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With the proposal of“dual carbon”goals, China′ s construction of an ecological civilization has entered a new stage with the focus on reducing carbon. The eastern grassland area of the eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region plays an important role in ensuring national energy security, ecological security, and achieving the goal of“carbon neutrality”as scheduled. However, the ecological environment in this area is characterized by extreme cold, semi-arid conditions, and a scarcity of topsoil. Furthermore, the ecological environment problems caused by mineral resources exploitation seriously restrict the sustainable development of regional energy and ecological security. Therefore, it is necessary to perform research on ecological restoration of mines in the grassland area in eastern Inner Mongolia. This paper reviews the research process of mine ecological restoration at home and abroad, summarizes the existing research on mine ecological restoration and the advanced technologies of mine ecological restoration in the grassland area of eastern Inner Mongolia, and analyzes the path and mode of mine ecological restoration in the grassland area under the background of carbon neutrality. This paper preliminarily clarifies the existing problems and deficiencies in the research of mine ecological restoration in the eastern grassland area of Inner Mongolia and considers the prospects of future research trends, with the goal of providing reference for future generations to study the ecological restoration of mines in these grasslands and similar areas both at home and abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The winter cold stress of dairy cows has become one of the important problems affecting the healthy development of animal husbandry. Cold stress will lead to the decrease of feed intake, milk yield and reproductive performance of dairy cows, and seriously harm the economic benefits of dairy farmers. Inner Mongolia is located in a cold region, where animals are in a cold environment for a long time, and the impact of cold stress is more common. In order to more specifically understand the effects of cold stress on the production performance of dairy cows, the paper reviews the effects of cold stress on the behavior, milk yield, neuroendocrine, biochemical indexes, immune, antioxidant function, intestinal flora and other aspects of dairy cows, and summarizes the effective prevention and control measures to prevent cold stress of dairy cows, to provide reference for further research on the prevention and relief of cold stress in dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to expand the application of remote sensing prospecting technology in gold prospecting, this paper takes the Zhuanshanzi area in Inner Mongolia as an example, and selects Landsat 8 OLI remote sensing data. On the basis of image data preprocessing, the regional tectonic information is enhanced by the fusion of B7B5B3 band. The principal component analysis is used to extract the alteration anomaly information through threshold segmentation. Based on the geological characteristics and remote sensing interpretation information of the region and Zhuanshanzi Gold Deposit, the prospecting indicator of gold deposits in Zhuanshanzi area is established, and 3 prospect areas for prospecting prediction are delineated. The field verification shows that there is gold mineralization in the prospect area. It is believed that the linear and ring structure and remote sensing anomaly information extraction based on OLI remote sensing images can be used as auxiliary means for gold prospecting prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inner Mongolia Pacific Mining Co., Ltd. uses a heap leaching process for gold extraction. The large area of ore heap leaching and high sodium cyanide consumption result in high production costs. To further reduce costs and increase efficiency, the company has optimized the process and implemented the effective area dripping method. This paper introduces in detail the application conditions of the effective area dripping method in heap leaching process and the control of various indexes. The successful application of the method effectively reduces the dosage of reagents, saving 55.14 million yuan in reagent costs with significant results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background--In 2021, the forest chief system was fully implemented nationwide. Under this background, how to embed the forest-chief system into the forest resources management system in the state-owned forest areas and fully realize the comprehensive efficiency of forest supervision and protection policies has become an important issue in the forest areas at present. (2) Methods--Based on the field investigation of some typical forestry enterprises in the key state-owned forest areas, this paper systematically analyzed the forest resources management practice after the reform in the key state-owned forest areas at the present stage, summarized the new challenges faced by the forest resources management mechanism after the implementation of the forest chief system, and on this basis, put forward policy suggestions to help the forest chief system to be embedded in the forest resources management system in the key state-owned forest areas. (3) Results--First, the forest chief system was carried out in the key state-owned forest areas, and the state-owned forest industry enterprises were incorporated into the local forest chief system through the organization of personnel. Second, the managers in different state-owned forest industry enterprises served as forest chiefs in different forms. Among them, the enterprise managers of China Longjiang Forest Industry Group Co., Ltd., Yichun Forest Industry Group and Daxing' anling Forestry Group participated in the