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Rural domestic wastewater in China has scattered discharge, difficult centralized treatment, and a wide pollution area, which has caused serious water environment pollution in rural areas. This is a prominent problem for the improvement of the rural living environment at present in China. After more than 100 years of development, rural decentralized wastewater treatment in the United States is well developed, with lessons worth learning for our country. By examining the development process for rural wastewater treatment in the United States, this paper summarizes successful experiences from rural decentralized wastewater treatment in the United States in relevant policies and laws, application technology, technical specifications and standards, financial support, and operation management. These findings offer important insights for rural wastewater treatment in China. This is vital to broaden ideas for rural domestic wastewater treatment and help the implementation of the Rural Revitalization Strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exploring the research status and development trend of femomacetabular impingement, and finding out the research direction and hot spot of femomacetabular impingement are helpful for domestic scholars to grasp the latest information in this field and explore the most cutting-edge treatment direction. OBJECTIVE: To explore the research status and the development trend of femoroacetabular impingement in the world. METHODS: The science citation index of Wed of Science core collection was used to retrieve English literature on femoroacetabular impingement from January 1, 2005 to February 20, 2020. The bibliometric methods were used to conduct data statistics and analysis. Meanwhile, VOS viewer software was used for visualization conversion to analyze the research status and the development trend of femoroacetabular impingement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Totally 3 158 literatures were included. The literatures concerning global scientific research of femoroacetabular impingement are increasing year by year. The number of the United States published is largest. The United States makes the greatest contribution in the world, ranking the top (1 659 papers), whose number of the citations (37 019 papers) and H index (87 papers) are the highest. The number of literatures is 43 in China. It ranks 14 and the citations are 301; H index is 9. (2) ARTHROSCOPY-THE JOURNAL OF ARTHROSCOPIC AND RELATED SURGERY who contributed the largest number of relevant literatures (426 papers) is more than of the second magazine (287 papers) named AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE. UNIV BERN (University of Bern) and HOSP SPECIAL SURG (Hospital for Special Surgery) are two institutions which have the largest amount of research publications. (3) Currently, the research topics on femoroacetabular impingement are focusing on five areas, including epidemiology, disease progression, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In recent years, the primary field of research is treatment and the hip arthroscopic operation becomes a research hotspot. (4) From the analysis on the current development trend of femoroacetabular impingement, there is still very big exploration space in this area and the number of published literatures continuous increases. The United States remains a leader in this field. The further study is required in China. In recent years, the research direction focuses on the aspect of treatment of femoroacetabular impingement. Hip arthroscopic operation is research focus on femoroacetabular impingement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National park roads and parkways is an important part of national parks in the United States. The road is integrated with national parks, which is the characteristics and brand image of national parks. National park roads and parkways is not only an important means of transportation in national parks, but also a tourist attraction and destination. For tourists, driving on the national park roads and parkways means visiting the national parks. The development of national park roads and parkways embodies the integration of road engineering and aesthetics, philosophy, recreation, ecology and other disciplines, promotes the transformation of road from a single traffic function to a complex function of recreation, landscape, culture and protection, highlights the gorgeous landscape and imaginative engineering alignment, and also shows how to provide diversified recreational opportunities in protecting priceless natural and cultural resources to achieve a balance between environmental protection and public tourists. This paper makes a thorough analysis of the development process of American national park roads and parkways in the past hundred years from the aspects of concepts, development background, construction idea, development measures, management system, financial support and construction practice, and summarizes the development experience and enlightenment. The conclusion is to grasp the law of national park roads and parkways development in essence. From this point of view, the paper puts forward some suggestions for the development of China's national park roads and parkways. These studies are of great theoretical value and practical significance to the flourishing development of China's national parks, national park roads and parkways, tourist scenic byways and tourist highways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The treatment of stem cells in intervertebral disc degeneration has always been a research hotspot. It is possible to predict and analyze the research status and development trend of this field to a certain extent, applying bibliometric analysis software to perform co-occurrence and co-citation analysis of numerous literature data in this field. OBJECTIVE: To analyze research status and development trend of stem cells in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration by bibliometric visualization analysis. METHODS: The authors retrieved the literature on stem cells in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration from 1999 to 2020 through the core collection of Web of Science, and used bibliometrics methods to conduct statistical analysis on the literature data, combined with Citespace 5.6.R5 and VOSviewer 1.6.15 software to transform the visualization atlas, analyze the research status and development trend of stem cells in the treatment of intervertebral disc. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A total of 613 articles were included. The number of publications of stem cells in intervertebral disc treatment research is increasing year by year. Among them, China and the United States rank first and second with 232 and 174 publications respectively. (2) The United States has a total citation frequency (5 522), h index (42), and betweenness centrality (0.75) ranks first, both higher than the second place in China (3 169, 28, 0.16). (3) The top ten cited references introduced the research on the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration with microscopic mesenchymal stem cells from various aspects, and seven of them were related to nucleus pulposus like differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Two papers are related to the best cell source and cell carrier generation in the treatment of intervertebral disc regeneration. One is related to the clinical trial study of the treatment of degenerative disc regeneration. (4) The timeline chart of reference co-citation shows that the most references are published in clusters of “Mesenchymal Stem Cells”, “Notochord Cells”, “End Plates”, and “Adipose derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells”. From a year of publication perspective, the clustering “notochord cells”, “notochord”, and “injection” published in the latest year. (5) Clustering keywords “intervertebral disc degeneration”, “migration”, “notochord cells”, “genipin” and “hydrogel” correspond exactly to the above. It was confirmed that the keywords suddenly appeared and found that present research hotspots are: mesenchymal stem cell nucleus pulposus-like differentiation, the best cell source in the treatment of intervertebral disc regeneration and the clinical effectiveness and biosafety of cell carrier construction and intervertebral disc regeneration treatment. (6) There are five new keywords from 2017 to 2019, namely “injection”, “intervertebral disc degeneration”, “inflammation”, “apoptosis”, and “puncture”, mainly focusing on cell apoptosis, inflammatory reaction, intervertebral disc regression, and cell transplantation methodology. (7) The above-mentioned global trend analysis suggests that as the amount of stem cells published in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration continues to increase, related research is also constantly deepening. The current research focuses on the nucleus pulposus-like differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, the best cell source and cell carrier integration in the treatment of intervertebral disc regeneration, and the clinical effectiveness and biological safety of integration of intervertebral disc regeneration treatment. In-depth exploration of the mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration and inflammatory response and improvement of cell transplantation methodology are the focus of future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glucose meter is a device that monitors blood sugar levels with speed, convenience and accuracy, which plays an important role in monitoring the human body’s health. Glucose meter related technique that is used to monitor blood glucose level conveniently and accurately has attracted great attentions and developed fast due to a rapid increase of diabetes patients in recent years, the research of related fields of glucose meter has become a research hotspot, which has high academic value and extremely wide application prospect. In this paper, 4,332 glucose meter related patents retrieved in the patent information analysis and patent analysis platform Innography are analyzed, including the annual trends of patent application and authorization, the inventor locations, countries/regions that receive patent application, the technology life cycle, patent distribution based on cooperative patent classification, as well as patent assignees, in order to figure out the overall picture of patent output, the technical maturity, primary technique related, institutions involved in the field of glucose meter. The results showed that the development of glucose meter related technique has entered a stable stage after 15 years’ rapid improvement; Roche, Johnson & Johnson and abbott laboratories and other global market share of higher companies are a large number of related patent applications, to achieve the purpose of using patent barriers of market monopoly; the United States has a strong research and application advantage in the area of glucose meter, which has the strongest R & D capability and the highest power in the world; China lacks world leading enterprise due to the deconcentration of mastered techniques despite a large number of patents; furthermore, many R & D activities are carried out in China’s universities and research institutes, and China’s glucose meter market in the future has a very good application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The co-occurrence of mental illness and substance abuse is among the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide. It has become more significant in the United States, Europe, and Hong Kong, and it presents complex issues for both mental health and substance abuse practitioners. This paper explores the historical and conceptual issues on dual diagnosis. In addition, different perspectives on dual diagnosis are crucial for developing public policies and programs to address client needs on the road to recovery. The dominant view on dual diagnosis has been the medical perspective. This paper describes three more perspectives: moralistic, psychosocial risk, and phenomenological. This broader view on dual diagnosis will benefit both policy and service development for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the evolution course of automotive diesel standards in China, and briefly analyzes the current situation, then summarizes the development trend of their seven important technical indexes, finally analyzes the reasons of their continuous improvement. Automotive diesel standards have been developing straight forward the direction of clean oil. Compared with EU, USA and Japan, automotive diesel standards relatively lag behind others in China, so it is imperative to improve the quality of the product. The heavy and inferior properties of the crude oil process, the low production capacity of installations, and the lack of competitive catalysts have limited the upgrading of diesel quality in China. Based on the above reasons, a new automotive diesel standard will be prospected, namely formulating automotive diesel standard in line with China's national conditions, giving appropriate financial subsidies to refineries, supervising the implementation of automotive diesel fuel in China, developing and popularizing the core technology of diesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]