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After the victory in the War of Resistance against Japan, the rural economy of Hunan province was in decline. In southern provinces, where per capita arable land was minimal and the proportion of tenant farmers considerable, the tenancy system was notably harsh. In 1945, the Guomindang government implemented a one-year rent reduction policy in the recovered territories. However, due to real difficulties, Hunan province postponed its implementation until 1946 and again enacted a rent limit protection policy for tenants in 1947. Nevertheless, with the establishment of the Hunan Provincial Senate in 1946, provincial senators, representing local gentry interests, engaged in a conflict with the rent reduction ordinance put forth by the Hunan provincial government. The conflicting understandings between the two sides about the relationship between the existing system and rent reduction led to an impasse in the legislative process. Eventually, due to the provincial government's compromises, the rent reduction ordinances were repeatedly revised and ultimately became hollow in substance. At the grassroots level, seeing this situation, implementation was delayed, turning the ordinances into mere paper decrees. Throughout this process, the tenant farmers, deceived by the landlords, resented the government, and the credibility of the Guomindang government was gradually depleted. 摘要 抗战胜利后，湖南农村经济凋敝。南方各省人均耕地较少，佃农比例较大，租佃制度情况颇为恶劣。1945年，国民政府在收复区推行一年的免赋减租政策。湖南省因现实困难迁延至1946年补办，又在1947年推行了限租护佃政策。然而随着1946年湖南省参议会的成立，代表着地方士绅利益的省参议员跻身民意机关，化身为民意代表与湖南省政府的减租法令相博弈。双方对现行制度与减租关系认识的不同，导致省府交议法案搁置难决。最终由于省府的妥协，使减租法令不断被删改，徒具形式。基层见状则迁延执行，终使法令成为具文。在这一过程中，佃农反受地主愚弄而怨恨政府，国民政府的公信力也逐渐消耗殆尽。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage and maximum residue limits (MRLs) for plant growth regulators (PGRs) in foodstuffs are social issues widely concerned by the public and various stakeholders. This paper overviews the latest updates on PGRs in the Chinese national food safety standard, MRLs for pesticides in foods (GB 2763—2019), and conducted a matching analysis with domestic PGR registration and application. Furthermore, the PGR MRLs among China, Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), USA, Japan and EU were compared. The main findings and suggestions were given in this review. Firstly, the domestic standard covers almost half (41.7%) registered PGR active ingredients, which surpasses CAC.Secondly, the domestic standard basically contains staple crops, but the product categories and their classification stipulated in the standard are not as rich and detailed as those in EU and Japan. Especially for minor crops and foodstuffs of animal origin. The standard system for PGRs still needs to be further improved. Thirdly, the domestic standard is not aligned to international standards in some extent, and may have less influence on international trade. Finally, suggestions were put forward to improve the MRL standard system of PGRs, such as synchronising the MRL standard with the pesticide registration, and acting on the international convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since Japan has a large population and very little land, the Japanese government stresses economical and intensive land use. As a result, they are establishing a series of plans on land use, urban infrastructure, and transportation system, to realize urban reconstruction and intensive land use. For example, to control the unlimited expansion of city and the decline of city center, they use land intensively in the city center and along public transport routes to build “neo-compact cities,” they build metropolitan areas with polycentric structures, and they make the best use of space available both above and below ground to build “vertical cities.” Through these ways, Japan has become one of the densest countries in the world. This paper summarizes Japan’s actions on land use, by literature search and by collecting official information from Japanese government websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the critiques of the Taiji Tushuo《太極圖說》， one of the most important classics of Shushigaku 朱子學 in the history of Japanese ConfUcianism， that were advanced by Ito Jinsai 伊藤仁齋 and Ito Togai 伊藤東涯. Jinsai and Togai were famous for their anti-Shushigaku thought. Although there are some misunderstandings present in their critiques of the Taiji Tushuo and Zhu Xi 朱熹， it is argued here that their interpretations still have value because they shed light on a different perspective regarding the Yijing and the Taiji Tushuo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, low utilization ratio of science and technology resources has to be an important restriction factor that affects the development of science and technology in our country. It is necessary to establish and perfect the government-dominated paUern of sharing science and technology resources for realizing sustainable development. This paper, learning from the experience for science and technology resources sharing in some western developed countries, that contain the United States, European Union and Japan, studies the key problems in the development of science and technology resources sharing. Based on this analysis, some useful policies and suggestions, ranging from sharing strategy, sharing platform, management system are proposed. These conclusions are useful for the government to develop science and technology resources sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the field measurement of surface boundary layer wind field during the passage of typhoon Kalmaegi, Fung-wong, Jangmi and Morakot, and the super-high altitude wind field during the passage of typhoon Fanabi, Megi and Lionrock, this paper conducted a comparative study of turbulence intensity at different time intervals (3 seconds, 1 minute, 10 minutes and 1 hour) of surface boundary layer and super-high altitude typhoon field, and analyzed the turbulence characteristics and its relationship with different time intervals of boundary layer typhoon field. The results clearly demonstrate that the mean wind speed and wind direction gradually stabilized with the increase of the time interval. 1 minute or 3 seconds time interval data reveals a good fluctuating and variations characteristics of mean wind speed and direction, turbulence intensity and gust factor, especially on larger wind speed occasion. There is great difference between the surface boundary layer and super-high altitude typhoon field in the aspects of mean wind speed discreteness and the ratios between the maximum mean wind speeds at different time intervals. The code empirical formula estimation recommended by the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJRLB-2004) can be roughly utilized in the longitudinal turbulence intensity estimation of super-high altitude wind field in southeast China coast. The longitudinal turbulence intensity decreases more quickly than the lateral' turbulence intensity with the decrease of the time interval when the time interval is shorter than 10 minutes. The 3 seconds time interval turbulence intensity in longitudinal direction is smaller than the value in lateral direction lightly for the super-high altitude typhoon field. The 3 seconds time interval turbulence intensity in longitudinal direction is smaller than the value in lateral direction greatly for the surface boundary layer typhoon field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuclear energy is indispensable and important energy to human society. Fukushima nuclear accident produced great harm and will seriously affect the development of nuclear energy. In this paper, the importance and necessity of the development of nuclear energy are introduced based on the development of world nuclear energy and the energy demand in China. The basic situation of Fukushima nuclear accident is introduced and the reasons of the accident are also analyzed. The influence of Fukushima nuclear accident on the development of world nuclear power, the nuclear power development plan of China, the nuclear power plant siting, the design and operation of nuclear power plant, and the research of nuclear power technology, nuclear safety culture and personnel training of nuclear major are analyzed and discussed. Nuclear safety is the most important thing in the development of nuclear power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of painting in Taiwan in the early twentieth century was first inspired by Japanese art teachers. The new idea of "realistic painting" introduced at the time allowed the discovery of "local colors." However, the Taiwanese painters who employed the artistic ideal of "painting one's intent" were able to escape the limitation imposed by the concept of "local colors." How did the painters explore the artistic styles offered by the new global contexts through the colonization of Japan is an important issue that requires in-depth investigation. This issue is further complicated by painters who were not only influenced by the Japanese arts but also the traditional Chinese arts, as some of the Taiwanese painters moved to China after their training in Japan in order to search for a new style that conflates the Eastern and the Western arts. Taking several painters, Liu Jintang, Chen Chengpo, and Guo Bochuan as examples, this paper explores issues of identity, cultural impacts, and stylistic developments of the arts in the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]