forest chief system by serving as deputy forest chief of their respective counties (cities or districts). The managers of Jilin Forest Industry Group Co., Ltd.and Changbai Mountain Forest Industry Group served as the general forest chief of their respective forestry bureaus in accordance with the county-level forest chief system. As one of the six major areas of responsibility under the forest chief system in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Forest Industry Group appointed deputy forest chief to manage forest resources. (4) Conclusions and Discussions--The implementation of forest chief system in the key state-owned forest areas faces a series of challenges. First, in the process of realizing the policy goal of forest chief system in the key state-owned forest areas, the forest resources management in the forest areas needs to be systematically integrated in the goal setting. Second, under the background of the overall implementation of forest chief system, the forest resources management in the key state-owned forest areas has a pattern of "dual-track and parallel". Third, the coordination mechanism of forest resources management under the forest chief system in the key state-owned forest areas is not perfect, including the government-enterprises coordination mechanism and the social participation mechanism. Based on the above analysis, the following policy suggestions are put forward. First, promote the integration of forest resources management objectives based on the reality of the key state-owned forest areas. Second, develop a list of forest chief powers to clarify the boundaries of responsibilities and powers of forest resources management under the forest chief system. Third, accelerate the establishment of the working mechanism of forest resources management under the forest chief system. In short, when promoting the forest resources management under the forest chief system in the key state-owned forest areas, the appeals of the central government, local governments, forest industry enterprises, forest residents and other parties must be comprehensively considered, the work objectives of the forest chief system must be clearly defined, the work content of the forest chief system must be enriched, and the objectives of integrating ecological benefits, social benefits and economic benefits must be formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China started the pilot project of subsidy on desertification land protection in 2013. It had been established that 71 national desertification regions were closed and protected, and followed up to monitor for several years in five northwest provinces, Inner Mongolia and Tibet since 2016, while the valuable research conclusion had not been stilly taken. In this paper, the related research and practice at domestic and abroad were reviewed. The four suggestions were put forward for the problem to be solved in time by discussing the closed target and theoretical carrying capacity, based on the key factors on affecting grassland vegetation, the more important issues and the effect of grazing prohibition and monitor as follow. 1) The achievement of investigation and monitor of closed sand land and grazing prohibition during the past years should be concluded in time for providing the basis for government management and improving the closed sand land and grazing prohibition scheme and the next decision-making. 2) The theoretical carrying capacity of desertification region should be determined, such as the actual safe carrying capacity by the basis of the theoretical carrying capacity. 3) In order to improve the practical value of monitoring data, the monitored plot should be compressed, and further revised the monitoring index system. 4) The monitoring research on the benefit of closed sand land and grazing prohibition should be shifted from monitoring the response of vegetation by grazing intensity in the past to monitoring the response of land desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to assess the loss of grain production caused by agrometeorological disasters in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), which is an important grain production base of China. The disaster-yield assessment model was formed and verified using grain production, yield, planting area and agrometeorological disaster conditions data of the IMAR from 1981 to 2020, and the loss of grain yield caused by meteorological disasters was assessed by this model. The results showed that grain production, yield and planting area observed an escalating trend from 1981 to 2020, and the rate of increase was 78.85×104t·y-1, 100.97kg·ha-1·y-1 and 74.48×10³ha-1·y-1. The covered and affected area of agrometeorological disasters for the IMAR and National both increased and then decreased during the 1981-2020 period. Drought was the most important agrometeorological disaster in the IMAR, and the covered and affected area was 64.10% and 62.45%, respectively, accounting the total covered and affected area of all kinds of disasters in 1981-2020. The grey correlation analysis showed that drought had the highest correlation with grain yield at the level of disaster covered and affected rate, and hail had the highest correlation with grain yield at the level of disaster destory rate. The disaster-yield assessment model constructed by this study was of high simulation accuracy, and the linear regression coefficients (R²) and the slop between the simulated and measured grain yield was 0.99 and 0.98, respectively (P < 0.01). The average relative simulation yield was 0.20% and relative simulation error of the following year grain yield was 2.49%. Grain yield loss rate due to disaster in the IMAR decreased (R²=0.77，P<0.01) from 1981 to 2020 with a rate of 0.48 percentage points·y-1, and average grain yield loss rate was 14.79% and there were 68.42% of years which grain yield loss rate above 10%. The disaster-yield assessment model of the IMAR formulated in this study can simulate and predict grain yield, and assess the loss of grain yield due to disasters, which can meet the needs of agrometeorological services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

