should be considered. Here, the objective function of maximum completion time is considered for this purpose. If the equipment must be available at a certain time, goals such as the total time to complete the job can be considered. In line with the application of the social implications in the investigated problem in this paper and considering that the investment costs, as well as the ability to respond to the applicants' requests, are related to the number of third-stage machines, the value of the objective function is analyzed based on the number of third-stage machines and analysis has been done. Originality/value: In this paper, a three-stage flow shop scheduling problem in the overhaul industry was studied. Accordingly, a new mathematical model based on the job processing position was proposed, which dealt with the exact solution of the problem in small dimensions. According to the type of problem in the overhaul environment, the combined flow shop problem for equipment overhaul was investigated. Also, the use of parallel machines in the third stage of the equipment overhaul problem is one of the new issues under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Today, due to the breadth, diversity and multiplicity of investment projects, decision makers and investors are faced with the issue of choosing the most profitable project. The economic rate of return (ERR) index is one of the proper indices that has been presented to determine the profitability of the projects. However, the ERR index has important shortcomings that have led to serious limitations in its use. In this regard, this paper introduces a new measure called the reliable economic rate of return (RERR), which has originated from ERR measure, but it has resolved the drawbacks of ERR index. On the other hand, this paper proposes a new solution by considering the values of the cash flow in terms of fuzzy numbers. After calculating the fuzzy economic rate of return, the profitability potentiality degree of the investment projects can be determined as well as their reliability based on the net present value (NPV) method. Design/methodology/approach - This paper proves that if we equate the initial cash flow of investment projects with the sum of the negative values of the relevant cash flow stream, then the RERR value would be greater than '-1'. In this regard, this paper proposes a solution to modify the initial and final values of the investment cash flow stream, merely without changing middle values. Thereby, the NPV of the modified cash flow does not change. On the other hand, it is sometimes difficult to estimate the values of cash flows as a crisp number, which may lead to a wrong decision in accepting or rejecting projects. For this purpose, this paper considers the values of cash flow stream as fuzzy numbers and describes a solution for calculating the fuzzy RERR using the α-cut method and the RERR index. The proposed solution is compatible with the NPV method and also has fewer calculations than the other methods. This paper also proposes a method that calculates the profitability potentiality degree of projects and provides more comprehensive information to the decision makers by examining the intervals obtained from cutting the fuzzy values of the projects and presenting a new and reliable solution. Findings - Using the @RISK software, it was found that the estimation of fuzzy return rate using RERR index and α-cut method is very close to the simulation result. It confirms the appropriate accuracy of the proposed solution. Also, the results obtained from the software in determining the profitability of projects indicated that the proposed solution is more accurate than the methods of 'comparison of the expected intervals' and 'strict exceedance possibility'. It is also fully compatible with the NPV method. Research limitations/implications - In this research the market rate is assumed constant, while, in practice it can vary over the periods. Defining the market rate as an inconstant parameter, using the robust optimization approach and investigating the subject of this paper under other uncertainty environments are future study suggestions to both researchers and practitioners. Practical implications - One of the most important applications of this study is in risky projects wherein estimating the values of cash flow stream as a crisp number is difficult. The results of this paper help decision makers in reducing risk and determining the project profitability. It is worth mentioning that the solution proposed in this paper can be used for all projects with any cash flow stream value. Social implications - Failure to make the correct decision regarding the acceptance or rejection of the projects could have major negative consequences for the companies, organizations and even society. This paper helps decision makers, investors and organizations to determine the projects profitability that could benefit organizations and society. Originality/value - This paper proposes the RERR measure as a profitability index such with several favorable properties: (ⅰ) it exists and is unique, (ⅱ) it is NPV-consistent in accepting/rejecting decisions, (ⅲ) it provides values greater than '-1', (ⅳ) it takes into account all of the project's outflows which may be regarded by some practitioners as an appropriate indicator of the overall investment. Furthermore, this paper proposes an appropriate method for calculating the fuzzy RERR and a new method for determining the profitability potentiality degree of the investment projects based on the NPV method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the theory of absence in curriculum and to identify its concepts, philosophical foundations, aspects, and consequences in the field of curriculum practice. After introducing the theory of absence in curriculum, the typology of different concepts of this theory, their origin, and its application in the field of the curriculum have been explained. Then, the philosophical foundations and theoretical framework of the concept of the absent curriculum are analyzed. Further, by explaining the ontology of the curriculum based on critical realism in the ideas of Matthew Wilkinson, it has been argued that the monovalence ontology in the field of curriculum studies has led to the emergence of reductive policies in the development of curricula that its aspects can be seen in the absence of part of the cultural, social, ethnic and lingual heritage in the curriculum. Finally, by providing examples of absence in the curriculum, the shadow curriculum is analyzed as a consequence of the absent curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper, a new comprehensive model has been developed to guide organizations regarding the establishment of a productivity management system with all essential elements and relations. Using the knowledge available in the literature and expert views, this research has tried to propose an evaluation scheme to measure the maturity of the system in Iranian organizations. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study is typically an applied-developmental research as it introduces a framework for the assessment of productivity management systems in Iranian companies (developmental) and also attempts to offer a method for solving or simplification the complex, chronic problem of productivity in Iranian businesses (applied). From another perspective, the current research should be regarded as a qualitative research approach that seeks to describe and explain the phenomenon of productivity management system maturity based on an analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. The main strategy adopted in identifying conceptual elements concerning the productivity management system has been encoding. The primary signs of conceptual elements have been identified with a systematic search of databases containing scientific documents and reports on one hand and during interviews with experts on the other. The main concepts and categories about the topic have been extracted through a combination of homogeneous signs. Findings: Four categories were identified in the encoding process (labelled as four modules of the productivity management system) and 18 concepts underlying such categories were included within the four modules. Then, 76 signs were extracted from the analysis of documents and interviews as peripheral aspects or features expected from the corresponding elements. Accordingly, the first step in the establishment of a productivity management system in an organization was to provide the infrastructures required for the managerial subsystem. Next, the main processes of productivity needed to be activated based on the available or generated infrastructures. In the third step, the appropriate measures had to be taken to guarantee the sustainability of the subsystem and ensure its constant growth and development. Finally, the impacts of the establishment of the productivity management system were expected to be evaluated to indicate the extent to which the attempts made have helped to meet the various needs of different groups of extra-organizational beneficiaries (including environmental activists and local community members). Social implications: Constant enhancement of productivity as one of the most significant aims of any organization, requires the establishment of a series of factors and elements that make up an organization’s productivity biome, all the aspects and layers of which need to be shaped correctly. Such a requirement can be operationalized in an organization only through the establishment of a comprehensive productivity management system, a managerial system that has not been considered accurately and practically so far in the rich literature review concerning the subject of productivity. This study was conducted to eliminate this research and administrative gap and plotted the conceptual map of such a structure through the extraction of signs of the conceptual elements concerning the managerial system using scientific documents and interviews with experts. By developing organizations that perform their activities more productively, they are more successful in achieving their goals. Therefore, people will also benefit from the performance of this productive organization and will be more satisfied. Originality/value: This study has proposed a conceptual map for productivity management systems through the extraction of signs of the conceptual elements concerning the managerial system using scientific resources and interviews with experts. It has also proposed a comprehensive model showing how the productivity management system could be established in an Iranian organization using procedural documents such as the administrative guidance developed by the National Productivity Organization. The validity of the model (referred to as i-MAPS) was confirmed through the formulation and administration of the evaluation logic for the measurement of the maturity of the system and its pilot implementation in some private and public organizations in Yazd Province. The maturity of an organization in the establishment and utilization of the productivity management system can be analyzed using the developed model. Besides, the measures can be taken based on instructions extracted from the model contents to increase the organization’s success in the roadmap and to overcome probable challenges and obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the formation of Seljuks in the Levant, this region was subject to unrest, which continued the chaotic trend of the post-Hamdanid. What took place in the Levant in the Seljuk period was a series of replacing the governments by the soldiers of the same dynasty one after the other from 478 till 570 A. H. This research aimed to answer this question: What was the process of substituting governments in this period? To this goal, the reasons for the rise and fall of the Levant's governments and the records of substitute dynasties had to be analyzed. By using the quantitative historical method, the procedure of these substitutions was mapped. According to this study, the chronological process of substituting the governments had increased over time. The former disturbs were managed to be settled and the short-term rulers -inheritances of Arab tribes- to be altered by long dynasties, such as the Zengid and Ayyubid dynasties. Introduction Some of the Levant governments were overthrown by foreign powers and as usual, the stronger governments prevailed over weaker ones. In the time frame presented in this paper, several local governments fell in this manner, among which we could mention Banu Ammar in Tripoli. There was another form of overthrowing a government that arose from within and took over. Those who served the former government then became the ones possessing power, resulting in dynasties, such as Burid, Zangid Atabegs, and Ayyubid dynasties. Since this form of conquest was defined as an uprising in the political terms of that time and new dynasties needed continuous efforts to maintain power and assemble sufficient legitimacy for themselves, they went through the process of start-points and continuance. Though each new dynasty tried to have a starting point of its own, they had to use covers, such as gaining the Atabeg of a Seljuk prince or receiving a charter from the Abbasid Caliph. Thus, only the passage of time and their behaviors to preserve their land became a factor of legitimacy that they had to earn it after several internal revolts of the generals. In other words, after some time, the land became their ancestral property and the oppressing commanders needed time to construct their property. Materials and Methods The author first dealt with the contexts of the fall and succession of the cited governments in this period. Therefore, he used the contextual description method. Accordingly, the political and social contexts of the lands and those, who started the new governance, were examined. Because the substitutions happened from T1 till time T2 in the context of time, a chronologic method was applied to estimate the government changes. Finally, the chronological and historical methods joined a quantitative view. The time passage had to be taken seriously to evaluate the stability of the government during their ruling time. The quantitative method also took the internal courses of the governments into account. The author tried to find the substitution process year to evaluate the alternative trends and identify the quantitative strategy for these events. Discussion and Conclusions The substitution of the Levant dynasties at that time was affected by instability, insecurity, and the pressure of foreign governments, building the necessity of raising a new government within the former. Therefore, the people who supported the Turk or semi-Turk troops could start a new dynasty from the heart of the previous one. The survival of the new government and its resistance towards subsequent replacement largely depended on managing the crisis that happened to the Levant in their time. Hence, the Burid took over the Seljuks of Damascus, but they were able to withstand the substitution trend for a long time because of their adequacy to protect Damascus against Crusaders and expansionists. First, it was assumed that all substitutions of the Levant governments followed an integrated pattern, but the data of the quantitative hypotheses proved it wrong. Based on the years that a dynasty maintained power in the Levant, the substitution process had increased from the