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Context: Virtual reality is used in many courses and in multiple ways in medical pedagogy, but not in critical appraisal learning. Aim: To evaluate the usability and interest of virtual reality in this reflective teaching context. Methods: Sixteen third year of physiotherapy students' at the University of Limoges were taught critical appraisal of an article with virtual reality. Questionnaires asked them about their feelings, side effects (VRSQ), usability of the system (SUS) and user experience (AttrackDiff 2). A critical appraisal worksheet was completed by the students after reading a scientific article, and then completed after the virtual reality session, giving two formative scores. The students' learning path in the virtual experience was analyzed. Results: Learners scored significantly higher after viewing the virtual reality module (13.1 ± 3.0 and 14.3 ± 3.1 respectively, p < 0.05). Students described the tool as motivating, allowing them to focus and facilitating better understanding of a scientific study. Usability and attractiveness of the virtual reality module was satisfactory, despite the presence of some adverse effects. Conclusion: Virtual reality seems to be an interesting tool to use in the context of critical appraisal learning, and it can be deployed at distance in e-learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatou is a 6 years old refugee-girl, coming from Africa, french speaking, with no official french I.D. ("papiers" in french, which means paper and I.D.) She is referred to me by the court. She is suffering behavioral troubles as anger tantrums and paper eating. During the sessions, several psychopathological points emerge. There is a contrast between her remarquable learning abilities and her emotionnal immaturity in which there is an obvious oral fixation. Her paper eating disorder occurs primarily when she is alone and feeling abandonned. This symptom can be seen also on the level of an archaic oral incorporation of a good enough object (the paper-I.D.) that would give her emotionnal and legal security, and the opportunity to stay with her uncle, who is her official caregiver. The drawings and dreams are also showing that Fatou presents an evolutive dysharmony, a border-line personnality, a false self with a more or less satisfying social adaptation and an overinvested school education. This may be split with a deeper self, with underlying depression and active oral anxieties that may be correlated with her persistant paper-eating symptom. I referred her to a psychiatric center for an individual psychoanalytic psychotherapy, and her uncle, to receive a psychological guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper is mainly made up of cellulosic fibrous materials. On one hand, the nature of the fibres (softwood or hardwood) and on the other hand, their mechanical treatments severely affect the obtained porous structure. The porosity can vary from 1% to 95% according to the aimed end-use properties. Consequently, the mechanical behaviour strongly varies. Indeed, the mechanical resistance is related on the quality of fibres and the bonds between these fibres. Moreover, the mechanical behaviour of the final products is influenced by both the orientation of fibres and moisture. Consequently, it is important to better understand the moisture-induced changes of dimensions and mechanical properties of papers. Experiments were undertaken to this end. Moreover, in order to observe the fibrous microstructure of paper, experiments based on synchrotron microtomography were carried out with the help of the "European Synchrotron Radiation Facility" (ESRF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medical education is a recent addition in the field of scientific research. Indeed it has spread to many countries. The goal of this review was to quantify the involvement of French teams in medical education research. Method: A systematic review of two databases (Pubmed and the archives of the Pédagogie Médicale journal) over a 15-year period was carried out. Results: Research in medical education is growing in France (a 12- fold increase over 15 years) even though it remains lower than in other countries, such as Canada or neighboring Germany. Overall, the French contribution to research in medical education stands at 0.22% in Pubmed and 21% in Pédagogie Médicale. Surgical and general specialties, including obstetrics and gynecology, anesthesiology, public health, internal medicine and family and emergency medicine, were the research fields most targeted. Most of the work focused on teaching assessment. Though impact factors were often under 4, the level of publication according to the SIGAPS classification was relatively high with 50% of papers published in A, B or C-ranked journals. Discussion: The results reveal how knowledge in medical education research, researcher training with respect to methodological specificities and the French team's aims in developing quality scientific data in the research field are lacking. Conclusion: French research in medical education needs further development. Medicaleducation leaders and research centers appear crucial in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an empirical survey of rancher commitment in environmental programs in Southern Arizona, this paper analyzes the evolution of rangeland conservation practices and more broadly of natural resources management in semi-arid areas of the American West. Far from the image of the cowboy conquering and destroying the wilderness, which some environmental organizations still convey, it shows how ranchers get involved in ecological practices, enabling us to consider their social (re)valorization as conservation entrepreneurs empowered to co-produce ecological knowledge. In this perspective, the survey shows, (1) the way in which nature conservation programs no longer valorize the planning of 'wilderness areas', but rather collaborative programs based on working landscapes and, (2) the conditions for valorizing a kind of cowboy ecology that might contribute to the renewal of natural resource management and practices dedicated to nature conservation. The scientific originality of this paper is thus to outreach a 'political ecology of ranching', showing how the valorization of rancher knowledge and know-how fits into the renewal of rangeland ecological science and socio-economic transformations. It demonstrates that this ecological acknowledgment of ranching is due to the specific knowledge of the ranchers, which contributes solutions for the preservation of biodiversity that seem adapted to the environmental constraints of semi-arid areas. More broadly, it invites us to revisit the way in which cowboy ecology is now supported by administrative agents (and even environmentalists) to face ecological risks other than grazing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocontrol (biological control) and "biocontrôle" (which can be translated into English as "Bioprotection") are concepts of crop protection that have common points but also have their specificities. The former has been known since the 1880s, while the latter appeared in the French landscape in the 2010s. In recent years, there has been regular confusion in the terms and interpretations of these concepts, which are not of