⑴ Background——After 20 years of the implementation of the natural forests protection project and the reform of separating government functions from enterprise management, the regional positioning and social economic system of the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China have undergone profound changes. But there are still some key problems and challenges in the future reform of the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China. ⑵ Methods——According to the data obtained by the research group during the field survey of forest industry enterprises in Inner Mongolia in 2021,and the micro-survey data of forestry workers' families obtained from the “Monitoring of People's Livelihood in Key State-owned Forest Regions” survey project (2012-2021) jointly carried out by National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China and Northeast Forestry University, this paper summarizes the reform achievements and realistic tasks of the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China. ⑶ Results——First, the state-owned forest industry enterprises are the main bodies to undertake the ecological services purchased by the government, and are engaged in the protection, cultivation and restoration of natural forests. It reflects their “public welfare” attribute as the public welfare state-owned enterprises and achieves the government's goal of pursuing ecological benefits. Second, the state-owned forest industry enterprises develop forest carbon sinks, forest biomass energy, forest food with ecological identification and other emerging green industries, which promote the realization of the value of ecological products. It reflects their “profit-driven” attribute as the public welfare state-owned enterprises and achieves the enterprises' goal of pursuing economic benefits. Third, the state-owned forest industry enterprises have improved the well-being of the forestry communities by providing stable employments and income channels for the workers. It reflects their “social responsibility” attribute as the public welfare state-owned enterprises and achieves the state-owned forest regions' goal of pursuing social benefits. In the new historical period, the key of the state-owned forest regions in Northeast China to accomplish the above tasks is to transform from forest dependence to the realization of ecological products value. The following six key problems needed to be solved to accomplish the above realistic tasks: the organizational structures and the management ideas is not adaptable, the motivation mechanisms and the industrial layouts is not clear, the reform of property rights and the use of forest lands is not flexible, the surplus workers and the new positions is not matched, the forests economy and the people's affluence and the enterprises' development is not unified, the protection of resources and the improvement of well-beings isn't coordinated. ⑷ Suggestion——First, each forest industry group should carry out the withdrawal and merge of the state-owned forest industry enterprises according to its actual situation, replace forest farms with ecological management stations in the state-owned forest industry enterprises, and establish a new type of community and a new community governance system in the state-owned forest regions. Second, the existing state-owned forest industry enterprises continue to be classified, some enterprises provide ecological services and ecological products, the other enterprises participate in the market competition to realize the marketization of the value of ecological products. Third, establish a sustainable utilization mechanism of the state-owned forest lands that adapts to different development stages, including woodland supply mechanism, woodland utilization mechanism and income distribution mechanism. Fourth, formulate relevant policies for talented persons oriented to the modern management systems. Fifth, adopt and promote the “company +” mode to develop the forests economy, contract the use rights of the forest lands to the companies, so that the workers can obtain benefits through the way of “company +”.Sixth, sign long-term contracts with relatively poor groups to integrate the protection and restoration of natural forests with the management of relative poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty is an effective treatment for end-stage osteoarthritis of the knee. The femoral valgus angle and femoral posterior condyle angle are important parameters for preoperative evaluation, and selecting the proper angle for osteotomy will be beneficial to the reconstruction of the force line of the lower limb and the stability of the prosthesis after surgery. Therefore, the study of femoral valgus angle and femoral posterior condyle angle is of great significance for the precise osteotomy of total knee arthroplasty. OBJECTIVE: To measure the femoral valgus angle and femoral posterior condyle angle in different age groups of elderly people in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and to understand the distribution of these two parameters in different age groups. METHODS: A total of 175 patients receiving lower extremity vascular examination from January 2018 to December 2021 in The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University and The Second People’s Hospital of Ulanqab were selected in this study. They were divided into four groups: < 60 years old (group A, n=41), 60-69 years old (group B, n=52), 70-79 years old (group C, n=41), and > 80 years old (group D, n=41). The CT data of the lower extremity blood vessels of the patients were collected. Mimics 21.0 software was used to reconstruct 3D model and rotate to standard orthostatic position. Simulated lower limb X-ray films were used to measure the femoral valgus angle. CT cross-section was used to measure the femoral posterior condyle angle. The SPSS 25.0 software was used to analyze the difference of two parameters among different age groups, and difference of two parameters between sexes in the same age group and the correlation between the two parameters and age. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) For the same gender, the femoral valgus angle of groups A and B was smaller than that of groups C and D (P < 0.05). For male patients, the femoral posterior condyle angles in groups A and B were smaller than those in groups C and D (P < 0.05). For female patients, the femoral posterior condyle angle in group A was smaller than that in groups C and D (P < 0.05), and that in group B was smaller than that in group D (P < 0.05). (2) In the same group, there was no significant difference in femoral valgus angle and femoral posterior condyle angle between men and women (P > 0.05). (3) Pearson correlation analysis showed that femoral valgus angle and femoral posterior condyle angle were positively correlated with age, and the correlation coefficients were 0.31 and 0.46, respectively (P < 0.01). (4) The results confirm that when performing total knee arthroplasty for elderly people, the effect of age on femoral valgus angle and femoral posterior condyle angle should be considered. Preoperative CT examination of the lower extremity and 3D reconstruction measurement are recommended to clarify the femoral valgus angle and femoral posterior condyle angle for individualized osteotomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing pig counting system based on image processing are seriously affected by light conditions, and the counting accuracy is poor when pigs are crowded and obscured.To realize the intelligent pig counting, the paper proposed a counting scheme based on the improved instance segmentation algorithm was proposed in this paper. Aiming at the problems of image illumination and target edge blur, Laplace operator was used to preprocess the images. The feature extraction network of MASK R-CNN network was improved by using Resnet-152 as the Mask R-CNN feature extraction network, and the original Feature Pyramid Network(FPN) was followed by a bottom-up enhancement path, which directly fused the low-level edge features with the high-level features to improve the recognition ability of the target edge bluring. The non maximum suppression process and loss function were optimized and improved to improve the segmentation accuracy. The experiments were carried out at three different real pig farms to verify the counting accuracy, respectively in Hebei province, Jilin province and Inner Mongolia. The size of the cage in Hebei pig farm was 5.5 m × 1.8 m, with an average of 12 pigs in a single pen, with a feeding density of 1.21 pigs/m²; the size of the cage in Jilin pig farm was 5.5 m × 3.9 m, with an average of 22 pigs in a single pen, and the average rearing density was 1.03 pigs/m²; the size of the cage in Inner Mongolia pig farm was 11.4 m × 5.28 m, with an average of 80 pigs in a single pen, the average feeding density was 1.32 pigs/m². The RGB camera is was installed on the top of the pen and acquired the image in daytime. 2 400 images were collected in total, and 2000 images were selected after image preprocessing, and 1 250 images of three pig farms were selected as the original data set according to the ratio of 2:2:1. The training set and verification set were enhanced to 1 500 and 150 images and 250 images for the test set, The experimental results showed that 98 images could realize exact counting and 2 images missed 1 pig in the Jilin pig farm, the accuracy of pig counting was 98%. In Hebei pig farm, 99 images could realize the exact counting and the accuracy of pig counting was 99%. For Inner Mongolia pig farms with high feeding density, the accuracy of pig counting was 86%, among the 50 test images, 7 images missed detection, 4 images missed 1 target, 3 images missed 2 targets, The results can provide the application of the artificial intelligent in agriculture field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the medium deep hole mining in steeply narrow vein of a gold mine in Inner Mongolia as the engineering background, through empirical analogies, numerical simulation and field tests methods, the evolution law of cracks in narrow veins of deep hole blasting under different blasting parameters was analyzed, and the relationship between the blasting parameters and the over-under-excavation percentage of blasting, the density of blasting cracks and the vibration velocity of the surrounding rock particles is obtained. The results show that: when the hole spacing is 1. 2 - 1. 4 m, the over-under-excavation blasting area tends to be zero. When the burdern is 0. 8 - 1. 0 m, the blasting fragmentation is more uniform. A burden of 1. 0 m and a hole spacing of 1. 2 m can be taken as optimal parameters during deep hole blasting. The field blasting test also verifies the research results of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to deal with the systematic classification of a genus of Crabronidae Belomicrus A.Costa.,from Inner Mongolia,China.【Method】Based on extensive collection of specimens and refer to the existed literature,using the methods of comparative morphology,the systematics of a genus of Belomicrus from Inner Mongolia,China,were described in this paper.【Result】This paper dealed with the systematics of two new record species,Belomicrus kaszabi Tsuneki.,Belomicrus shatalkini Antropov.,and a genus of Belomicrus,were described in this paper.A key of the species of the Belomicrus from China was provided.The type specimen of the new species was deposited in the Insect Collections of Yunnan Agricultural University.