Seljuks to the Ayyubid dynasty. This indicated stability in the Levant since the time of the Hamdanid. When the Hamdanid dynasty ended, the Arab tribes took control of this region and handed over a turbulent region to the Seljuks. The conflict between the Seljuk rulers brought this earlier chaos to the period of Ridwan's successors. Therefore, since the arrival of the first Turkmen associated with a rough and chaotic period in the Levant, these government changes grew until the Ayyubid dynasty. Saladin and his brother managed to divide the Ayyubid dynasty into the Ayyubid of the Levant and Egypt. Still, the Ayyubid dynasty held power in the 7th century A.H. Due to the timeframe of this paper, the substitution of the Ayyubid was not looked into; however, their longterm stability and continuation could be generalized to the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which certainly requires another research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Emerging technologies have become one of the main concerns of societies of today. Governments and societies are well aware that their economic future and survival in today's changing world are tied to new technologies, especially artificial intelligence technology. This paper aims to help managers, practitioners, and policymakers in prioritizing the implementation of artificial intelligence technology in applications such as transportation, health, security, education, and research. Design/methodology/approach: After a relatively complete follow-up in the field of artificial intelligence research, the criteria for prioritizing emerging technologies have been calculated and weighted by the Friedman method. Then, the application areas have been identified by the thematic analysis method. Finally, using the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique, the application areas of artificial intelligence have been ranked. Findings: This research resulted in a model and indicated that the three areas of economics, transportation, and governance were given more priority for the application of artificial intelligence technology, respectively. Research limitations/implications: Designing mechanisms to monitor advances in emergent technology and artificial intelligence to improve the proposed model and update the model were the most important suggestions. Another suggestion was to identify the gap between the theoretically developed model and practice. Practical implications: This paper provides a reliable prioritization of the applied areas using scientific criteria appropriate to the country. This provides a scientific-operational package, and policy-making by creating a logical relationship between theory and practice. If such a document is presented in policy and legislative circles, this prioritization can be one of the most important tools for decision-making and rescuing from political and strategic dilemmas. Social implications: Improving the quality of human life by implementing artificial intelligence in various usages of daily life, and facilitating social availability to the important types of possibilities are the most important achievement of this research. Originality/value: Since no model has been found to prioritize the implementation of artificial intelligence technology in applications, the proposed model closes such a gap. The paper provides appropriate tools both to practitioners and policymakers who intend to decide and deploy artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to propose a systematic view of how Circular Supply Chain Management (CSCM) captures and evolves the state-of-the-art advances in this field. Multiple analyzes have been performed with two tools of VOSviewer and open-source R-package ‘bibliometrix”. Also, a network and bibliometric analysis of the Co-Occurrence, Co-Authorship, and Co-Citation has been made on CSCM using bibliometric and scientometrics methods on the literature available on the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Design/methodology/approach: Bibliometric, network structure, and descriptive analysis have been used to investigate publications on the subject of circular supply chain management. For this purpose, a systematic review has been performed using the Prisma review protocol. After defining the research objectives and questions, the relevant keywords for the sources and database and search codes have been used for an online search. Then, the initial search has been conducted. The next step involved screening the study results. 116 published articles have been selected from Scopus for analysis. The potential papers were then downloaded in CSV format for bibliometric analysis and synthesis. The final data for this research has been selected from 2010 to 2021. All the data was exported in CSV format to the Bibliometrix and Vosviewer software for data analysis. Also, Co-Authorship, word Co- Occurrence, and Co-Citation analysis have been generated using VOSviewer. Findings: This study analyzed the annual publication trends, the most productive authors, the most cited articles, the most productive affiliations, the most important journals, the most productive countries, and keywords. Collaboration, co-occurrence, co-authors, co-citation, and historiographical analysis were also performed in this study. Findings indicated that "Perona, M" and "Mina, H" with six and five articles were the most productive authors in the development of this field. Also, Geissdoerfer's article was the most cited article with 231 citations, and it can be considered a pioneering work in the field of CSCM development. Farooq's article was also the most cited local article. Govindan et al.'s (2020) article were the most important in co-citation analysis. Great Britain and Italy were the most productive countries with 70 and 66 publications. Cambridge University was the most productive university in England. The "Journal of Cleaner Production" and "Sustainability" were the most visited journal with 24 and 8 articles. The most dominant keywords were "circular economy" and "circular supply chain". The main keywords shared in the most advanced cluster were "circular economy", "circular supply chain", and "supply chain". The main common keywords in cluster 2 included "supply chain management" and "circular supply chain management", and the main common keywords in cluster 3 included "sustainability, and “closed loop supply chain". Also, major cooperated countries included Great Britain, Italy, and China. Strong cooperation between Iran and Denmark, China and Australia, and Britain, and India was also observed. A significant number of articles were written by Iranian researchers, and the number of citations received by foreign researchers was higher. The authorship of the articles included two, one, and three authors, respectively. The results indicated the existence of the development of CSCM with quantitative modeling approaches, proficient algorithms, optimization techniques, and integrated multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Also, CSCM research must identify enablers, drivers, Critical Success Factors (CSF), obstacles and barriers, innovative frameworks, and circular business models. Research limitations/implications: The papers were merely reviewed in the form of scientific and English language journal articles. Other datasets and conference papers, reports, and books can be considered for future study, but they were not included in the structural literature review. Practical implications: CSCM is rapidly developing in supply chain sustainability and can operate as a guide for companies. To apply CSCM, three questions need to be answered: i) which business/supply chain models should companies choose (closed loop or circular)?; ii) how does it cover supply chain operations to achieve a zero-waste perspective?; and iii) how does the company redesign its supply chain and implement a circular supply chain? Social implications: The application of the results of this study and circular supply chain indicators have positive effects on the sustainability and circular economy. Originality/value: This research is one of the early attempts to analyze the structure of social networks in CSCM using bibliometric and scientometric methods. In previous studies relevant to CSCM, mainly the structured literature review, content analysis, and integrated framework have been used, and few studies have addressed CSCM using bibliometric analysis. In this paper, the R-software was used for the first time as a tool for bibliometric data statistics (open-source R-package tool ‘Bibliometrix’ supplemented by VOS viewer, which is used for clustering and data visualization). Also, the results of the analysis of the two software were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cross-docking deals with the goals of lean supply chain management. It is a distribution strategy. In this structure, goods are shipped from inbound to outbound trailers on the same day or overnight without putting them into storage. Cross-docking can realize transport efficiencies at reduced material handling and storage costs by eliminating the storage and order-picking activities from the main warehouse operations. These advantages make cross-docking an interesting logistic strategy that can give companies considerable competitive advantages. This paper aims to introduce cross-docking, its characteristics and its problem types, comprehensively. The focus of this study is on distinguishing research gaps. Design/methodology/approach: Systematic review is "review research by explicit, rigorous and accountable methods". Reviews and their findings can vary on many aspects of the 'dimensions of different'. One such review is the 'review of reviews'. A systematic review of primary research is the second level of research analysis. A review of reviews (sometimes called 'overview' or 'umbrella' review) is a tertiary level of analysis. It is a systematic map and/or synthesis of previous reviews. The 'data' for such reviews of reviews are previous reviews rather than primary research studies. This can be an efficient method for examining previous research. In this paper, cross-docking literature systematic review (review of reviews method) has been discussed by introducing, clustering crossdocking decision problems, and drawing future research directions. Findings: Bibliography, cross-dockings, and classified characteristics of cross-docking based on the decision levels (strategic, tactical and operational levels) were the major findings of this study. Also, the cross-docking problem types were addressed and the gaps in the field of cross-docking were determined. This study highlighted two frequent gaps that would need to be filled by focusing on the research areas of taking deadlines for the trucks into account and dealing with uncertainty. Research limitations/implications: Book chapters and conference papers were excluded from this research. Reviewed papers were published in a certain period and the English language. Practical implications: Today firms use different types of distribution strategies. Cross-docking with eliminating the storage and order-picking activities from the main warehouse operations is an interesting logistics strategy. products with predictable, high cubic volume flow, and perishable products are ideal candidates for cross-docking. Cross-docking is nowadays used by many companies and industries such as the retail industry, automotive industry, telecommunications and electronics industries. Social implications: Cross-docking results in smaller volumes of more visible inventories that are delivered faster and more frequently. Several other advantages of cross-docking are addressed in the literature compared to traditional distribution centres. Some advantages are reduced cost (warehousing costs, inventory-holding costs, handling costs, labour costs), shorter delivery lead time (from supplier to customer), improved customer service, reduced storage space, faster inventory turnover, fewer overstocks, and reduced risk for loss and damage. Originality/value: Due to the advantages and extensive applications of cross-docking, in this paper a "review of reviews" was performed, and after introducing cross-docking terminals and their problem types, distinguish research gaps were determined for the future research study. Therefore, researchers were suggested to concentrate on the addressed gaps in their models to get closer to real-life constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper, the competition for the collection of electronic and electrical waste between the manufacturer and the retailer has been discussed to recover them, taking into account the improvement of the quality and greening of the collected products to increase the level of customer satisfaction and increase profits, and reducing dangerous effects on the environment. For this purpose, a closed two-loop supply chain has been designed with three models. A centralized model has been considered for cooperation in the collection channel of the entire chain with the integration of the manufacturer and retailer and two decentralized models for competition in the collection of returned products between the manufacturer and retailer with two scenarios. In the first scenario, the impact of improving the quality and greening of manufactured products of a decentralized two-person model has been analyzed, consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer, and its performance compared to a centralized model. In the second scenario, the profits-sharing agreement between a retailer and a manufacturer has been used in the decentralized model. Design/methodology/approach: The decisions of product quality improvement have been investigated in a simple dynamic environment and consumer preferences have been considered for new and remanufactured products as a performance of new product quality. In the developed model, the topic of quality and greening has been given, and the demand functions and profit functions have been written accordingly considering two demand functions for the manufacturer and retailer, and also two profit functions for the manufacturer and retailer. Mathematica software has been used for solving problems and also graphs related to sensitivity analysis. The discussion has been drawn and the analysis related to the profit functions of the manufacturer and the retailer has been done regarding the parameters. Findings: The results indicated that the manufacturer preferred to work with the retailer in a noncompetitive manner. The retailer used the first scenario because due to its profit. The retailer’s profit was more concentrated in the second scenario. The proposed approach was suggested to be applied to multiple manufacturers and retailers in future studies. It was also recommended to consider the storage and inventory costs for the collection products and to estimate the duration in which, they can stay in the manufacturer's warehouse with no costs increase. Another suggestion was to consider the demand with different functions or with a stochastic variable. Research limitations/implications: The limitations of this research are: i) determining the quality level of collected products; ii) the location for remanufacturing by the manufacturer and recycling by the retailer; iii) sales estimate; iv) forecasting the number of products and types of products that have been collected; v) estimating consumer demand for remanufactured products; and vi) grading the greening of the collected products. Practical implications: In general, economic profitability is considered the main driving factor for the entry of original equipment manufacturers and independent remanufacturers of the remanufacturing industry. According to the results, manufacturing companies can remanufacture the valuable wastes after retailers collected them and then determine their quality level. By increasing the quality and production of greening products, they have entered the competitive market and have offered products at a lower cost and more profit, when a centralized model was used. Social implications: In today's society, one of the important issues is environmental sustainability. In this regard, the remanufacturing of returned products and the greening of products by the manufacturer have reduced the use of raw materials, saved energy, and reduced air pollution. In this paper, the subjects of competition for the collection and recycling of electronic and electrical waste (i.e, medical equipment, lighting devices and lamps, all kinds of audio and video equipment, IT equipment and household electrical appliances) between the manufacturer and the retailer, the improvement of the quality and greening of the collected products to increase the level of customer satisfaction/profits, and reducing dangerous effects on the environment were discussed. Originality/value: This study contributed to the quality improvement of returned products and greening products. Based on this research, product quality decisions are investigated in a simple dynamic environment, and consumer preferences for new and remanufactured products are considered as a function of new product quality. In summary, this research has examined the interactions between improving the quality of remanufactured products and greening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The oil and gas industry has an annual investment of 700 billion dollars in the world, and the issue of cost savings to stabilize competitiveness is at least 140 billion dollars per year. Previously, in the oil and gas industry, the use of blockchain technology was considered cautiously, but now large companies are seriously looking for ways to implement such technology in their companies. The oil and gas industry presents a unique and compelling opportunity to exploit blockchain technologies due to high transaction value (and thus risk) and economic pressures to reduce costs. a security system that reduces risk, increases transparency, provides an audit trail, and significantly reduces transaction costs may be attractive to oil and gas companies. Oil and gas, contrary to the size and scale of transactions between banks, are sold in large volumes and thus require significant value. the frequency of transactions is also high. oil companies must also be aware of where the crude resource will ultimately be absorbed. Blockchain can provide a fully transparent and secure record of the entire supply chain. Using a distributed ledger, digital tokens can be used to represent an asset being traded. This paper aims to evaluate the readiness to use blockchain in the National Iranian Gas Company. Design/methodology/approach: The approach of this study is survey-based. In terms of its purpose, it is applied research and in terms of its nature and method, it is descriptive-survey research. In this study, two library and field methods have been used to collect data. The library method has been used to write the theoretical foundations, the background of the research, and to find the desired components and metrics, and the questionnaire of pairwise comparisons with a spectrum of nine has been used for field research and collecting the required data. Findings: By examining the existing models and using the opinions of blockchain experts, the effective factors in the evaluation of this technology in National Iranian Gas Company were identified and to examine the factors identified in the company and to rank, score and prioritize the factors, the fuzzy hierarchy method has been used. Factors have been weighted by Chang's development analysis method and the weight of all components was determined. Also, by forming matrices of importance and status using experts' opinions and using fuzzy screening, the maturity level of factors in the National Iranian Gas Company was identified. After identifying and confirming the effective factors, the questionnaire of paired comparisons was designed and submitted to nine experts and by collecting the questionnaires and using the fuzzy hierarchy method and data analysis, the weighting of all the criteria and sub-criteria was carried out, with the organizational factor having the highest weight and the environmental factor having the lowest weight. The support of the senior manager has had the highest weight and the size of the organization has had the lowest weight under the criteria. Also, ranking, prioritizing, and measuring the maturity of the finalized criteria were done using the fuzzy screening method, and the criteria of organizational readiness, technology readiness, environmental readiness, and human readiness were placed in first to fourth places, respectively. Research limitations/implications: It is suggested that the National Iranian Gas Company and the country's oil and gas industries, in general, seek to provide the necessary infrastructure for the implementation of such technology to use and benefit from it and formulate a suitable road map by forming specialized units. The lack of familiarity of human resources of organizations with blockchain technology and the financial and human cost of changes in each organization are among the main limitations of using blockchain in the oil and gas industry. Practical implications: Blockchain technology can be used to reduce costs, improve processes, track and secure product and customer data, increase product safety, and reduce counterfeiting and fraud. Social implications: The impact of oil and gas on human life is clear and cannot be ignored. it is enough to look around and see the countless uses of such products. Therefore, the optimal use of oil and gas seems significant. Blockchain technology, by influencing the supply chain, increasing the security of exchanges, optimal marketing, etc. can be the basis for increasing productivity and, as a result, the possibility of using such strategic products as much as possible for human society. Originality/value: The value of using new technologies to increase productivity in organizations is not hidden from anyone. However, the question is whether the conditions for using this technology are available in organizations. This is particularly important when the technology is used incorrectly and leads to negative results. For the first time, this paper sought to investigate the possibility of using blockchain technology in the National Iranian Gas Company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In addition to its inherent impact on the health section, the distribution of pharmaceutical products has also an economic aspect. This paper aims to design a supply chain for pharmaceutical distribution companies so that they have the best coverage and performance at the lowest cost. Design/methodology/approach: An operations research model has been developed based on minimizing distribution costs and construction costs to address the problem. The model’s constraints included the rules governing the national pharmaceutical supply chain. Due to the complexity of the model and the high dimensions of the problem in real conditions, the model has been solved using a two-tier genetic algorithm in combination with priority-based coding and the K-medoids clustering method. To optimize the performance of the algorithm, the parameter tuning of the Taguchi method has been used. Findings: Clustering demand points from 429 to 50 centers had less than 1% implication on the total costs. Distribution costs might even grow in optimal designs, however, the total cost was reduced by 36%. Optimal points for distribution centers were located and an optimal distribution plan for goods was recommended for a company distributing 239 types of pharmaceutical products. Research limitations/implications: In this paper, only costs were considered due to establishing new distribution centers and dispatching goods. In future studies, inventory costs can be considered either. Also, there may be more legal aspects that have not been considered such as the minimum number of distribution centers. Practical implications: To evaluate the efficiency of the model in practice, a case study was implemented on the drug distribution company, i.e., Adorateb. For the studied company, an appropriate distribution network, as well as an optimal distribution pattern of drugs, were identified and compared in terms of cost with the current situation of the company. The recommended optimal location relative to the current situation indicated a significant reduction in costs. Social implications: Designing supply chains strongly influences the performance of the pharmaceutical supply chain. By reducing costs through optimal network design, while covering demand requirements, a society may have sustainable access to pharmaceutical products in a long term. Originality/value: The main innovation of this paper is the recommendation of a mathematical model for designing a pharmaceutical distribution network while considering real supply chain national regulations along with a hybrid solution approach that can handle real-size problems. The applicability of the model and the solution approach were verified by a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Perishable products suffer from spoilage and quality loss after a period, so their demand decreases. To raise the level of demand and reduce the cost due to product spoilage and increase in waste, a markdown policy is used. This paper aims to find the optimal amount of discount and the initial order amount so that the total profit is maximized. The discount is offered twice during the sales period; the first discount is provided before the onset of deterioration, when and attractiveness of the product for purchase decreases. The second one is given after the deterioration starts when product spoilage is visible. Design/methodology/approach: After an extensive literature review, the initial mathematical model has been shaped and solved using an analytical approach. Considering experts' opinions, the internal validity of the proposed model has been checked and confirmed. Also, the concavity conditions of the objective function and the existence of the global optimal point of the model have been investigated. Then, the values of parameters have been determined by experts and placed in the model. Finally, Ofoq Kourosh Chain Stores' original sales data have been collected as a case study and the model has been solved in MATLAB software. Findings: In this paper, the amount of the initial order was determined. Then, the optimal amount of the discount was obtained to reach the maximum profit. In this paper, the authors’ observation indicated that using the markdown pricing strategy is more profitable than the fixed pricing strategy during the sales period. This result is the most important finding of the paper, which can be calculated during the sales period examined in the Ofoq Kourosh Chain Stores. It can help decision makers of the discount chain store to set better strategies for their fresh and dairy products. Research limitations/implications: Choosing a demand function that takes into account all factors affecting demand; also, Considering the optimal discount times, corresponding to the optimal discount values as decision variables, complicates the model. It should be mentioned that due to limitations in the IT infrastructure of the case study and our boundaries to get information from these brick-andmortar chain stores, it is not possible to record data in short periods (hourly) and the warehouse inventory is only available daily. Practical implications: Since one of the main goals of the institution is to obtain maximum profit, by applying the markdown pricing strategy on perishable products, due to the quality of perishable goods being proportional to their price from the customer's point of view, it is possible to encourage them to buy the product and increase their demand. Besides, it can reduce waste which also leads to the maximization of profit. It should be noted that with the implementation of the proposed model in Ofoq Kourosh Chain Stores, it is practically shown that its implementation can make an important contribution to increasing profits. Social implications: The results of this research can be used to improve the sales of perishable products, seasonal products, and fashion goods and can increase the profitability of products and reduce waste. This is also possible for consumers to have access to fresh or seasonal products at various and lower prices with different income levels. Such changes can lead to greater equality in society. Originality/value: The literature review shows that the inventory control models have discussed more optimal order amount and time and less about pricing strategies and price discounts, simultaneously. The subject that is less considered in the literature, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, is the determination of discount values to maximize profit, which was considered in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) and Philosophical Investigations (1951), Wittgenstein left a collection of notes. Some of his students have published edited versions of these remaining notes under various titles. One of the latest of these collections came to the market in 1969 under the title of "On Certainty". In this book, Wittgenstein discusses the issue of certainty from an epistemological point of view. He rejects scepticism and argues that certainty belongs to the category of non-epistemological concepts. And he adds that certainty, though meaningless, nevertheless is necessary for the formation of knowledge. A group of commentators, including Rom Harre´ and Moyal-Sharrock, have referred to this new approach of Wittgenstein as the Third Wittgenstein. The purpose of the present paper is to critically examine the development of Wittgenstein's thought from Tractatus to On Certainty with respect to the notion of certainty to show that contrary to the claims of philosophers like Harre´and Moyal-Sharrock, the Wittgenstein of On Certainty is not a new Wittgenstein, and that the basis of his discussions concerning scepticism and certainty and their meaninglessness could be traced back to his views in Tractatus and Investigations, and in particular, his discussion of private language and its denial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kripke in his famous book on Wittgenstein’s later philosophy argues, on behalf of Wittgenstein, that there can be no fact of the matter as to what a speaker means by her words, that is, no fact that can meet the Constitution Demand and the Normativity Demand. He particularly argues against the dispositional view, according to which meaning facts are constituted by facts about the speaker’s dispositions to respond in a certain way on certain occasions. He argues that facts about dispositions are finite and are incapable of constituting facts about what speakers mean by their words; they are also essentially descriptive, not prescriptive and, thus, cannot meet the Normativity Demand. Hannah Ginsborg has recently attempted to resist Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s