the same nature: biocontrol is defined by strategies and "biocontrôle" by products. This paper therefore aims to respond to a need for clarification: it contributes to distinguishing the perimeters and contents of these concepts, to pointing out certain abusive comparisons and to proposing semantic clarifications. It reviews the English and French terms related to biocontrol and "biocontrôle" (Bioprotection) at the European level. Finally, the paper discusses the role and relevance of the two concepts in agroecological crop protection (ACP). Conservation biocontrol has a central place in ACP, as it is based on a systemic and preventive approach to crop pest risks. While some bioproducts are promising for the prevention of pest risks, many of them are part of a curative approach, similar to the use of synthetic chemical pesticides, with the same types of commercial spin-offs for the agro-industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the economic efficiency of flood protection strategies to aid funding decisions of public bodies. The Brague river is a 68 km2 catchment located on the Mediterranean Sea shore in South East France. It experienced disastrous flash floods triggering costly damages and casualties in the communities of Biot and Antibes. Several possible flood protection strategies using conventional civil engineering measures or Nature-based solutions were tailored mixing engineering and participatory approaches. They were then assessed in terms of i) protection efficacy and avoided damage using numerical modelling, ii) environmental gains or alterations using an indicator on the morphological quality of the river, and iii) willingness-to-pay of the citizens for the various strategies, assessed both by top-down transfer methods, as well as by interviews of about 400 citizens. A dual cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was finally tailored to help the various decision makers involved in the management of the catchment in the context of the Gemapi law (management of aquatic environments and flood protection). A top-down CBA was performed to help national and regional stakeholders decide whether they would support the strategies. In the meantime, a bottom-up CBA was performed to capture the local perception of hazards, the social acceptability of various mitigation measures and to help the basin managers decide on the relevant strategy to be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses, in these times of contestation of conventional agriculture and vertical planning, how a specific way of governing water scarcity for agricultural irrigation in the Marais poitevin area is structured. From the analysis of the elaboration of management schemes to the development of substitution reserves, the aim is to reveal the extent to which public action initiatives and the resulting developments oscillate between managing water scarcity by reducing its abstraction for irrigation, and maintaining an image of its seasonal abundance through the use of substitution reserves. The first part of this paper discusses how water management is ruled by the development of management schemes These schemes organise the management of water from the perspective of its summer scarcity based on two main measures: creation of substitution reserves to store the "abundant" winter water, reduction of the volumes that can be abstracted during the low-water period. Then, in a second step, based on two projects aimed at developing substitution reserves, the article analyses the trajectories of these two projects and their differentiating factors in terms of conflict, namely project governance, political context, timing and compensatory measures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1980, the famous primatologist Kinji Imanishi published Shutaisei no shinkaron (Freedom in Evolution: Life as a subject, translated from Japanese into French in 2015 and re-edited in 2022). He develops "his evolutionary theory", in radical opposition to both Darwinian and Lamarckian theoretical frameworks, objecting to random variation within species and to the population approach to species. In his theory, the species is the actor of its own evolution: it takes controls of its destiny to which individuals conform homogeneously. This theory is opposed to a nominalist vision since it relies upon species realism, to random variations, to population approaches to living organisms and to the genetic reductionism of the time. Today the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis is emerging, a more integrative approach in the sense that it keeps away from genetic reductionism, while organisms partly participate in building the selective constraints to which the population is submitted. To a certain extent, organisms are actors to their evolution. Should we see there a link with Kinji Imanishi's ideas? This is what the present paper explores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Singapore, on 19 December 2020, a trendy restaurant served nuggets prepared with chicken meat grown by the company Eat Just. According to customers, this product was similar in taste and texture to 'conventional meat'. In the National Review, journalist Matthew Scully welcomes this innovation and emphasises its re-humanising character. The aim of our paper is to show that this innovation, described by the journalist as a 'civilisational milestone' is based on what Mauss called 'a merchant's moral'. Cultured meat refers to powerful economic issues and generates alliances that are more economic-political than ethical. Far from 'rehumanising' us, it leads instead to replacing the living work of humans and animals with the dead work of machines. In other words, it dehumanises us and enslaves us. To show this, we first question the notion of 'real meat' and the historical dynamics that have led this product to being part of a project of agriculture without breeding. We then question the links between these innovations and the 'defenders' of animals and the planet, and the representations of animals underlying these links. Finally, we show that the morality of the merchant who promotes cultured meat is opposed to the universal morality of gift that has been building our relationship with domestic animals for ten millennia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of synthetic chemical pesticides for crop protection has now clearly shown its limits: health risks, negative effects on the environment, ecological imbalances, loss of efficiency and high costs. Therefore, the goal of reducing the use of synthetic chemical pesticides in crop protection is now generally accepted by most professional and political actors. This paper focuses on the situation encountered in France, regarding the use of products of natural origin to manage populations and injuries of crop pests. In this field, the term "biocontrôle" has indeed appeared in France during the last decade; it is considered as a crop protection concept and it is presented as a solution to reduce the use of pesticides. This term "biocontrôle" is a French specificity; it does not have, to date, a single reference translation in English. This paper aims at providing an overview of what the term "biocontrôle" means in France. Behind an official definition, an examination of the definitions of "biocontrôle" in France shows significant