【Conclusion】The new record genus of Belomicrus are all distributed in Inner Mongoliaarea of our country,and it has not been found in other areas.It needs to be studied in further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The present paper systematically studied the relationship between vegetation cover and surface temperature, and the temperature effect of forest land in small area. [Method] Based on the remote sensing image data of Wuchuan County in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2015 and the distribution map of public welfare forest in the corresponding years, the vegetation coverage and surface temperature data were extracted based on the pixel dichotomy model and the radiation transfer equation. Through the spatial analysis function of Arcgis10. 2, the changes of vegetation cover and surface temperature and the temperature effect of forest land in Wuchuan County were analyzed, and the relationship between them was studied by contribution value calculation and correlation analysis. [Result] The vegetation coverage of Wuchuan County was good, the low and middle coverage accounted for the main position, followed by high coverage. The vegetation development was good in 15 years, and the vegetation area of high coverage increased by 522. 13 km² . The surface temperature decreased year by year, and the temperature difference decreased to 17. 2 °C at the end of the study, and the development was stable. The effect of vegetation cover on surface temperature is mainly reflected in the middle and high coverage. There is a significant negative relationship between vegetation cover and surface temperature. Forest resources in Wuchuan County can effectively reduce surface temperature. The temperature difference between forest land and non-forest land is obvious, and the cooling effect of forest land decreases with the increase of distance. Effective cooling range is O -150 meters. Forest land has the best cooling effect, followed by shrub land and sparse woodland. [Conclusion] The development of vegetation coverage in Wuchuan County is good, the surface temperature is controlled, and the forest land a certain cooling effect [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Castor is one of the top ten oil crops in the world, which has a extremely high economic value. For a long time, the harvesting of castor bean has relied on manual operations, so the development of the castor industry have been greatly restricted by the high labor intensity and low efficiency. At present, there are few studies on harvesting machinery of castor, and the mechanization of castor harvesting is still in the initial stage. The existing castor harvesting equipments are not suitable for the growth features of castor, which has the problems of high loss rate and high damage rate. In order to solve these problems, a brush-roller harvesting method was proposed in this paper. The harvesting principle of brush-roller castor harvester is that the castor capsules are separated from the plant by the brushing force caused from the brush wire. According to the physical characteristics and planting mode of castor, the picking mechanism of brush-roller castor harvester was designed. Firstly, the structure of the picking mechanism was introduced, the picking mechanism is mainly composed of crop divider, brush roller, screw conveyor, transfer case, et. Then, the kinematic and mechanical analysis of the working process of the mechanism was carried out, so as to determine the structural parameters and working parameters of each part of the picking mechanism. In order to improve the harvesting quality of castor, we conducted a field experiment in October 2020 in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. In the field experiment, Box-benhnken response surface design theory was used on the basis of single fator experiment to optimize the working parameters of the picking mechanism. The picking rate, the breakage rate and the impurity rate were used as the evaluation indexes of working quality. And the moving speed, the brush roller speed and the length of brush wire were taken as three factors influencing the working quality. The quadratic polynomial response surface regression model was established, and the influence of various factors on the response value was analyzed. From the regression model and variance analysis of regression equation, it could be seen that: lower moving speed, moderate brush roller speed, and shorter brush wire led to higher picking rate; Lower moving speed, lower brush roller speed, and longer brush wire led to lower breakage rate; Higher moving speed, lower brush roller speed, and longer brush wire led to lower impurity rate. The experiment results also showed that the significant effects of moving speed, length of brush wire and brush roller speed on increasing the picking rate were in a decreasing order. The significant effects of brush roller speed, length of brush wire and moving speed on reducing the breakage rate and the impurity rate were in a decreasing order. At the same time, the factors were multi-objective optimized comprehensively, and the optimization results were verified by experiments. The results showed that the optimum parameters were: 0.72 m/s for the moving speed, 372 r/min for the brush roller speed and 57 mm for the length of brush wire. Under these conditions, the picking rate was 91.36%, the breakage rate was 0.18%, and the impurity rate was 11.67%. The measured values of each index were in good agreement with the theoretical optimization values, which meant that the model established was reliable and could be used for optimization. The results can provide a reference for further improving the structure design and working parameters optimization of the brush-roller castor