arguments against dispositionalism by defending a new sort of reductive dispositionalism which can meet both demands at the same time. In this paper, I will argue that she would not be successful in her project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plato’s doctrine of ideas can be considered his most important doctrine. Throughout the history of philosophy, each philosopher, according to the problem he faced, has returned to this doctrine. One of the problems that Western philosophers have faced in the contemporary world is the nihilism and meaninglessness of western civilization. Martin Heidegger considers the root of this meaninglessness to be oblivion of Being and oblivion of truth as unhiddenness and disconcealment. Heidegger believes that Plato’s doctrine of ideas is the cause of this oblivion, Plato made ideas the foundation of beings, and this has no meaning other than oblivion of Being. Using phenomenology, Heidegger returns to Plato’s allegory of the cave to elucidate the nature of this oblivion. Heidegger’s interpretation of ideas changes over time, because in his later thinking, Heidegger passes through the phenomenology of Dasein and pays attention to the openness of Being. Later Heidegger explains the idea and the eidos based on the openness of Being and considers the presence of the present dependent on this openness. In this paper, we will try to examine the relationship between early and later Heidegger's view on Plato’s ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the second half of the 20th century, after the decline of logical empiricism, metaphysics was revived as analytic metaphysics. However, during the last two decades, significant naturalistic objections have been raised to analytic metaphysics. In the first chapter of their seminal book, Every Thing Must Go, Ladyman, Ross, and Spurrett, after taking a destructive approach to contemporary analytic metaphysics, presented a positive plan for appropriate naturalized metaphysics. For them, naturalized metaphysics is an activity to unify, under some constraints, the sciences. Analytic metaphysics, on the other hand, had its serious defenders. One of the enthusiastic advocates of metaphysics, as an inquiry with an independent method and subject matter, is Jonathan Lowe (1950-2014). At the end of his working life, he published various works in which he argued for a remarkable conception of metaphysics, that is, metaphysics as the science of the possible. In this paper, we claim that Jonathan Lowe's views on metaphysics provide a compelling stance for addressing the radical naturalistic objections raised by Ladyman, Ross, and Spurrett, and so it provides a thoughtful defense of metaphysics against those worries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpreting trends in the Sassanid state, the practices of which have been the basis for subsequent Iranian states, can deepen the knowledge of Iran's history. Various interpretations have been presented for its rise, the great kings, the Mazdakian movement, and its fall. This paper supposed that using a theoretical framework for interpreting all the events could provide a more comprehensive and integrated interpretation. Since the developers of the conceptual framework of the "natural state" have considered it a framework for interpreting the written history of humans, the main question of the current research was whether this conceptual framework could provide a satisfactory interpretation of trends in the Sassanid state. Therefore, this study was based on an analytical-descriptive method and a library approach. In the viewpoint of "natural state", a state incorporates a coalition of elites, who exercise their control over the society's political, military, economic, religious, and administrative activities to provide them the highest rent. Therefore, the state's changes are those occurring to the coalition members, who may be important due to changes in the situation. In this article, the satisfactory ability of this framework to interpret important events in the Sassanid state, regarding the roles of the coalition members in the production of rents and acts of violence, was shown in a 5-period classification, the characteristics of each of which were then presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to propose an approach for identifying and prioritizing ecosystem indicators for effective ecosystem management. Specifically, fuzzy Delphi and fuzzy DEMATEL approaches are used to define ecosystem management goals and indicators, rank the importance of quality attributes in ecosystem management, and rank the effectiveness of each indicator in each pillar of ecosystem management. The ultimate goal is to provide a tool to decision-makers that can help in allocating resources more effectively and efficiently toward achieving sustainability. Design/methodology/approach: The proposed approach involves a three-phase framework. Phase 1 involves identifying and determining the indicators affecting ecosystem management. This has been performed by studying theoretical articles, reviewing systematic literature, and searching previous studies to identify different indicators for each pillar of ecosystem management. A list of indicators and factors affecting each of the pillars of ecosystem management has been determined accordingly, and an initial categorization has been created using library studies. Phase 2 involves using a fuzzy Delphi method to rank the most important indicators in each pillar of ecosystem management. Experts have been asked to indicate their proposed indicators in a questionnaire based on fuzzy variables, and the degree of proportionality of the proposed factors. Phase 3 involves using a fuzzy DEMATEL approach to rank the effectiveness of each indicator in each pillar of ecosystem management. This approach handles imprecise or subjective data and can be replicated for different cities. Overall, this methodology aims to provide a comprehensive approach for identifying and prioritizing ecosystem indicators that can be used by decision-makers in environmental management and policy-making. Findings: Findings imply that the integrated approach of the Fuzzy Delphi Method and the Fuzzy DEMATEL can be used to identify and rank the importance of quality attributes in ecosystem management, and to rank the effectiveness of each indicator in each pillar of the ecosystem management. A total of 36 indicators were identified across four pillars of ecosystem management, i.e., economic, social, environmental and institutional. The results indicated that the most important indicators for each pillar were science and technology and innovation for the economic pillar; air quality, waste treatment and energy efficiency for the environmental pillar; poverty, health, and safety and security for the social pillar; and transparent sharing of information and political stability for institutional pillar. It was also found that there was a strong interrelationship between different pillars of ecosystem management. For example, the institutional pillar had serious effects on most of the other identified EM pillars. In addition, the economic pillar was the second most influential factor. Moreover, the institutional pillar profoundly influenced the environmental pillar. Finally, the economic pillar highly affected the environmental pillar, which doubled the complexity of ecosystem management. Research limitations/implications: Several limitations and implications have been addressed for future research. The number of participating experts was limited, which could affect the results and limit the possibility of their summarization. Expert bias may have influenced the results of the study. Such limitations imply that further research with a larger and more diverse group of experts is necessary to validate and expand upon such findings. This study was limited in scope to a particular ecosystem or region and the identified indicators as a result may not apply and be generalizable to other ecosystems or regions. Based on the cause-and-effect relationships between the studied elements, a hypothesis can be expanded and validated using a larger sample. Future studies could replicate this methodology in different contexts to test its applicability and effectiveness. Practical implications: Decision-makers in environmental management and policy-making can use the methodology presented in this study to identify and prioritize ecosystem indicators. By using an integration of the Fuzzy Delphi Method and the Fuzzy DEMATEL, decision-makers can identify the most important indicators for each pillar of ecosystem management and evaluate their effectiveness. This information can be used to allocate resources more effectively and efficiently toward achieving sustainability. Decision-makers could use this methodology to evaluate different ecosystem management practices and policies, and develop new policies or modify existing ones to better address the needs of different stakeholders. Overall, this study provides a useful tool for decision-makers in environmental management and policy-making by providing a comprehensive approach to identifying and prioritising ecosystem indicators. Social implications: This study highlights the importance of considering social factors in ecosystem management. The study identifies several social indicators, such as poverty and material deprivation, education level, public awareness and training, gender equality, and social participation. By prioritizing such indicators in ecosystem management, decision-makers can ensure that the needs and perspectives of different stakeholders are taken into account. This can help to promote social equity and cohesion, which are important for achieving sustainable development. Furthermore, by involving a wide range of stakeholders in the decision-making process, including local communities and marginalized groups, decision-makers can ensure that ecosystem management policies are more inclusive and responsive to the needs of all members of society. Overall, this study highlighted the importance of considering social factors in ecosystem management and provides a useful framework for identifying and prioritizing social indicators. Originality/value: The main contribution of this study is the application of the integrated approaches of the Fuzzy Delphi Method and the Fuzzy DEMATEL to identify and rank the importance of quality attributes in ecosystem management. This methodology is innovative because it allows decision-makers to handle imprecise or subjective data, which is often encountered in ecosystem management. The study provides a three-phase framework for identifying and prioritizing ecosystem indicators, which can be replicated for different cities. Findings indicated that science and technology, air quality, poverty, and transparent sharing of information were identified as the most important quality indicators in their respective pillars of ecosystem management alternatives. This implies that decision-makers and policymakers should consider allocating more resources toward improving such areas. Overall, this study provided a useful tool for decision-makers in environmental management and policy-making by providing a comprehensive approach to identifying and prioritizing ecosystem indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the past two years, with the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic phenomenon, widespread disruptions appeared in supply chains. Due to the importance of this phenomenon for supply chain warping, much research was conducted in this field and this study aims to expand its literature. Design/methodology/approach: 57 articles have been reviewed in the literature on supply chain resilience after COVID-19 between 2020 and 2022. In this study, Microsoft Excel and VOS viewer software have been used. Findings: After reviewing the literature, the articles have been classified based on three categories including research context, research area and research method and it was found that in the research context, articles with topics about the importance of resilience had the highest share. In the research area, most of the articles were related to the industry sector and among the industries; the highest amount was related to the food industry and in the research method section, empirical studies accounted for most of the articles. Covid-19 was the most widely used keyword in the field. Also, it was found that in 2021 the number of published articles increased, considerably. Research limitations/implications: Based on the analysis of the studied papers, this study created a conceptual framework of supply chain resilience and it presented potential pathways for future research focused on the concepts defined in the existing literature. Practical implications: The literature related to supply chain resilience after covid-19 was widely reviewed and classified based on methodology, content and research area. All 57 selected articles were carefully examined and analyzed in terms of research content, author, approaches, methods, etc. Using Microsoft Excel software, the graphs of this research were drawn and also VOSviewer software was used to identify frequently used keywords and to develop a joint bibliographic network of leading researchers. Social implications: Using the results of this research and explaining the gaps in existing studies can help organizations improve the resilience of the supply chain in dealing with pandemics such as Covid-19. Originality/value: With the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in the world, medical service centres were under severe pressure. In this situation, it is important to evaluate the resilience of the equipment of medical service centres to deal with the problem. This article reviews the models and methods of assessing the resilience of the supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Hercynite-rich spinel is a typical mineral of both quartz-bearing and quartz-free metapelitic rocks that form under low-pressure hightemperature conditions in the granulite facies (Sengupta et al., 1991) or upper-amphibolite facies of regional and contact metamorphism (Pattison and Tracy, 1991). Temperature-pressure estimation of metamorphic terrains is necessary to understand how large-scale crust evolution has occurred. High-temperature phase equilibrium cannot be properly evaluated solely based on normal cationic couple geothermobarometers, as ferromagnesian cationic exchange undergoes processes related to retrogression during cooling after peak metamorphism. Instead, key mineral parageneses are preserved and standard petrogenetic grids study based on reaction textures and mineral chemistry can be very helpful in better estimating temperature pressure. Regional Geology Dorbeh's contact aureole is formed in West Azerbaijan province, south of Urmia, north of Oshnavieh, and the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone around Dorbeh diorite. The intrusion is one of the components of the Urmia Plutonic Complex (UPC) which is spread along with granites and alkali syenites/granites at the northwest end of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone in the south of Urmia. This diorite intruded sedimentary units of shale and carbonate belonging to Permian to Triassic-Jurassic including the Doroud and Ruteh Formations and have metamorphosed them in contact aureole, causing hornfels and calc-silicate to sometimes scarn deposits in the area (Modjarrad and Mohamed, 2015). This intrusion is covered by Miocene units (Ghalamghash, 2009). The observed parageneses in Dorbeh aureole including Cld + Chl, Ctd + And, Alm + Cld, And+Alm, Hc+Alm, Chl + Hc + And + Sil, Alm + And + Sil, Alm + And + Sil + Hc. The peak metamorphism assemblage is Alm + And + Sil + Hc. The reactions responsible for the parageneses productions were introduced in the previous studies (Modjarrad and Mohamed, 2015). Materials and Methods 50 microscopic thin sections were prepared and petrographically examined. A reagent sample with the highest number of parageneses and experienced peak metamorphism was analyzed by JEOL JXA8200 microprobes electron device for garnet, chlorite, chloritoid, spinel, iron oxide, aluminosilicate, and apatite at the University of Potsdam, Germany. For whole rock chemistry, several metapelite samples were analyzed by XRF at the ALS-Chemex Laboratory of Canada. Discussion and Conclusions The main purpose of the present paper is to investigate the parageneses, the mineral chemistry, and the temperature-pressure estimation in the metamorphic contact aureole around Dorbeh intrusive. This intrusion consists of amphibole, plagioclase, and clinopyroxene, is a part of the Urmia Intrusive Complex (UPC), and with dioritic composition was intruded the Upper Cretaceous into the Paleozoic pelitic and limestone sedimentary rocks and metamorphosed them. The metapelite section of the aureole has exhibited interesting parageneses due to the exceptional iron-rich composition of the protolith. The hornfels part of the Dorbeh aureole is dominated by chlorite + chloritoid + garnet + aluminosilicates + spinel + opaque minerals and less quartz in the matrix. Mineral chemistry studies showed that Fe-chlorite between Repidolite to Bronswigite, Fe-chloritoid, Almandine garnet, Hercynitic spinel, and ilmenite are the minerals composition which is in agreement with the Fe-rich content of the parent rock. There was no specific zoning pattern in the metapelites garnet grains. It was also found that there is a reverse relationship between Si content and iron, magnesium, titanium, and chromium in chlorite and aluminosilicate structures. The metamorphic conditions for Dorbeh aureole by the multiequilibria method by THERMOCALC software have been estimated at 570±7°C, at a pressure of 2.8±0.2 kbar. Detailed investigation of phase relationships of metamorphic rocks can be considered a desirable method along with quantitative data-based methods to evaluate the occurrence of progressive metamorphism. This method is based on direct observation of reaction textures and is more objective in estimating metamorphic conditions by the method of the intersection of equilibrium reactions. Most of the time, secondary cationic exchanges penetrate from the mineral boundary to a considerable stratum and question the accuracy of the temperature and pressure calculated on the cationic couple's geothermometers to a large extent. The contact aureole with higher than normal temperatures specific to the margins of dry mafic intrusives is sometimes associated with the formation of special parageneses such as Grt+Sil+And+Hc. This paragenesis has also been reported from high-temperature (granolithic) regional metamorphic terrains, but its production conditions are more limited in contact aureoles and require a high molar fraction of iron/aluminum or mass dryness and/or aureole. Therefore, the composition of all ferromagnesian minerals is very close to the final iron end member and no specific temperature fluctuation in the aureole is understood from the garnet zoning pattern. Although staurolite has not been seen in the studied sections, the evidence suggests that hercynite in the area was caused by staurolite breakdown. With precision in the composition of analyzed chlorites, it was found that there is a direct relationship between Si and alkaline content in chlorite structure, but titanoferromagnesian content is in contrast with Si content. An almost similar relationship was observed in the aluminosilicate crystals. The inverse relationship between silica and Fe, Ti, and Cr oxides prevails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the “No Miracle argument” (NM), the predictive and explanatory success of science would be difficult, if not impossible, to explain unless mature scientific theories were approximately true, and the theoretical entities postulated by them exist. On the contrary, in his version of “the Pessimistic Meta-Induction argument” (PMI), Laudan, by providing a list of past successful and yet false theories, rejects any relationship between success of a theory and its truth. In response to Laudan, based on the referential approach, realists have tried to show that the central terms of many past successful theories refer after all, and their postulated entities do exist. Moreover, theses terms and their referents have been preserved in the successive theories. In this paper, first, NM and PMI will be explained. Then, the most important realists’ solutions to PMI in the referential approach will be evaluated critically. It will be shown that none of these solutions can rebut PMI conclusively. In the final part of the paper, however, it will be explained briefly that even if realists could not rebut the PMI challenge, the advantage of the referential approach is that still allows them to save a weak version of scientific realism, entitled “existential realism”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's transmission networks (TNs), the sudden failure of some generation units (GUs) from the generation cycle can cause some problems such as the imbalance between generation and demand-side (consumption) leading to increasing the cost of operating the power system. On the other hand, distributed generators (DGs) in distribution networks (DNs) can be a relatively good alternative to-the-disconnected GUs with their ability to react quickly. Therefore, robust cooperation-for integrated TN&DN is essential. However, it is impossible to solve the cooperation of TN&DN problem without considering the AC optimal power flow (ACOPF), the operators' independence, and the information privacy. Thus, in this paper, a linearized ACOPF model for the robust cooperation of TN&DN problem is presented along with an efficient hierarchical decentralized solution method to solve the robust cooperation of integrated TN&DN in which the information-privacy-is-maintained-for both network operators. In this paper, the numerical simulations are analyzed for standard IEEE 30/118-bus transmission and IEEE 33/69-bus distribution networks. Finally, the paper validates through simulations the accuracy and computational-efficiency-of the proposed robust optimization problem and hierarchical decentralized method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to introduce necessity and possibility equality constraints in a real case, developing and improving fuzzy network DEA models by using proposed relations and creating a suitable and applicable framework for situations with uncertain and ambiguous data with multi-stage and network structure. Design/methodology/approach: First, the defuzzification relations of necessity equality constraints have been introduced. Then a new fuzzy network DEA model using proposed relations has been developed. After presenting the appropriate mathematical model and due to the infrastructural role of the electricity industry in the country's economy, electricity industry network structure, and uncertainty in some data of the electricity industry, the proposed fuzzy network DEA (FNDEA) has been used based on the possibility theory to evaluate all efficiency and sub-efficiency scores of Iran regional power companies. Findings: For evaluating the efficiency of the proposed FNDEA, the designed fuzzy network DEA has been used to calculate all efficiency and sub-efficiency scores of Iran's regional power companies. According to the results, the proposed research approach can be used as an efficient tool for performance evaluation in processes similar to network-fuzzy nature. Research limitations/implications: For future studies, FNDEA-SBM could be reformulated using a credibility measure which is considered as an average of the Pos/Nec measure, and a general fuzzy measure that is equal to the convex combination of Pos and Nec measures. Also, the adjustable fuzzy DEA model (AFDEA), which was proposed by Peykani could be adopted to equality constraints using Theorem 1. The novel fuzzy concepts such as Z-number, fuzzy type-2, and random fuzzy variables model (for more details see Azadeh & Kokabi (2016), Qin, Liu, Liu and Wang (2009), and Tavana, Shiraz, Hatami-Marbini, Agrell and Paryab (Tavana et al., 2013). In addition, further investigation into the evaluation and ranking of DMUs in different contexts and real-life case studies with fuzzy data can be carried out by applying the proposed model. Practical implications: The results of the proposed fuzzy network DEA model based on the possibility and necessity measures provided useful managerial implications for the efficiency and subefficiency evaluation of regional power companies. The study proved the usefulness of fuzzy network DEA as a decision-making tool in processes similar to network-fuzzy nature. Social implications: Due to the infrastructural role of the electricity industry in the country's economy, it is significant to evaluate the overall efficiency and sub-efficiencies of generation, transmission, and distribution centers of regional power companies. Allocating the optimal resources in the generation, transmission, and distribution centers of regional power companies based on the proper criteria increases the efficiency of the electricity industry and the quality of the level of welfare of the community. Originality/value: Concerning the necessity (Nec) measure, there is a lack of any procedure or formula to deal with equality chance constraints and this is one of the main challenges in possibility theory; therefore, in this paper and for the first time a solution has been provided to deal with such a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Human resources are considered a competitive advantage in organizations, and according to the executive position of staff, the relative importance of the competitive advantage is enhanced so that the executive managers, and the senior staffs particularly in the production line, are of particular importance to company owners. Selecting competent and committed senior staff as well as maintaining them based on their satisfaction is one of the key factors in the success of organizations. Therefore, this paper aims to study the selection and assignment of senior staff problems so that they are selected based on their competency to manage the production workshops, and then they are assigned to the workshops based on their preferences. For this purpose, an integrated model of mathematical programming and Multi-Attribute Decision-Making (MCDM) is developed to select competent senior staff and assign them to the workshops based on their preferences. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, some of the staff as potential options have been determined, and then, their preferences to manage all workshops have been calculated using the TOPSIS technique. Also, a multi-objective integer programming model has been developed to select competent senior staff among all potential options and to assign them to the workshops based on their preferences. In this paper, a multi-objective global criteria method has been proposed as an approach to solving the selection and assignment problem. Findings: The required data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with potential options. Consequently, the results indicated that the proposed method (weighted global criteria) outperforms the simple global criteria approach as well as the traditional method based on the decision of the managers and experts. Research limitations/implications: The results were limited to the case of production workshops in an appliances plant, and all data were deterministic. Respectively, some directions as opportunities for future research were suggested. The first suggestion is to apply the current model in other production systems, and the second suggestion is to use fuzzy logic for developing both the fuzzy TOPSIS and fuzzy mathematical programming model based on the expert’s knowledge. Practical implications: Since the non-optimal assignment of the staff to the workplaces increases the costs, and assigning them disregarding their preferences leads to staff dissatisfaction, the production system would be affected. Therefore, the lifecycle of the organization can be threatened. Therefore, the optimal staff assignment problem can be one of the most critical management challenges in industries. Originality/value: To the best of our knowledge, there is no research in the literature on the staff assignment problem that considers preferences and competencies simultaneously as studied in this paper. Therefore, the following contributions to the literature are underlined: - - Selecting and assigning senior staff to production workshops, considering a multi-objective problem - - Collecting the evaluation criteria of preferences for the problem from the literature to determine final preferences for selecting the workshop - Integrating the integer programming (IP) model and TOPSIS to extend the new model of staff assignment problem [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: One of the topics for manufacturers is to discuss the diversity of customer tastes. To manage this situation with the least change in products, multiple assembly lines make the necessary flexibility to produce the products. In multi-model assembly lines, different product types in different batches are produced and there is a setup time to prepare assembly lines between two types of products to produce another product type. This paper aims to investigate multi-model assembly lines and their sequencing, balancing, and worker assignment due to the existence of various tasks for workers according to learning and disremembering effects. Frequent changes in the product design of multi-model assembly lines according to customer demands can reduce the learning effect of workers and increase task times, while in another view, repeating tasks, particularly for products with more demands can increase the learning effect and reduce the task times. Therefore, in this study, the effects of workers' learning and disremembering multi-model assembly line balancing, sequencing, and worker assignment are investigated to minimize the number of workstations for a given cycle time not only to cover the different tastes of customers, but also indirectly minimize the costs of building stations, hiring, and employing manpower. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, as an innovation, a mixed-integer mathematical model for multi-model assembly line balancing, sequencing, and worker assignment with different workers' skill levels and learning and disremembering rates has been developed to minimize the number of stations. Based on the nature of the multi-model, random demand for each product has been considered. After mathematical modeling, different small-sized problems have been solved by the GAMS software. Results and sensitivity analysis underlined the validity of the proposed model. Since this problem is typically NP-hard, GAMS software cannot solve medium and large-sized problems in a reasonable time. Therefore, the Krill herd optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms have been used for medium and large-sized problems, which have not been used earlier in similar cases. The Krill herd optimization algorithm has been used as the proposed algorithm and PSO has been used as a competing algorithm. The parameters of both algorithms have been adjusted by the Taguchi method, and the best level has been selected for each parameter. Findings: 12 test problems were solved with different sizes. Results indicated that only five GAMS problems could reach the optimal solution. For better comparison of the Krill herd optimization and the particle swarm optimization algorithm, each test problem was run 30 times and minimum, maximum, and average objective function and their running times were reported. The results indicated that the objective function of both metaheuristic algorithms was the same but the Krill herd optimization algorithm can achieve optimal or near-optimal answers in less time than GAMS and the PSO algorithm declared the efficiency of the proposed algorithm in solving these problems. Research limitations/implications: One of the limitations in this research was the lack of cooperation of factories whose assembly lines were similar to the problem considered in this study, and in this regard, the real-world data was not accessible. Therefore, the standard test problems were used that existed in the famous database of assembly line balancing problems. Since the problem in this paper was new, some other required data, and different examples in different ways needed to be considered, randomly. Another limitation of using this research in a real-world situation was the challenge of exact determination of learning and disremembering rate of each worker which can be solved by using experts in the field of assessment and training. Originality/value: In this paper, a mathematical model was developed for multi-model assembly line balancing, sequencing, and worker assignment according to the learning and disremembering effect. Since the problem was NP-Hard, as well as GAMS software, two metaheuristic algorithms were applied for a similar problem, and their efficiency was compared with each other. The two-mentioned algorithms have not been used in previous studies. Both academic researchers and production managers can benefit from applying the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The main aim of inventory control and production planning problems is to optimize the economic quantity of the order or determine the size of the production batch according to the capacities and limitations to minimize the total costs related to the order, purchase, maintenance, and delivery. The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) model has been widely used to determine the order size or purchase of parts in production systems. Simultaneous consideration of the time and amount of ordering goods and minimizing system and customer costs is the main concern of inventory management. The assumptions of the classical EOQ model do not cover all inventory control systems in real terms. Leaving aside some of the assumptions, this paper aims to optimize and develop the EOQ model. The inventory system of this paper includes products that are capable of growing during the replenishment period, such as livestock. Also, it is assumed that the products of this system have a stochastic demand and a certain part of them has a lower desired quality. Newborn items are also ordered live and fed until slaughtered to the customer's desired weight and then slaughtered. Before all slaughtered items are sold, these products are screened to distinguish high-quality items from lower-quality items. To determine the optimal inventory policy, a model is proposed in this paper to maximize the expected total profit. Design/methodology/approach: The studied inventory system examined the situation in which a company orders a certain number of items, e.g., chickens, that are in stochastic demand and are capable of growing over time. To maximize its total profit, the company should determine the number of goods that can be ordered at the beginning of a growth cycle. Total profit was defined as the difference between total revenue and total cost. Total revenue included revenue from the sale of items of good and lower quality, and the total cost included the total cost of purchasing, feeding, maintaining, setup and screening. The proposed model addressed two questions related to the order quantity and the order time. The objective function of the model was the expected total profit, while the decision variables were the batch size and cycle time, given the constraint that the total growth period and the facility setup time must be less than the consumption period. Findings: In this study, a model of growing economic order quantity was proposed, which was expressed using a hypothetical numerical example. It was assumed that there is a company that buys day-old chicks, feeds and breeds them until they reach the desired weight, and sells them after checking the quality. Given sample quantities, the company should order 175 newborn items at the beginning of each cycle. Newborn items should grow in a period equivalent to 0.0941 years (34 days) and a period of consumption equivalent to 0.1928 years (70 days). The order must be registered every 0.1928 years (70 days) and the company expects to earn 42.2460 monetary units, annually. Quality screening should begin immediately upon consumption and occur over a period equivalent to 0.0499 years (18 days), after which imperfect quality items should be sold in a single batch. Research limitations/implications: The proposed model can be extended by adding variables such as inflation, trade credit financing, allowable shortages, breakdowns, and quantitative discounts. Also, in the inventory system of this study, it was assumed that the screening process was 100% effective in separating items of good and lower quality. This issue, together with the learning effects on the screening process, suggest other potential areas for further model development. Originality/value: In this paper, the assumptions of the classical model about the non-growth of items, good quality and equal to all products, and deterministic demand were discarded. Also, due to advances in technology and the existence of competitive markets, it was not possible to determine the exact amount of demand for firms. Considering stochastic demand as a way to deal with this uncertainty was inevitable. Therefore, it seems necessary to study this issue and propose a solution to remove the existing barriers in a way that in addition to providing the right amount of order, the profits of companies become maximized. The results of this study can be useful for all cases and units that have growing items and help to issue the right amount of orders, resulting in lower costs and higher profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental function of a cellular manufacturing system (CMS) is based on the definition and recognition of the type of similarity among the parts that should be produced in a planning period. Cell formation (CF) and cell/machine layouts are two major steps in implementing the CMS design. This paper aims to propose a new mathematical nonlinear programming model for cell formation that employs the rectilinear distance concept to determine layout in a continuous space. In the proposed model, the benefits of cellular layout consideration are used, and the objective function computes the cost of cell reconfiguration and the costs of intra-cell and inter-cell material handling movements. Due to its problem complexity, a genetic algorithm (GA) and a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm are proposed to solve the problem. To address the efficiency of the linearized model and solution methods, the production information of a real case study is used and 30 test problems in different dimensions are presented. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, a mathematical programming model of cell formation and cell layout has been proposed in a continuous space, using the concept of rectilinear distance. In the proposed model, production information similar to the production flow between machines, alternative process routing, cells capacity, and the inter-cell and intra-cell transportation costs has been considered. Due to the nature and complexity of the proposed model, two metaheuristic algorithms, i.e., GA and PSO have been also developed for larger problems. Findings: In this paper a real case study in the BATA company was studied and the result of configuration was illustrated. By computing the efficiency of the linearized model and solution methods, the production information of a real case study was used and 30 test problems in different dimensions were presented. Findings highlighted the high efficiency of the genetic algorithm in solving large-scale problems. Research limitations/implications: Issues such as assuming similar dimensions for machines or their constant availability are considered as the limitations of this study. For future research, the following subjects can be attractive and the present study can provide the necessary background for researchers who seek to work on such subjects: - Considering unequal dimensions for machines; in the proposed model, machines were considered as squares of equal area with unit dimension. To obtain a more appropriate schema from the space of a job shop, machines’ dimensions can be assumed as the input parameters. - Developing probabilistic models and fuzzy model factors (e.g., available machines, operation time, costs, transportation time, and demand for each part) can be considered fuzzy or probabilistic. - To make the model more realistic, production data such as setup times and holding inventory between periods can be incorporated. Also, the proposed model can be integrated with the scheduling problem. Practical implications: CMS, which is the most important application of GT, overcomes the inefficiency of traditional approaches by reducing transportation time and distance. A flow shop layout has high efficiency in a mass production system, while a job shop is a very flexible system for producing various parts. Each of these systems does not have any other benefits. The CMS is an approach between the two manufacturing systems and aims to improve flexibility and efficiency to produce manufacturing groups in different sizes. In a CMS, machines and parts assignment to cells must impose a minimum cost on the system. Due to the practical nature of the proposed mathematical model, a real case was studied in which, the production information of the BATA company was used. Originality/value: In this study, a new non-linear mixed-integer programming model was proposed which considered the simultaneous cell formation and intra-cell and inter-cell layouts in a continuous space. The model aimed to determine the cell formation and the intra and inter-cell layout concurrently in a way that the total transportation cost of parts and the reconfiguration cost of cells were minimized. The proposed model attempted at calculating the material handling costs realistically. The material handling cost was computed based on the actual location of machines and cells on the shop floor regarding the dimensions of equal-sized machines. Handling both intra/intercellular materials using batch sizes for transferring parts was taken into account in calculating the transportation cost. The transportation cost was calculated based on the rectilinear travel distance, according to the center-to-center interval among machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subway stations are one of the most popular public spaces in the Iranian big cities, which is accompanied by urban design low qualities. The urban design of knowledge, art, and profession is the organization of the environmental qualities of the urban and public domain of the subject. Considering low qualities in these modern spaces that are used by everyday people, the most important issue of the present research is constructed without reference to indigenous fields. Emphasis on indigenous patterns, in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the sustainability and desirability of these spaces. The development of urban-rural spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of contemporary large and populated cities. Construction and construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities such as Tehran. In this paper, the purpose of this paper is to explain the status of the design of urban design in metro station spaces, with emphasis on indigenous patterns. The present study is conducted using the descriptive-analytical methodology and studies between the three areas of urban design and related qualities; subsurface development and metro station spaces; native architectural and urban design patterns. Therefore, after the design of the problem and terminology, the study of definitions and urban design qualities from the point of view of the experts and the addition and extraction of comprehensive urban design qualities was done with the article approach. Subsequently, in order to study Imam Khomeini, Seventh, and Revolution Square subway stations, they were studied and analyzed. The results of the study indicate that the planning and design of metro station spaces should pay attention to the comprehensive design quality of the city. These qualities include identity recognition, environmental sustainability, socioeconomic and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, accessibility and accessibility, continuity and integrity, proportions and human scale, freedom, flexibility, Vitality, intuition and sensual richness, justice. The analysis of case examples, both in terms of both generic and indigenous patterns, has a low status and poor quality of urban design and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to the design qualities of a design based on native patterns can enhance their sustainability, utility, and humanity. Introduction Urban design is a science, art, and profession dealing with organizing the environmental qualities of urban and public areas. Paying attention to the vacuum of urban design qualities in these modern spaces that are used daily by people is the most important issue of the present study, which has been constructed without any connection with local contexts. By presenting this issue, the purpose of this study is to explain the position of urban design qualities in metro station spaces with an emphasis on local patterns. In the process of urban development, all aspects of environmental quality must be considered. In other words, strengthening or meeting one or more (private and public) needs and environmental quality should not lead to the weakening or loss of other environmental qualities. This is an issue common in contemporary projects. One-dimensional views of urban projects, such as a purely economic or traffic approach, will neglect the underlying features, undermine identity, and move in the opposite direction of sustainable development. The theme of this research is that, on the one hand, the development of urban infrastructures such as metro stations, especially in large cities and their centers, is a matter of certainty and these infrastructures in the dimensions of transportation, space, play an important role in the life of urban centers. But on the other hand, the construction of these spaces is often devoid of environmental qualities and less attention is paid to local patterns. The research hypothesis is that