terminological instability. The diversity of meanings of "biocontrôle" has led to varying interpretations by different French stakeholders. Furthermore, analysis of the use of the term "biocontrôle" in France over the last decade shows the growing interest of the general public, agricultural and agro-pharmaceutical professionals, policers and the scientific community. The increase in the use of the term "biocontrôle" has been observed in parallel with the decrease in the use of the French term "lutte biologique" (biological control or biocontrol in English), a recognized and stable concept for more than a century. Finally, this diversity of definitions of "biocontrôle" and the increase in the use of the term "biocontrôle" in France lead to issues in the field of crop protection that are discussed in this synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the transformation of irrigated systems in the semi-arid Elqui Valley in Chile. We use the notion of hydrosocial territory to analyze the effects of new hydraulic infrastructures on irrigation practices and institutional water rules. The methodology is based on the collection and analysis of qualitative and quantitative data. The installation of new infrastructures associated with the rise of commercial agriculture, financed by the State, leads to a gradual abandonment of canals and water turns and disintegrates the collective decision-making process within the irrigators' associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers using khettaras, which are underground galleries draining the water table and providing a collective access to groundwater, are faced with a dilemma. The khettaras are drying up under the combined effect of groundwater pumping for drinking water and irrigation of recently installed farms, and the reduced recharge of the aquifer. Since their khettaras were threatened, some collectives chose to install wells or boreholes to supply pumped water to these khettaras. This increases the discharge and saves their collective access to groundwater, while at the same time it contributes to a further drop in the water table. In this paper, we discuss this Cornelian choice of oasis communities in southern Morocco. Field observations, satellite image analysis and surveys with farmers made possible to understand the emergence of an irrigation system combining the khettara with solar pumping, to analyze its technical design, and to highlight the capacity of collectives to intervene on the management rules to adapt the technical and institutional system of the khettaras to new conditions. This article contributes to a reflection on the sustainability of access to groundwater in this pre-Saharan context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1970s, voles' outbreaks have been responsible for important damages to meadows in the Massif Central (France), threatening the economic viability of cattle breeding systems. We investigate whether trust allows enhancing collective pest management, considered as the provision of a weaker-link collective good. The main contribution of our paper is a theoretical framework we propose to consider the threshold effects related to the complexity of the studied agroecological mechanisms. We have tested this theoretical framework thanks to stylized facts we inferred from qualitative inquiries conducted with both cattle breeders and diverse institutional bodies involved in vole outbreaks management. We highlight some of the determinants of the building of trust. Breeders do not seem to trust their ability to master pullulation much. If breeders hardly trust the control methods, they do not trust either scientific and technical bodies or their neighboring breeders any better. This could explain even better the failures observed in the collective action against outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Senegalese government's pursuit of rice self-sufficiency since Independence has motivated massive investments in the Senegal River Delta in northern Senegal. This paper assesses the contribution of the Projet de promotion du partenariat rizicole dans le Delta (3PRD, a project promoting rice partnership) to organizational and technical dynamics. The importance of this project lies in the public-private partnership, a recent paradigm in the world of irrigated agricultural development. Our approach is based on a bibliographic synthesis, field visits, interviews with project managers and surveys of farmers. The results suggest two major advances made by the 3PRD: the empowerment of private producers in a large-scale collective scheme involving the participation of the SAED a development company and the introduction of new irrigation equipment: the electric pump. They also show that efforts still need to be made in terms of crop intensity and agricultural yields to enable producers to make the investments they have made in their irrigation schemes more profitable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the impact of innovation on the market orientation and performance of a cooperative for the valorization of prickly pear co-products in Algeria. While the collective entrepreneurship outcomes have been widely discussed, it has been much less so for innovative cooperatives. In this paper, we focus on the performance of this model of entrepreneurship based on the reappropriation of technical innovations. In this sense, our analysis seeks to extend previous empirical research on the performance of agricultural cooperatives by introducing market orientation and a more comprehensive assessment of the socioeconomic performance of innovative cooperatives like Nopaltec. Our results on « alternatives » performances – role in collective appropriation and dissemination of innovation, sector structuration, socio-political and territorial functions of the cooperative – argue for a broader conception of the performances of agricultural cooperative structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to initiate a discussion based on a new reading of field data I collected in Nepal and South India that was triggered by the notion of irrigated land tenure. The first part deals with the way of applying this notion to rice fields. In South Asia, rice fields occupy a discriminating position in administrative and vernacular classifications, which has been turned upside-down by the surge in groundwater irrigation. Moreover, some rice fields may be cultivated without irrigation thanks to monsoon rains. However, this is not reflected in the traditionally used visual representations of irrigation systems (aerial photos, satellite images, maps of irrigation networks) that overlook farmers' difficulties to access to water. The notion of irrigated land tenure, hence, has some limitation in the case of rice cultivation, if non-irrigated rice fields are not clearly identified. However, this notion has the advantage of making explicit the interest to analyse the links between water rights and land rights, which is the purpose of the second part of this paper. In a context of legal pluralism, the examples discussed show the diversity of these interactions: in some cases water rights are modified so as to increase the size of the irrigated land; in others the use of water is instrumental in obtaining a legitimate land right. In contrast, in the case of tenancy situations, the