harvester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alluvial river flooding problem in Inner Mongolia is prominent along the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Studying the scour and silting evolution of the river and the response mechanism of the floods can provide technical support for flood prevention and disaster mitigation in this river section. According to data on ice flood and scour and silting evolution, this paper produces the response relationship between a scour and silting evolution characteristics indicator and an ice flood condition change representation indicator based on formulaic calculations and related analyses. The results show that bankfull discharge, a characteristic indicator of river scour and siltation evolution, is closely related to the characterization indicators for ice flood sub-ice flow capacity and trough water storage increment. The under-ice flow capacity is about 1/5 that of bankfull discharge, and it decreases as bankfull discharge decreases. In addition, the channel detention increment increases as bankfull discharge decreases. The safety flow capacity in the main channel for ice flood control should not be less than 2 000 m³/s, and the increment in water storage should be kept below 1.4 billion m³ in the reach. The preliminary results can serve as a major guide for ice flood control in Inner Mongolian reaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing pig counting system based on image processing are seriously affected by light conditions, and the counting accuracy is poor when pigs are crowded and obscured.To realize the intelligent pig counting, the paper proposed a counting scheme based on the improved instance segmentation algorithm was proposed in this study. Aiming at the problems of image illumination and target edge blur, Laplace operator was used to preprocess the images. The feature extraction network of MASK R-CNN network was improved by using Resnet-152 as the Mask R-CNN feature extraction network, and the original Feature Pyramid Network(FPN) was followed by a bottom-up enhancement path, which directly fused the low-level edge features with the high-level features to improve the recognition ability of the target edge bluring. The non maximum suppression process and loss function were optimized and improved to improve the segmentation accuracy. The experiments were carried out at three different real pig farms to verify the counting accuracy, respectively in Hebei province, Jilin province and Inner Mongolia. The size of the cage in Hebei pig farm was 5.5 m × 1.8 m, with an average of 12 pigs in a single pen, with a feeding density of 1.21 pigs/m²; the size of the cage in Jilin pig farm was 5.5 m × 3.9 m, with an average of 22 pigs in a single pen, and the average rearing density was 1.03 pigs/m²; the size of the cage in Inner Mongolia pig farm was 11.4 m × 5.28 m, with an average of 80 pigs in a single pen, the average feeding density was 1.32 pigs/m². The RGB camera is was installed on the top of the pen and acquired the image in daytime. 2 400 images were collected in total, and 2000 images were selected after image preprocessing, and 1 250 images of three pig farms were selected as the original data set according to the ratio of 2:2:1. The training set and verification set were enhanced to 1 500 and 150 images and 250 images for the test set, The experimental results showed that 98 images could realize exact counting and 2 images missed 1 pig in the Jilin pig farm, the accuracy of pig counting was 98%. In Hebei pig farm, 99 images could realize the exact counting and the accuracy of pig counting was 99%. For Inner Mongolia pig farms with high feeding density, the accuracy of pig counting was 86%, among the 50 test images, 7 images missed detection, 4 images missed 1 target, 3 images missed 2 targets, The results can provide the application of the artificial intelligent in agriculture field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The agro-pastoral ecotone at Inner Mongolia and Liaoning border is an important part of the farming-pastoral ecotone in northern China, and it is also the ecological barrier of the commodity grain base and heavy industry production base in Liaoning. 【Method】Maize was the main crop in this area and play an important role in grain production. In this paper, the maize in the agro-pastoral ecotone at Inner Mongolia and Liaoning border was used as the research object, and the differences of C and N contents in various organs of maize under the two methods of irrigating and mulching were analyzed. 【Result】Under the two planting methods, the C content of the stem was the highest and the C content of the root was the lowest; The N content of leaves and ears was higher, the N content of roots was lower; the C/N of roots and stems was higher, and the C/N of leaves was lower. Compared the two planting methods: The C content of leaf in the irrigated land was significantly higher than that in the mulched land; the N content of the stem was significantly lower than that in the mulched land; The C/N of stem and leaf was significantly higher than that in the mulched land; The soil organic matter was significantly lower than that in the mulched land. 