by accompanying and using local models in the planning and development of subsurface spaces, both goals can be achieved, namely the development of urban infrastructure, strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. Therefore, this study seeks solutions to use local patterns in the development of subsurface spaces and subway stations. Research Methods This study aims to analyze the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations. The study is conducted using a combined research approach (i.e. quantitative and qualitative methods). In this regard, the most important research question is: What is the position of urban design qualities in the design of metro stations? Also, the research sub-questions are: What are the qualities of urban design effective in the design of metro stations? What are the ways to apply these qualities with emphasis on indigenous patterns in subway stations? In this research, while analyzing the features and qualities of native patterns, the application of these patterns, related features, and qualities in the planning and design of contemporary underground spaces in our country are discussed and solutions and suggestions are presented. Therefore, while defining these concepts from the theorists’ point of view, we summarize and conclude these definitions, and then search for native patterns of architecture and urban planning for use in the planning and design of metro stations. Research Findings The results of the study show that in planning and designing metro station spaces, comprehensive qualities of urban design should be considered. These qualities include identity, legibility, environmental sustainability, social, cultural and economic sustainability, safety and security, efficiency and diversity, pedestrianism and ease of access, cohesion and integration, human proportions and scale, freedom, flexibility, vitality, attractiveness and sensory richness, and justice. The analysis of case studies, both in terms of general qualities and indigenous patterns, indicates the low and weak position of urban design qualities and indigenous patterns. In general, paying attention to urban-design qualities with a focus on indigenous patterns can promote their sustainability, desirability, and humanity. Emphasis on indigenous patterns in the construction of underground spaces, especially subway stations, can lead to the stability and desirability of these spaces. The development of suburban urban spaces can play an important role in the sustainability of large and densely populated contemporary cities. The construction of these spaces is a new phenomenon in Iran that can weaken or strengthen the natural, human, social, cultural, and economic characteristics of cities like Tehran. From all these issues, it can be concluded that the role of subsurface spaces, including metro stations, in the sustainable development of cities, should be taken seriously and the comprehensive realization of environmental qualities should be considered by avoiding one-dimensional approaches in planning and designing these spaces. It can also be said that traditional Iranian indigenous buildings and collections such as Gudal Baghcheh, Shovadan, Cistern, the historical bazaar have valuable structural features (in terms of the form and function on architectural and urban scales) and can be a local model for the development of metro station spaces. Given that our country is on the verge of developing such spaces, paying attention to these points can play an important role in stabilizing cities and strengthening urban identity, and improving environmental qualities. These templates and design guides can be used in the planning and design of metro station complexes. Since the metro network is one of the most widely used underground spaces in large cities, the subsurface development in relation to metro stations and using the native patterns studied in this research can be useful and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the unique biometric features of fingerprints to generate random cryptographic keys. The main aspects of the security of the generated key include the privacy of the fingerprint and the randomness and complexity of the key generation algorithm. In the proposed method, first, the unique fingerprint features, which include Minutiae points, are extracted from the fingerprint image. Then, to increase the statistical properties and complexity of the algorithm, the Euclidean distance and the angle of all the points of Minutiae relative to each other are calculated and stored. In the next step, after normalizing to 8-bit numbers, these data are moved by permutation operations and combined. In the following, the proposed method is used to increase the level of security and the ability to be random from the non-linear operations of 8-bit S-boxes S0 and S1 used in the CLEFIA block cipher. Statistical analyzes performed on the generated keys show the acceptable random nature of the keys. Therefore, the proposed structure for generating a random key can be used in encrypting digital signals with large volumes of data such as image and sound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Input and Output Radar System (MIMO) is a new type of radar system that has been the subject of much research in recent years due to its many advantages. Meanwhile, the issue of target tracking in MIMO radar systems is of great importance, and providing an efficient solution for it remains an unresolved issue. In this paper, target tracking in MIMO radar systems using optimizing Kalman interactive filter is investigated. The proposed method in this research is the MIMO radar system for the simultaneous tracking of multiple targets. In the assumed system model, the interactive multiple model (IMM) based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is used to understand the effective tracking of the target. Also, the optimization of the multi-objective tracking model in MIMO radar systems has been done by the proposed method using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. This optimization algorithm estimates the fit of each studied response based on the number of energy resources and time consumed. The efficiency of the proposed method in a simulated environment has been evaluated and its performance in tracking multiple targets has been investigated in terms of different criteria. Based on the results of these experiments, the proposed method, in addition to reducing the amount of tracking error, can be effective in reducing energy consumption and reducing the sampling period. Thus, the proposed method will reduce resource consumption in the multi-objective tracking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Network-on-Chip architecture, wired structure and multi-step communication increase consumption power and latency. Combining wired media for a regular transmission and high-bandwidth wireless media for multi-step communication is a way to reduce latency and consumption of power. Wireless nodes are prone to error in on-chip wireless networks due to their complexity and relatively high usage; they are also crowded due to their sharing between several nodes, but their job is to increase efficiency. However, the presence of wireless nodes in wireless networks on the chip increases the cost and area. Therefore, finding an optimal structure for communication between cores is necessary. In this paper, a new three-dimensional architecture for a Wireless Network on Chip is presented, which has two levels; depending on the location of the error in the second level, the wireless routers in the first level are assigned to the processing elements. The demand matrix is used to optimize different traffic patterns. The performance of 3D architecture has been compared under different traffic patterns. The obtained results show that the proposed structure has a relatively good performance and increases the network's reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-increasing of renewable distributed generation sources in distribution networks, as well as increasing network size, have faced agent-based protection schemes with a heavy communicational load. Accordingly, despite the fast and reliable nature of multi-agent systems, they have the possibility of improper performance, especially in centralized protection systems. This paper presents an intelligent self-healing method that has the ability to replace common multi-agent systems during fault conditions. Therefore, protection tasks are performed in a single control level, without dependence on higher communicational levels, to clear the fault. Decentralized operation of this structure is provided by using intelligent electronic devices and distributed communications. In this way, the proposed scheme is described with high-speed peer-to-peer communication capability using the IEC-61850 GOOSE protocol. Then, a penetration-free algorithm, without the help of a central controller, is provided by using GOOSE message capabilities, to prevent any electricity interruption due to insufficient protection settings. Finally, by planning different scenarios and simulating a practical distribution network via ETAP software, the accuracy of the proposed algorithm has been proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, using telecommunication systems and advanced measuring devices underlies cyberattacks on electrical grids. Bad data injection and failure to detect it on time, cause drastic damage to the network. This paper presents a new method for bad data detection (BDD) in state estimating when a cyber attacker manipulates the important measurements. Therefore, the new attack index is defined by simultaneously manipulating the network parameters and injecting incorrect data into the measured values. For this purpose, considering the masking and swamping effect, the diagnostic robust generalized potential (DRGP) algorithm detected and isolated high-leverage measurements installed in important locations from low-leverage measurements. Then, the state estimation process performs using low-leverage measurements. The Generalized Studentized Residual (GSR) algorithm detects bad data. With simultaneous manipulation of network parameters and measurement values, conventional BDD methods are unable to detect an attack. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, they were implemented on the IEEE standard 14-bus network using MATLAB and Rstudio software. The simulation results show the ability of the proposed algorithm to detect a bad data attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article aims to develop an integrated production-inventory-vehicle routing model for deteriorating products in a green supply chain considering environmental impacts. The objective is to maximize the profit of selling products considering the costs of production, setup, inventory holding, distribution, vehicle routing, transportation, fuel, and environmental pollutants. Design/methodology/approach: Intending to integrate the supply chain policies, the developed model aims to maximize the total profit of producers and wholesalers in a horizontal collaboration. The model is formulated to mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). A set of deteriorating products with a shelf life is assumed. The quality of the products decreases over time, and therefore, there is a fixed deterioration rate in each period. A discounting policy is considered for producers and wholesalers. The model is coded using IBM ILOG CPLEX. Three examples with different dimensions are solved in two centralized and decentralized versions. The sensitivity of demand and holding cost parameters are analyzed. Findings: The solving results of the model in both centralized and decentralized cases underlined increasing profits by integrating the supply chain decisions. By comparing the model's solving results in both centralized and decentralized cases, the sales revenue of the wholesalers in the decentralized case increased by more than 30% in all three samples when a price discount was possible. However, the revenue from the wholesalers' regular sales was more concentrated than those of decentralized case. Compared to the decentralized case, the manufacturers' revenues from discounted and regular sales in the centralized case also increased by more than 10% and 70%, respectively. Research limitations/implications: Although the demand and many other parameters such as cost and production rate are affected by many exogenous factors, and hence, are not deterministic in reality, demand was assumed deterministic. The problem was solved for small and medium-size samples. In real cases, the development of appropriate algorithms for solving large size samples is recommended. Practical implications: The basis of the proposed model is a study on a group of agricultural products from production to distribution, which can be applied for a real case study. This research influences business and the economy. It also proposes a model to build an effective collaboration between manufacturers and wholesalers to increase profitability. Social implications: This research tries to integrate decision-making in a supply chain and improve profitability. As a result, business improves and customer satisfaction increases. The model considers the waste of the deteriorating products, i.e. the destructive waste effects on the environment. Fuel consumption as a factor that harms the environment and depletes nonrenewable resources is also recognized. Moreover, possible price discounting can lead to profit increase, waste decrease, and satisfaction of economic or low-income customers. Considering the mentioned factors are substantial in a sustainable supply chain. Originality/value: This paper presents a mathematical model (MILP) for a supply chain of deteriorating items such as agricultural products. Due to the existing unequal and disproportionate volume of deteriorating products transporting between producers and wholesalers, the transportation fleet is considered heterogeneous. The possibility of a price discount policy is assumed to increase the demand level and total profit and decrease overall waste. Environmental considerations in the form of a reduction in fuel consumption and pollutants in routing are also recognized. The centralized and decentralized cases were also compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Proper pricing of products or services can have a significant impact on corporate earnings. Therefore, this study aims to address the optimization of price and production quantity to maximize the total profit using game theory in the coffee supply chain (composed of suppliers, retailers and customers) in Isfahan city. Design/methodology/approach: The applied model focuses on competition among members of the chain in probabilistic space. It is based on discrete selection models in which the impact of inventory costs and routing is analyzed on the pricing model simultaneously. In this model, competition between coffee importers (because coffee is not produced in the country) is studied in the probable space. Due to complexity in computation, it could not solve problems with a large number of customers. Therefore, the approximation of the binomial distribution by the normal distribution is used, an approximate model is proposed. Finally, the equilibrium point is determined by solving a system of nonlinear equations using the Newton method. Findings: The maximum profit in non-cooperative game conditions is achievable based on the appropriate demand