status of land tenure continues to jeopardize access to water. The tenure status of an irrigated or potentially irrigable land is important to consider in order to understand the dynamics of water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the notion of 'environmental subjectivities' developed by Arun Agrawal. Questioning how environmentally conscious subjects appear in regimes of conservation, the author advocates analyzing environmental policies from the perspective of the changing relations between marginalized localities and their institutions. This article confronts his approach with biocultural conservation which acknowledges environmental practices in these marginalized communities, without however delegating management to them. The case of the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve in Colombia, where artisanal fishermen have developed strong environmental identities while resisting conservation in everyday life, highlights the need to analyze plural and competing 'environmental subjectivities'. Built on the observation of the daily practices of fishermen, this article advocates for a re-politicized analysis of how 'environmental subjectivities' vary. Instead of describing the adoption of a common concern about the environment, it describes 'environmental subjectivities' as plural, contradictory, embedded in mechanisms of social distinction and negotiations between administrators and citizens at the margins who seek to participate in the government of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the environmental issue in French research institutions since the 1990's coincided both with a strong development of interdisciplinarity, and with an ever growing recourse to history, first as narrative, second as method. This paper aims to analyse this process from the perspective of a situated trajectory, that of the author, a historian who was progressively integrated into the epistemic community formed around the study of the relationships between natures, sciences, and societies, and led to share the heuristic dimension of historical narrative as a means of elucidating 'what happens to time' in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and clinicians live in increasingly separate worlds, precipitating psychotherapy into a crisis of legitimacy. This paper hypothesizes that the therapeutic alliance, as an integrative variable, is an element capable of reducing this gap, considering in particular that the alliance between researcher and clinician is based on the same principles as the working alliance between patient and therapist. A few examples of empirical research allow us to address three conflicting aspects of our current knowledge about the alliance: as a common factor or as a specific agent, as useful to the researcher or useful to the clinician, and finally the distinction between the trait-component and the state-component of the alliance. The time has come to strengthen this vital alliance between research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to question the reducing of the process of molecularization of life to its informational dimension from the 1970s and 1980s through reintegration of a chemical ontology of life. The characteristic feature of this chemical ontology is the centrality of production issues and a high proximity with industry. Our paper investigates the visibility and characterization of chemical molecularization of life from the birth and stabilization of a little-known scientific field, namely metabolic engineering. To this end our work combined a scientometric analysis of a corpus of 6,288 scientific papers, archives from a research center and a series of semi-structured interviews with several key figures in metabolic engineering. Through the study of this scientific field, we describe a chemical molecularization of life process, a) based on classical entities in biochemistry (enzymes, metabolic pathways), b) supported by innovation policies inspired from chemical engineering and c) involving scientists highly committed with industry, as in chemical engineering. Chemical molecularization has expanded in the shadow of informational molecularization, which is not ignored, but 'integrated' as resources for maintaining the competitiveness of existing industries, innovation policies and scientific practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the emergence of cooperative photovoltaic projects in the Rhône-Alpes region (southeastern France) in the early 2010s marked by a national solar energy policy which at that time favoured the development of individual and private projects. The first part of the paper shows that in 2010 these projects emerged from converging national, regional and local dynamics and problematics. In the second part, the article analyzes the tribulations experienced by one of these collectives when it attempted to open the national incentive policy for photovoltaics to local issues which it did not take into account (redistribution and reinvestment of solar revenues, landscape and architectural innovation). Our analysis shows an innovative collective going through multiple trials in their attempt to initiate a territorial trajectory of energy transition that it deemed more equitable than the one then at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the third part of a reflective work on building a socio-hydrological approach. It focuses on the interdisciplinary dialogue between members of a research team associating the social and biophysical sciences. The key point is the construction of the interdisciplinary dialogue when it is not anchored in the previous experience of shared fieldwork. The creation of a framework to structure the dialogue is based on the premise that sharing experiences is crucial for negotiating a convergence between social and biophysical perspectives on reality. The first stage is to select an object on which to focus a collective analysis, in the present case the small-scale irrigation canals. The second stage consists in testing the framework during a three-day workshop. Third comes the collective negotiation of the analysis presented in the paper. Analysis of the construction, experimentation and evaluation process of the framework is considered an integral part of the interdisciplinary process. The dual approach of this contribution, i.e., experimentation and reflexivity, allows the analysis of the modalities of the interdisciplinary dialogue and questions the importance of frustrations in the progress of the interdisciplinary negotiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the conditions of emergence and the content of energy transition policies in shrinking cities. International academic literature considers shrinkage either as a factor favorable to alternative public policies, particularly in the field of sustainable development, or as a check to their acting capacities due to the multifactorial crises that hit shrinking cities. This paper is based on a case study of Vitry-le-François, archetypal of a small shrinking town in France. Two hypotheses are considered. In the first, urban shrinkage appears as a favorable context for an energy transition policy when the intensity and severity of the shrinkage process leads to a major crisis. In the second, energy transition policies applied to shrinking cities involve