【Conclusion】Comparing with irrigated land, the mulching method can more effectively maintain soil nutrients, reduce water waste and also improve maize quality and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health of a river mainly depends on water demand for channel forming and sediment transport, particularly on the rational allocation of water resources in alluvial river. In this paper, energy balance equation was used to investigate the energy dissipation of sediment-carrying water flow, and distribution mode for water flow channel forming and sediment-carrying energy in the Upper Reaches of Yellow River in Inner Mongolia. Energy dissipated in alluvial river can be divided into two parts: one is to form a certain scale of river channel against boundary resistance of riverbed; another for transporting sediment. Silting or scouring of the riverbed during transportation can be an inherent indicator for the energy balance of water flow. Combined with the characteristics of flow and sediment movement in alluvial rivers, a complex relationship was proposed including the bank full discharge, the incoming sediment load, and the amount of scour and silting, in order to determine the water demand for channel forming and sediment transport. A calculation method was used to present the water demand for channel forming and sediment transport in a state of scour and silting in alluvial river. A calculation equation of water demand for channel forming and sediment transport was also established based on the measured data of the Inner Mongolia Reaches from 1960 to 2013. The calculated results showed that the incoming sediment load into the Inner Mongolia reaches was 70-110 million tons in flood season, and the water demand required for channel forming and sediment transport was 9.46-14.12 billion m³, providing that the silting ratio in these reaches was controlled below 30%, and a median water river channel in a scale of 2 000-3 000 m³/s. The water demand for channel forming and sediment transport mainly depends on incoming sediment loads, scales of river channels, and various levels of silting. In the case of the water demand higher required for channel forming and sediment transport, three trends can be obtained, including that, 1) the silting ratio can be lower control in an incoming sediment load and same scale of median water river channel; 2) the scale of median water river channel can be larger in an incoming sediment load and same silting ratio controlled, and 3) the incoming sediment load in flood season can be higher in the same silting ratio controlled and requirement on scale of median water river channel. There was agreement with the calculation results and the variation law of the water demand for channel forming and sediment transport of the Inner Mongolia reach, and the energy dissipation of alluvial rivers as well. The change law of water demand was obtained for channel forming and sediment transport under various conditions of sediment level, river channel scales and siltation levels. The findings can provide a sound technical support for the regulation of water resources in the Upper Reaches of Yellow River in Inner Mongolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China, ultra-small-scale agricultural production remains low agricultural income which cannot afford adequate livelihood and as well meet their basic needs of rural households. Smallholder production systems have seriously hindered the sustainable development of China’s agriculture. Family farms with a moderate land scale is a way to develop China's agriculture. Moderate land scale of China's agriculture is affected by multiple factors like average social income level, grain production income, etc. So moderate land scale is a dynamic value. This paper aimed to assess moderate land scales of grain family farms at the municipal level in China based on the method of income equalization. The research findings are as follows. The moderate land scale of grain family farms was 13-14 hm2 in 2016-2017, equivalent to the local household contracted area of 30 times. According to the policy formulated by China’s central government in 2014, the moderate scale of one family farm should be 10-15 times of average household contracted area. That is, the current standard of moderate scale is low. Mainland China can be divided into 9 districts and 38 sub districts according to the different types of land scale management. The moderate scale of the Northeast Region and the Inner Mongolia Plateau Region are 15-17 hm2, the North China Plain Region is about 10 hm2, the Lower Yangtze River Region and the Southeast Coastal Region are 7-9 hm2, the Southwest Mountainous Region is 6 hm2, the Loess Plateau Region is 18 hm2, and the Northwest Arid Region is 25 hm2 . The scale of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region is the highest, 30 hm2 . The ratio of the moderate scale to the average cultivated land area per household in the Inner Mongolia Plateau Region is 8, and the ratio in the North China Plain Region and the Lower Yangtze River Region is about 35. It is difficult for China to achieve scale management on the whole, and the difficulty gradually decreases from the southeast coast to the northwest inland. The boundary line extends from Beijing to Nujiang Lisu Nationality Autonomous region, Yunnan. The moderate scales of grain family farms in the southeast region of the line are mostly 6-10 hm2, and it is difficult to achieve. In contrast, the moderate scales in the northwest region of the line are mostly above 15 hm2, and it is easy to achieve. China's scale management reform is at the initial stage. The promotion speed of scale management should not be fast to avoid social unrest. It is recommended to raise the standard of moderate management scale to the range of 15-20 times, and the standard can be adjusted according to the actual situation in different regions. The government should also promote institutional innovation to reduce high land transfer transaction costs. System reform can be carried out in three aspects. Firstly, the government should promote farmers who do not rely on agriculture to actively release land resources; Secondly, the local governments should actively play a coordinating role to promote land centralization and scale management; Finally, a unified and perfect land circulation market should be established [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid acquisition of soil water content (SWC) in field crop root zone is significant for drought supervision and precision irrigation. The