function. Finally, the equilibrium price was calculated. Findings indicated that the computational time of the approximate model did not change with increasing the number of customers, and the model can determine the optimal price and production quantity. The model results implied that the time of solving the approximate model used did not change with the increasing number of customers, and the model was able to determine the optimal quantity and price. Practical implications - In the present study, the equilibrium behaviour of suppliers, retailers and customers in a two-tier supply chain of the coffee supply and distribution industry was investigated in Isfahan city. A price competition model was proposed, and ten active companies were studied in the Isfahan market. Moreover, the computational speed diagram indicated that the computational time in the original function increased with increasing the number of customers, but this time in the approximation function did not react to the increase in the number of customers and remained constant. Social implications: In the proposed model of the present study, competition among coffee suppliers was investigated in a probabilistic environment in which retailers acted as intermediaries and had no effect on pricing. Holding and shortage costs were also taken into account. Also, routing costs were approximated using the proposed Himovich model. Then, a pricing model was proposed. The proposed model could not solve problems with a large number of customers due to complexity in computation. Originality/value: The advantage of the proposed model over basic models is in considering the inventory costs, which has not been considered yet in price competition models based on discrete selection models. Another significant feature of the price competition problem is the type of demand function. In this paper, to study a competitive model, a stochastic demand function was developed based on the logit model. The advantage of the introduced demand function is that it considers shortage and inventory holding costs in a one-period model. Also, in the game theory studies, usually with the increasing number of customers, the model is computationally complicated and less effective to solve real-world problems. For this reason, in this study, the normal distribution approximation was used instead of the binomial distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Qajar period, with the tendency of people and artists towards mystical literature, painters, by influencing this space and using symbols (elements of nature), created pure images of these themes. Rumi, in conveying his transcendental and mystical thoughts by using the symbolic elements of nature, considers the bird as a symbol of the human’s soul (lover), the flower as a symbol of heaven and God (beloved), and the garden as the sheltering world of the soul to achieve unity. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the semantic relationship between the elements of nature in the flower and bird paintings of the Qajar period with the mystical images created by these elements in the thought and poetry of Rumi. The main question of the research is: What is the semantic relationship between the flower and the bird’s paintings in the Qajar period and Rumi’s mysticism? This research is descriptive-analytical and has been done based on the flower and bird works of the Qajar period and a comparative study with Rumi's mystical poems. Therefore, as Rumi looks at the symbol of the bird from the perspective of the manifestation of the soul and lover and considers the symbol of the rose as an allegory of the manifestation of love, lasting paradise, and the manifestation of God, also, in the Qajar period, the elements of Iranian paintings (the flower and the bird) symbolically and full of secrets and the presence of meaning are depicted with the same concepts that are mentioned in Rumi's mystical poems. 1. Introduction The romantic relationship between the flower and the bird in these paintings is a mystic symbol of the relationship between humans and God, which is also manifested in the mystic thought and literature of Persian poetry and prose and is a symbol of the mystic’s love for the divine essence. The bird has appeared in the form of a nightingale that found his lost peace again in the arms of his beloved flower (God). The flower bush in the painting of flower and bird is a symbol of scenic trees, and aromatic and mesmerizing flowers of paradise, where birds (a symbol of believers) have reached peace among its branches and have enjoyed the infinite blessings of God. Rumi expresses his heavenly thoughts, moods, and inner experiences using elements of nature such as different kinds of flowers and birds in terms of symbols to create vivid, dynamic, and artistic images in the reader’s mind. Considering that many images of flowers and birds of the Qajar era are rooted in literary concepts and semantic symbols, painters have aesthetically embodied these two symbols in pictures full of code and meaning. The present research aims to analyze the semantic relationship of the elements of nature in the painting of flowers and birds of the Qajar era with mystical images created from these elements in the thought and poetry of Rumi. The main question of this paper is: “what semantic relationship can be found between the works of flowers and birds of the Qajar era and Rumi’s mysticism?”. According to the literature on the theme of the flower and bird, so far, the theme of the symbol in the paintings of the flower and bird of the Qajar period mixed with mystical literature has not been studied so that their semantic relationship can be discovered and expressed aesthetically. 2. Review of the Literature 2.1 The Symbolic Relationship of Iranian Flower and Bird Painting with Mystical Literature (Rumi) Bird features have a long history in Iranian art. In the ritual culture of Islam, birds that speak in human language have brilliant effects (Shahdadi, 2005, p. 78). The image of a flower and bird is first shown as the tree of life and bird in the paintings. The tree of life in the written texts and pictures of the Sassanid era in different forms of a bush or tree, from three thousand years BC to the first manifestations of birds in the bibliography of Iranian art, is called the Baghdad school, which found more natural manifestations in the paintings of the 8th century AH and continued until the periods of Tabriz schools in Shiraz, Herat, and Bukhara. In the Isfahan school, birds that play a role in poems with story elements are shown as symbols of the human spirit (Machiani, 2002, pp. 18-24). An Iranian artist portrays the truth of the holy world with a mysterious expression using symbols such as flowers and birds to convey mystical concepts and meanings. His soul flies to the truth in the form of a bird and sits beside a beautiful flower that symbolizes the beauty of paradise. There, he engages in worship by singing. The Iranian flower and bird painting, in one aspect of its symbolism, is indicative of the poetic concept of a romantic relationship between the nightingale and the flower, in which the description and the story of separation and reunion, love, demands, and romantic lamentations of the nightingale, and on the other hand, depicts the coquetry, disdain, and the romantic charms of the flower. According to Rumi, a flower has received help from a friend’s flower garden; therefore, it is indestructible and has grace, perfection, and good qualities (Hosseinpour Chafi, 2006, p. 165). In Rumi’s opinion, all these descriptions are a symbol of a perfect human being who has reached the flower garden of the unseen world, so we can embrace him and reach the flower garden of truths: Taking the skirt of the flower and accompanying the flower, dancing together, we will reach the root and seedling of the flower (Abbasi, 1991). In Divan Shams Tabrizi, the bird is a symbol of the soul or spirit, a mystic, and a seeker (Akhtaryar, 2013, p. 146). Some of Rumi’s interpretations of the symbol of the bird in his poems are related to concepts such as 1) the human soul and spirit, 2) the soul of a bird, 3) a mystic and a seeker, 4) perfect humans and inferior humans, 5) claimants of truth, and 6) a sign of human inner qualities. The illustrated states in Gol-o Morgh’s [flower and bird] painting of the Qajar period and their symbolic relation with the mystical poems of Rumi are as follows: 1. The Birds sitting on the flower branch; Painters of the Qajar period always illustrated the birds on the flower stem sitting, motionless, and watching the rose. 2. While singing (seeking love, praise, moaning and wailing, separation from beloved) The nightingale continuously sings and tries to raise pity and attract the attention of the beloved to reach and be unified with it. 3. While sleeping (mushahede [intuition]) The sleeping birds in Gol-o Morgh’s [flower and bird] painting indicate being in meditating [observation], leaving the material world, perceiving the divine mysteries, and in inner (moshahede [intuition]) and khamushi [silence]. 4. While hunting insects and butterflies It usually considers young disciples who have no mukashefe [intuition] and their ears are often busy with worldly speech and their intelligence and senses do not pay attention to the flower. 5. the bird on the rose branch; In the works of the Qajar period, the rose is usually used to indicate the main position of Morgh [bird]. 6. The branch of the Iris flower; As the main flower, the iris is always placed at the center of the image from the point of growth up to the peak of Gol-o Morgh’s [flower and bird] painting, just like the tree of life which was very important and the rose is illustrated on a lower level than branch iris. In combination with other elements, the iris is the largest flower and is often illustrated with darker colors in order to be highlighted compared with other flowers. 7. The importance of Gol than Morgh [bird]; The flowers are illustrated larger at the top of the miniature with enchanting and attractive colors, while the bird (as the lover and embodiment of need) is illustrated with neutral colors (with the color of the human skin because it is the symbol of the human soul) at the bottom of the miniature smaller than normal and facing the flower. 8. Variety and number of flowers and birds in composition The composition of illustration components is more active in Gol-o Morgh’s [flower and bird] painting of the Qajar period compared with previous periods. It is as if the miniaturist has depicted a piece of paradise or a large garden with more variety and more flowers and different types of birds. 3. Methodology This research has been done by the descriptive-analytical method and has qualitatively examined the data obtained from the samples of the flower and the bird of the Qajar period based on a comparative study with the mystical poems of Rumi. 4. Results The painting of a flower and bird is a poem of flowers. According to painters, the bird is a symbol of the human spirit. This world is an indicator of his cage and all his efforts to reach the heavenly world. The red flower is a symbol of the beloved, the essence of omnipotence, the allegory of heaven, and the perfect human being. In Persian poems, the flower is a symbol of affection and the nightingale is a symbol of demand, which is in search of the beloved and an eternal flower. In the paintings of Islamic art, there is a close relationship between images and mystical poetry. During the Qajar era, with the spread of mystical stories and texts (such as the story of Sheikh Sanan written by Attar and Masnavi by Maulavi) and the tendency of people and artists toward these themes, the painters of flowers and birds emerged from the world of imagination and allegory of the mystical poet to discover these meanings and concepts. Influenced by this atmosphere, they created pure images. As a result, paintings full of meaning and mystery are observable on many everyday items such as pencil cases, mirror frames, covers of religious texts (Quran and prayer books), dishes, walls, and ceilings of buildings. In Rumi’s poetry, the garden of life joins the garden of nature and the images of this world are interpreted as the spiritual world. What he means by the garden is the caged soul, and the garden of this world is a ray of the garden of the heavenly and imaginal world. One of the most important symbolic meanings of the bird is the soul or spirit, which means that the soul is constantly trying to fly to the world of the heavens (the original home). This bird in love sings in the dream of gaining the love of the flower, so the red flower will appear and lead his soul to the world of meaning. In his opinion, a flower is the love symbol of the world (God) that guides man (bird, soul) to the essence of his existence. He believes that every part of nature is a manifestation of God’s presence and considers art to be an imitation of the imaginal world and the reminder of memories of heaven. Thus, the hypothesis stated at the beginning of the paper is acceptable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complementarity is the central component of the so-called Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which Niels Bohr first presented at the Como and Solvay Conferences in 1927. The content of Bohr's speech was published in an article entitled "the quantum postulate and recent development of Atomic Theory" in 1928. The purpose of this study is to formulate Bohr's philosophical approaches by content analysis of his paper (1928) related to complementarity. The research method is based on the conceptual analysis of the content and text of this paper (1928) from which conceptual inferences can be deduced, and based on them, philosophical approaches are tried to be formulated. Finally, the four philosophical approaches including Unificationism, empiricism (positivistic and metaphysical), anticausality and indeterministic, as well as anti-realism can be formulated. In addition, for more accurate inferences, we need to refer to the following works of Bohr, or in other words, "Bohr from Bohr's point of view". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an epoch considered by some as the eclipse of Islamic philosophy, debates, dialogues and often disputes either oral and written or in-person and in-absentia occurred between Ṣadr alDīn Dashtakī and Jalāl al-Dīn Davānī at Shiraz school of philosophy, which consequently brisked up Shiraz field of philosophy at that time and deepened Islamic philosophical discussions over succeeding eras. Interpretation of Hayākal al-Nūr (temples of light) was one among the discussed topics. The present paper specifically analyzes the two philosophers’ interpretation of Suhrawardian definition of body. It is observed that interpreters have differing opinions over the meaning of two terms qaṣd (intent) and ishāra (allusion). Further, the distinctive and similar aspect among bodies to Davānī is hyāt-i lāzim (dependent states), whereas Dashtakī refers to hyāt-i qayr-i lāzim (independent states). The third opposing point is juz’-i‘lā yatajazī (the indivisible). Davānī believes what receives sensory allusion divides into triple directions; however, as Dashtakī articulates, sensory allusion includes the possibility of division into triple directions. Drawing on the conflicts, the study takes a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the opposition between the two interpreters and ultimately discussions are weighed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]