a course of action that extends beyond the energy sector and affects the whole of the urban policies in order to address the shrinkage phenomenon itself. The first part of the paper analyses the role of urban shrinkage and of the crisis affecting the local social housing landlord in the emergence of energy transition policies. The second part describes the content of the local energy policy transition and shows that this policy is focused on the rescue of the heating network owned by the social housing landlord, and on economic redevelopment issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017 and 2019 there took place the first two editions of a Summer Seminar entitled "About the 2 °C" dedicated to the challenges of interdisciplinarity in research and training courses on climate change. In this paper, we focus on the motivations that led to launching this initiative, as well as to the positioning and progress of these first two editions, which highlighted the scientific and socio-political challenges raised by the implementation of interdisciplinarity in research, particularly regarding an object as protean as climate change. Besides, this paper provides a good opportunity to take stock of the possible evolutions of this Summer Seminar, given the societal and scientific challenges associated with the understanding and management of the impact of global changes on our environment and our societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and background: In full expansion, the serious game is a video game for educational purposes, i. e. a virtual simulation device on digital equipment combining game elements and an educational objective. This pedagogical tool allows for experiential learning; therefore, it can be used to train health professionals in clinical reasoning and decision-making. Objective: Based on theoretical arguments and on a targeted narrative review of the literature, this paper takes stock of the documented impacts of the effectiveness of serious games for the training of health professionals and formulates some pedagogical perspectives. Analysis: Serious games allow for the operationalization of four conditions that promote learning: attention, active cognitive engagement, feedback and consolidation. Although heterogeneous, the evidence in the literature shows that, under certain conditions, serious games can support learning that enhances decision-making in a manner comparable to traditional devices. Some uncertainty remains as to their exact place in relation to other devices using digital resources or other pedagogical methods. Further pedagogical research is needed in areas such as motivation and pedagogical modalities. Conclusion: Serious games are one of the pedagogical tools available to teachers when they wish to offer their students active and experiential learning opportunities, for example in the context of training focused on decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper questions the notion of 'local' as applied to food provisioning and its social, spatial and political dimensions. The aim is to understand how the different actors involved in local and 'localized' food circuits think, use and apply this notion. By following the diverse representations of locality – from the actors' discourses to urban planning texts – and the practices that implement them, the authors (an anthropologist, a geographer and an urban planner) examine the variability of this notion in order to analyze the way it is appropriated and reconfigured according to the arena in which it is mobilized. This text also aims to reflect on the limits and contributions of a multidisciplinary approach to these issues. The challenge is to show that the summing of these three approaches brings out new elements that do not emerge from each individual analysis. The notion of 'local' is part of an administrative, spatial and ideological reality that is being constantly recomposed according to political, social and economic processes. Questioning this notion by involving three dimensions and three disciplines, enables our reflection to avoid the impasses of scientific literature in which the meaning of what is local seems to be self-evident while remaining fixed in specific disciplinary frameworks, and to show its shifting nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Questions raised by inputs in their diverse forms have recently beneficiated from an interest by both general public and authorities. This societal demand is reflected in a substantial increase and diversification of alternative solutions to chemical inputs, whether with biocontrol products for plant protection, fertilization or biostimulation. Authorities now seek to set rules around the use of new inputs and are publishing new regulations. That is the reason why a special category of inputs called Préparations Naturelles Peu Préoccupantes (Low Concern Natural Products) was defined in 2006 in France. This category includes basic substances, but also natural substances for biostimulant use that have recently undergone a major change in their regulations, the consequences of which are analyzed here in terms of number of authorized substances. The most exhaustive list of authorized natural substances for biostimulant use is obtained from various official documents concerning plants considered as food for humans and animals. The considerable increase in the number of natural substances for biostimulant use is an opportunity for farmers and represents an unprecedented evolution in regulation, moving from a positive approach with explicitly allowed substances to a negative approach where some substances are banned and all others are allowed. This paper aims to clarify the situation by providing farmers with a database of usable plants without fear that the substance or plant could be considered as non-edible by authorities, and therefore subject to other constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a summary of the discussions held during the 2nd International Symposium on Work in Agriculture (March 29–April 1, 2021). The objective of the paper is to report on the themes and ideas exchanged, in a multidisciplinary framework, and to build a common vision of the future of agricultural work on a global scale. The dynamics of agricultural development, on the scale of continents, oppose northern and southern countries, raising different questions (for example agriculture without farmers in northern countries versus decent work for a large agricultural working population in southern countries). But some issues are cross-cutting: the agroecological transition, gender issues, the digital revolution, migration, are changing agricultural work in depth. We propose some perspectives for a research agenda to address the future of work in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of ecosystem services has become an essential part of institutional and academic discourses, despite controversies and criticisms. Initially promoted by biodiversity conservationists, it has been deployed in agriculture for several years. Although the idea that ecosystem functionalities are a determining factor in agricultural production is not new, this notion allows us to highlight the new challenges linked to climate change and growing food needs. Since these issues are particularly important in the