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The Huangpu River, which flows into the Yangtze Estuary, runs through Shanghai Municipality in China. During the flood season, typhoon-induced surges result in extremely high water levels in the Huangpu River, which is the main factor threatening flood control safety in Shanghai. Based on observations of water levels at three stations along the Huangpu River from 2008 to 2021, together with wind and rainfall, this paper investigates: the trends of the annual highest storm surges; the differences in periodic variation and magnitude of surges during the spring-neap cycle; the longitudinal variation of surges; and the impact of rainfall. The results show that the annual highest surges at three stations all show a significant increasing trend, which is caused by the increasing wind speed, and the intensity and duration of rainfall during typhoon events, induced by the increasing frequency of landfall and close-to-YE (Yangtze Estuary) typhoon events, and strong and very strong typhoon events. The periodic variation and magnitude of surges show clear differences during the spring-neap cycle, resulting from the largest nonlinear surge-tide interaction during spring tide and the smallest during neap tide. Heavy rainfall can reduce the probability of 6–7 h and 2.7–3.3 h periods, and change the phase of the periodic variation, inducing partial main peaks and maximum surges during ebb or low tide. The longitudinal variation of storm surge along the Huangpu River can be divided into three types: decreasing upstream, first increasing then decreasing, and increasing upstream. Heavy and long-duration rainfall increases the water discharge from the basin to the river, amplifying the surge, with the largest impact in the upper reach and the smallest in the lower reach, which is the main factor inducing the latter two types, particularly the third type. • Typhoon-induced surge heights show a significant increasing trend in recent years. • Periodic variation and magnitude of surges show clear differences during a spring-neap cycle. • The longitudinal variations of storm surge show different characteristics. • Heavy rainfall amplifies the storm surge, changes its phase, and influences its longitudinal variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies were conducted for associations of home environment with childhood health by on-site inspection in China. During 2013–2014, we conducted a case-control study with home inspection among 454 children (186 asthma children and 268 non-asthma children) in Shanghai, China. In this paper, we detailedly described the inspected methods and analyzed the preliminarily collected data. Except in winter, most residences meet the national standard for indoor temperature and relative humidity. Most living rooms had ≤1000 ppm CO 2 , whereas over half of the child's bedrooms had slightly >1000 ppm CO 2 during night. Most residences had notably lower than 2500 cfu/m 3 airborne culturable fungi and ≤100 μg/m 3 formaldehyde. More than 70% of the child's bedrooms had ≤75 μg/m 3 PM 2.5 and ≤150 μg/m 3 PM 10 . Indoor and outdoor concentrations of particulate matters had strong linear correlations ( r =0.891–0.922; p -value <0.001). Most differences between cases and controls were not significant with respect to CO 2 , culturable fungi, formaldehyde, and particulate matters. Before and after adjusted for potential confounders, indoor averaged concentration of CO 2 and particulate matters generally had negative associations with childhood history of doctor-diagnosed asthma in spring, summer, and autumn. Only in winter, indoor CO 2 concentration was significantly associated with the increased odds of childhood asthma. Our results indicated that air quality among most residences in Shanghai could meet the national standard for indoor air quality in warm seasons; but household air quality and ventilation status in winter should be greatly improved. We suspected that those “unexpected” negative associations could exist due to changes in lifestyle behaviors regarding indoor air quality after the child being diagnosed asthma by a doctor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmer-led agricultural innovation is increasingly viewed as a potential approach to sustainable agriculture especially promoting rural revitalization as well as mitigating agricultural non-point source pollution. However, little research has yet been paid to evaluating the environmental contribution caused by these emerging agricultural innovations. Using data generated in the Qingpu District of Shanghai, this paper focuses on the new agri-business entities and evaluates the impact of agricultural innovation on changes in their use of chemical fertilizers. The findings indicate that different forms of agricultural innovation have radically different outcomes. Innovation of new production technologies and sales tend to have negative impacts on the environment, while both vertical integration with manufacturing-processing-sales activities, and horizontal integration with service activities, are found to make a positive environmental contribution. The paper argues that the different sources of value added generated by innovation provide different incentives for farmers. Those with a narrow concentration on efficiency and market scale tend to intensify their output-maximized production, while those shifting to processing and service activities rely more on the quality and service centered production, which tends to create less damage to the environment. • Agricultural innovation is becoming a critical part of sustainable agriculture, but little has been known about the environmental contributions. • Agricultural Innovation with a narrow concentration on production efficiency and market scales is found with negative environmental contributions. • Both vertical and horizontal agricultural Integrations contribute to the reduction of chemical fertilizer use. • Supporting policies are required to guide behavior changes of new agri-business entities for sustainable agricultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has begun a new round of electricity market reform since 2015, aiming to transform the regulated form into a competitive one. Since the generation cost of clean energy is still relatively high compared to coal-fired power plants, the major source of the energy sector in China, the environmental outcomes from market reform would remain uncertain. Therefore, green policies play a critical role during the process of reform and hence would determine whether China can achieve the goal of carbon-neutral in 2060. In light of these concerns, this paper performed a simulation study based on the agent-based model (ABM) to analyze the market performance and environmental conditions after reform. Our results demonstrate that given current cost disadvantages, the market share will flow to coal-fired power plants in the competitive electricity market without the support of green policies, resulting in the increase of CO2, NOX, SO2, and smoke emissions by 4.85 %, −1.7 %, 6.48 %, and 6.86 %. Further scenario analysis shows that to improve such environmental outcomes, policies should focus on pushing the replacement of coal-fired energy, either by renewable or gas energy. The simulation results of green policy scenarios demonstrate significant co-benefits, that carbon and other pollution emissions will decrease simultaneously. Despite the environmental gain from green policies, results of the policy efficiency analysis indicates that the FIT on renewable energy is the least effective, while pollution tax turns to be the most effective. Our results imply that green policies should be well considered when constructing the competitive electricity market in China, to effectively achieve both the national carbon-neutral and local environmental goals. • Green policies should be well designed during electricity market reform. • The environmental condition may get worse without green policies. • Green policies in the electricity market in China should focus on the replacement of coal-fired energy. • Green policies demonstrate significant environmental co-benefits on carbon and pollution control in the energy sector. • Pollution tax in the electricity market shows the highest efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]