context of the Global South, comprising most of the so-called low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), it is important to consider the relevance of this concept in terms of practices and policies. This article, which introduces the thematic issue of Cahiers Agricultures "Agriculture and ecosystem services in the Global South", traces the emergence of this notion and discusses its importance in the context of ecological intensification of agriculture before presenting the articles that make up this thematic issue. While adopting a critical stance towards the notion, particularly when it is backed by payment mechanisms, the paper insists on the need of co-constructing with farmers the frames of reference for action to adopt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the improvement in agricultural production, irrigated schemes generate significant social, economic and ecological risks that raise questions about their actual impacts on the social, economic, environmental and food vulnerability of beneficiary populations. The reflection on the construction of vulnerability mobilized in this paper seeks to analyze, from a socio-historical and economic perspective, how the processes, changes and disruptions in time and space can explain the mechanisms at the source of the current vulnerabilities of households settled around the irrigated system of the Guédé basin in Senegal. The results highlight a differential vulnerability of households to several stressors. This vulnerability is a function of the small amount of land cultivated and yields, high production costs or difficulties in accessing off-farm activities, but also of the period and location of settlement of households, which partially define their resource endowment, and thus their capacity to cope with changing conditions. To provide a multidisciplinary, systemic and nuanced reflection on the vulnerability of agricultural households in the Guédé irrigated system, it is important to understand the mechanisms that underlie the construction and evolution of vulnerability and to see how their dynamic interactions can reduce or reinforce existing vulnerabilities or create new vulnerabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the food challenge and climatic instabilities, agriculture in Benin must increase its economic, social and environmental performance. Due to its multiple assets, agroecology has interested the Beninese government for several years. Digital technology is often cited as a major lever for the agroecological transition, but digital innovations in agriculture in Benin are mostly unknown. By mobilizing and adapting the methodology of tracking on-farm innovations to reveal alternative cropping systems to the digital world, this paper uncovers digital innovations in the agricultural sector in Benin and questions their ability to contribute to the agro-ecological transition. Our work makes two main contributions: the first is methodological and shows that it is possible to adapt the tracking of on-farm innovations to the tracking of digital innovations. The second is descriptive and analytical. Starting from the definition of a reference situation, we have identified, described, analyzed and evaluated 21 digital solutions used in agriculture in Benin as well as the constraints faced by their holders. We grouped these solutions into two types: digital solutions for data collection and decision aid, and platforms for exchanging and sharing knowledge. The main innovations consist of a combination of information exchange solutions and the use of artificial intelligence engines. The main constraints identified are the lack of equipment, infrastructure and skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the main questions that were at the core of the seminar "Transdisciplinary Research in the Universities" held on September 14, 2018 at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. By producing hybrid scientific and socially relevant knowledge, transdisciplinary research contributes actively to social change and thus fulfills the major academic missions of research and contribution to society. However, transdisciplinary research suffers from a lack of recognition of its methodological rigor and scientific validity by the academic establishment. Taking this observation as an urgency, the seminar provided debate and reflection on the challenges specific to the implementation of transdisciplinary research in academic institutions: the legitimacy of the knowledge produced, the evaluation of the scientists' practice, and funding. This paper highlights the current obstacles and presents a concise overview of the reflective solutions generated during our debates. It also proposes some ideas that can support the full development of transdisciplinarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the program Zenétudes: making a healthy transition to college (Marcotte, Viel, Paré et Lamarre, 2016), a depression and anxiety prevention program. The paper first presents the current state of mental health of post-secondary students and raises the relevance of implementing preventive interventions for this population. Next, the Zenétudes program, whose structure is multi-level, is described. The modules aim to meet the different needs of individuals related to anxiety and depressive symptoms and aim to facilitate their transition to post-secondary studies. The first part is a universal revention workshop which presents more general strategies which can benefit all individuals. This workshop also makes it possible to screen individuals at risk. The second part includes two workshops, one on anxiety and one on depression, which present more specific strategies on these two issues. Finally, the third module includes ten group meetings led by professionals and targets individuals with a sub-clinical level of symptoms. The article concludes by presenting the efficacy studies carried out on the implementation of the program to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 2014 and 2017, during three "Doctoriales" sessions, 84 young PhD candidates in humanities and social sciences were given the opportunity to present their work. Based on this experience, and a short survey done in 2017 by the authors, this paper aims to analyze the state of "young" research on water in human and social sciences. Even if most of the papers presented during the "Doctoriales" relate to geography and economy, overall 12 disciplinary fields were represented. A great variety of approaches and methods were also noted with, however, disciplinary specificities concerning a normative or constructivist approach, references mainly to Anglo-Saxon or French literature, and so on. General trends have also been identified, such as a widespread multidisciplinary approaches and, for most young researchers, the wish to remain in academia after their PhD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a survey conducted in northwestern Nicaragua, which aims at understanding how the flows of money and food generated by the diversified and multi-situated activities of farm households intervene in food access and perception of food security. In the study area, family agriculture develops in difficult agro-ecological conditions, and aims at producing staple food production and cattle ranching. In response to the lack of income, farm households have diversified their agricultural production with off-farm activities, locally and in migration. This diversification and multilocation allow them to generate income and food, essential for food security in regions at the origin. Social relationships between household members and beyond (extended family, neighborhood, and institutional actors) structure the flows of money and food. To capture these flows, the survey questionnaire, composed of three sections, is organized around a unique identification key: the individual. By capturing individual activities and resource flows directed towards the family kitchen, the survey offers possibilities for analyzing food security based on the deconstruction of conventional analysis units (residence, household, operation). Production and circulation communities are then established to study the supply strategies of the consumption community, which is the starting point for the analysis of food security. The questionnaire was applied to 350 households in a study area located in the North-west of Nicaragua. Data were gathered by paper questionnaire and face-to-face interview between April and June 2016. Additional individual interviews were conducted between February and May 2016. The data were entered between July and October 2016, before being checked, cleaned and prepared for analysis between June and October 2017 on the SPSS software. The metadata was produced on NESSTAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the ecosystem services and dis-services that the Cambodian population get from the ecosystem formed by the Tonle Sap Lake and its large flood plain. This lake is characterized by a phenomenon of ebb and flow of the Mekong River according to the rainy season. Its size varies from one to five, and it is the place where rice is cultivated. Rice is the main agricultural activity of the country and the main food of its population. The study of this agro-ecosystem, carried out through surveys in six rice-growing villages, shows a complexity in the understanding of these ecosystem services. Some are positive, others are negative. Some are positive up to a certain level but become negative afterwards. Some are co-produced by rice cultivation, which over time has shaped the ecosystem. We also show, from an analysis of agrarian systems, that production systems are more or less compatible with maintaining these services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we shed light and analyze a very broad consensus that exists among economists regarding green investments. Beyond some divergences, mainstream and heterodox economists present green investments as a necessary and first condition to solve the ecological crisis. The main part of our research focuses on the pitfalls of what we call the Green Investment Paradigm. We highlight the reductionist, normative, ahistorical and depoliticizing vision, a consequence of a problem-solving framework. We finally discuss what is outside of the box and highlight some of the debates that need to be invested to contribute to a serious assessment of the causes of ecological crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a critical review of the predatory journals phenomenon, which affects the field of scholarly communication in the Open Access era. It offers an analytical account of the debates, the research being done and the methodologies used, and discusses the multidimensional definition of predatory journals and of the new market for lists of 'legitimate' and 'illegitimate' journals. The article identifies the main ethical and scientific issues that predatory journals raise in the Open Access publishing era and reports on the contexts that lead researchers, both young and senior, to publish in these outlets. By linking predatory journals to the field of scholarly communication, the article highlights the main issues and establishes them as research topics. The article concludes with research avenues that contribute to the analysis of mutation in digital scholarly communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of the use of seclusion and restraint in psychiatric wards in recent years, not only among health care professionals but also in public opinion. These practices are increasingly regulated by law and should remain measures of last resort. But what work should be done upstream to ensure that they become increasingly exceptional? The experience of sector 3, governed since the 1980s by the culture of non confinement, teaches the importance of the notions of acceptance, containment and continuity of care. After a historical and legislative presentation of psychiatry and in particular of the practices of seclusion and restraint, a psychoanalytically oriented reflection will be proposed on the notions of containment and the containing function to finally open up on this clinic of the extreme where taking care remains the fundamental beacon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A myth is a story or tale that makes one believe to "truths" which turn out to be completely or partially untrue. Various myths in medical education have been described along the years, which are perpetuated despite evidence against them. Analysis: several myths are revisited. Some are classic, such as the belief that teaching must be adapted to the learning styles, or that there are generic skills to avoid cognitive biases; others are less diffused, such as the belief that there is a predictive selection system for professional skills, or that harassment and sexism are less prevalent in one's own institution. Beyond lists of myths, the paper discusses some of the potential mechanisms by which they arise and are perpetuated, as well as some tentative ways to deconstruct them and prevent their occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Debriefing within the health sector is often considered as a learner-centered knowledge-building thinking process. The trainer plays a facilitating role in this process. However, various studies stress the importance of explicit debriefing. This paper looks closely at the effectiveness of different types of debriefing following simulation training for experienced learners who work in emergency teams. Aim: This study aims to ascertain whether explicit debriefing is as effective for experienced professionals as it has been shown to be for novice learners. Method: This monocentric randomized prospective study was carried out as part of a simulation program based on cardiac arrest emergency interventions. The self-reported knowledge of each participant, their self-efficacy and the team effectiveness were measured before and after the simulation training. Results: The results show a beneficial effect on knowledge and on self-efficacy for both types of debriefing. Patient care was optimized for both types of debriefing. Conclusion: Both types of post-simulation training debriefing are effective for experienced emergency teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a theoretical assessment of alternative food models performance in implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) to improve urban food security. It addresses the three most widely related models in the food systems' literature: The Territorialized Food System, the City-Region Food System (CRFS), and the emerging Smart Urban Food System (SUFS). Nested in the sustainable urban planning field, it assumes that a correlation exists between the urban proximity of the alternative food models and their performance in integrating the Sustainable Development Goals. The valuation is based on a multi-criteria analysis which crosses two approaches: a normative one by Sustainable Development Goals and an operational one by sustainable urban planning. The proposed method is intended to be holistic and systemic unlike existing agricultural sustainability assessment methods. Scores are interpreted by rates of adequacy of sustainable urban planning targets to the Sustainable Development Goals and of appropriation of the latter by the urban ecosystem domains. Results show different profiles of models, suggesting a functional complementarity between them. However, the Smart Urban Food System would be the best performing model with rates higher than the global minimum sustainability threshold. It is followed by the City-Region Food System, confirming then our initial hypothesis. Results discussion points out the limits of the evaluation in terms of the approach objectivity, contextualization of the analysis and applicability constraints of the Smart Urban Food System. Finally, the study opens a research perspective on the operational Smart Urban Food System modeling, for which this work is the first step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reports on an international conference on territorial studies which all distance themselves from an industrial narrative and turn to the social history of petrochemical concentrations —the "corridors"— which questions the ecological, health, environmental consequences and social aspects of their location and highlights the sources of contestation of the populations subject to these nuisances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Toulouse studies in political ecology (Atécopol) was created in October 2018 as an informal network of scientists. This group was later acknowledged as an "expertise platform" by the Toulouse University and CNRS Maison des sciences de l'homme et de la société. It brings together a diversity of disciplines and professional statuses, the aim being to create bridges between scientific knowledge and social and political debates at regional scales and beyond. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate, through the Atécopol initiative, both the positive outcomes and the challenges of adopting a political ecology posture and of claiming, as scientists, a moral position. Atécopol considers that researchers hold a responsibility both in the current state of ecological upheavals and in the failures to offer imaginaries beyond the technological paradigm. Atécopol therefore intends to transform local organizations and institutions within the research community, and more broadly within society as a whole. It emphasizes that even though individual agency is instrumental in ecological transformation, the central issue is to question the structures that reproduce the system of thinking and acting. The actions undertaken so far by Atécopol include knowledge circulation (training, communication, scientific events...), public interpellation (opinion columns, petitions...), as well as challenging research policies. The Atécopol experience meets growing success and is rich in challenges and lessons related to the democratic, political and moral dimensions of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy concept is currently being used in multiple ways. For some academics and organizations circular economy can be identified as a long term goal of achieved green growth while others argue that circular economy is fundamentally different from green growth. In this paper, we explore the conditions allowing green growth to be compatible with the concept of circular economy. Our model explicitly takes into account the possibility of a dematerializing of wealth production and raw material recycling through a green growth framework. We show that the reconciling of green growth with circular economy requires: (i) a fast decrease of the raw material intensity of economy far removed from present and past trajectories, (ii) the absence of a physical limitation to this decrease. This seems to indicate that green growth is essentially different from, and incompatible with the concept of circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Healthcare programs innovate to improve teaching of Indigenous realities to nonindigenous undergraduates. However, there are no validated French-language scales to measure the impact of those interventions on prejudices toward Indigenous peoples. Goal: This paper aims at presenting the French translation and preliminary validation of the Old-Fashioned and Modern Prejudiced Attitudes Toward Aboriginals Scales (O-PATAS and M-PATAS). Methods: Thirty medical students completed the original version (OV) and translated (TV) and 78 additional students completed the TV. Cronbach’s alpha (α) andMcDonald’s omega(ω) were used to assess the reliability of the scales. Concurrent validity was assessed with intra-class correlations and paired t-tests comparing OV and TV scores. Construct validity was explored with a two-factor factorial analysis. Results: Fidelity of the TV scales is acceptable and comparable to the ones found in the OV (α≥0.81, ω≥0.85). The absence of difference between the OV and TV scores, and the strong intraclass correlation between the total scores in both languages (r ≥0.80, p<0.001) support concurrent validity of the TV. The factor analysis did not reproduce the 2-factors structure expected, likely due to a lack of power. Conclusion: This study reports a TV of the O-PATAS and M-PATAS with similar psychometric properties to their OV. A use of these versions at a larger scale will allow to assess their dimensionalities in French Canadian settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the feedback from the project leaders on the management of interdisciplinarity involving 14 scientific projects (3 networks and 11 research projects) that are part of a program on the integrated management of animal health, and from researchers participating in the overall management of the program. The difficulties encountered by the project leaders relate to a need for acculturation among disciplines, to the equilibrium and mutual respect between disciplines within the project, to the lack of time dedicated to the scientific animation of the project, and to the difficulty of publishing interdisciplinary work. The level of interdisciplinarity varies among projects, from juxtaposition of several disciplines to their actual integration. Recommendations proposed to future project leaders at the various steps of a projet involve the co-design step, in order to facilitate the decentering of disciplinary questioning, the implementation step requiring an agile management, and the report step, in order to analyse how interdisciplinarity has shifted disciplinary lines and modified initial questions. Strengthening of interdisciplinary programs should prioritize the training of researchers in interdisciplinarity, provide support for the conception of interdisciplinary projects, and analyse the degree to which integration of disciplines was achieved in the projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]