UAV multispectral remote sensing system has the advantages of obtaining high spatial-temporal resolution of crop phenotype data, and has a wide application prospect in soil moisture monitoring. In order to obtain SWC accurately and timely at a farm scale, in this paper, the field maize with different water treatments is taken as the research object, and the multispectral remote sensing monitoring of summer maize is carried out by using the UAV remote sensing platform, and the soil water content of different soil depth in maize root zone is collected synchronously. Based on the UAV multispectral remote sensing image data sets of jointing stage, tasseling-silking stage and milky-maturity stage of summer maize in 2018, the soil background is removed by support vector machine classification, the spectral reflection of maize canopy is extracted, and the 10 vegetation indices are calculated, then the sensitivity analysis of soil water content in different depth is carried out by using full subset screening method for different wave bands and vegetation indices, and the soil water content in different depth is analyzed respectively, ridge regression and extreme learning machine are used to construct quantitative estimation models of soil water content at 0-20, 20-45 and 45-60 cm soil depth after full subset selection. The test area is located in Zhaojun Town, Dalate Banner, Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China(40°26'0.29" N, 109°36'25.99" E, elevation 1 010 m). The sowing time of maize is on May 11, 2018, the emergence time is on May 18, and the harvest time is on September 8, 2018. The total growth period is 114 days. The UAV multispectral remote sensing images and ground data collection dates are July 8, July 12, July 17, July 21, July 26, August 2, August 28 and September 7, 2018. It is collected once a day and tested 8 times in the whole growth period. July 8-21 is the jointing stage, July 26-August 2 is the tasseling-silking stage, August 28-september 7 is the milk-maturity stage. The flight altitude of the UAV is 70 m, and the flight time is 11:00-13:00 local time (11:44-13:44 Beijing time). Firstly, the UAV multispectral canopy images of field maize with 5 different irrigation treatments (TRTs) are acquired through the six-rotor UAV equipped with a RedEdge multispectral camera ( MicaSense, USA), and the multispectral images of diffuse reflector (reflectivity 58%, size 3×3 m) are collected at the same height to perform radiometric correction in the meantime, and then the spectral reflectances of the field maize are acquired. Secondly, the support vector machine (SVM) is used to eliminate the multispectral image of soil background in ENVI and ArcGIS software, then the maize canopy spectral reflectance is extracted and 10 vegetation indices (VIs), such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Green Difference Vegetation Index (GNDVI) and Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption In Reflectance Index(TCARI), etc, are calculated. Finally, the full subset selection method based on Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) is used to analyze the sensitivity of SWC at different depths for different spectra bands and vegetation indices in R3.5.1 software, and then Ridge Regression (RR) as well as Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) are used to construct a quantitative estimation model of SWC at soil depths of 0-20, 20-45 and 45-60 cm at different growth stages, respectively. The results show that the full subset selection method based on BIC can effectively select the optimal spectral subset, and the selected variables generally pass the significance test and the independent variables number is small; the effects of the ELM model outperformed the RR model almost under all the same conditions; the optimal monitoring soil depth of maize at jointing stage, tasseling-silking stage is 0-20 cm, and the optimal monitoring soil depth of milk-maturity stage is 20-45 cm; the ELM inversion model at 20-45 cm soil depth at milk-maturity stage has the best effect, the decision coefficients of modeling set and verification set are 0.825 and 0.750, respectively, the root mean square error are 1.00% and 1.32%, respectively, and the normalized root mean square error are 10.85% and 13.55%, respectively. The combination of full subset selection method and machine learning can improve the inversion accuracy and robustness of SWC. This study provides a new way for rapid and accurate monitoring of SWC in farmland and precise irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies and discusses the changes of soil chemical indexes in different recovery years of XingJ an larch forest in Daxinganling, Inner Mongolia, in order to evaluate the self recovery of natural forest and provide basis for the management of Daxin- ganling forest in Inner Mongolia. The pH, C content, whole nitrogen, whole phosphorus and whole potassium content of the soil used in the experiment were calculated according to the Forest Soil Experiment Tutorial and the Soil Agroization Analysis. The effects of logging interference on the chemical properties of soil were studied using a single - factor variance ( ANOVA) analysis ( SPPS 13. 0 software). Results showed that ： ® comparing the differences in soil pH, soil C and other nutrients in Xing * an larch natural forest and two differ¬ent interference plots of clear cut and gradual cut, it is found that clear cut and gradual cut have significant differences in soil chemical properties (P<0.05). Clear cut has an extreme significant positive correlation with soil total nitrogen (P<0.01) , and a significant positive correlation with soil carbon content and pH ( P < 0. 05 ). (2) Comparing the significance of different cutting methods on soil physical and chemical properties in different years, there is a certain gap between the logging sites in 1987 and 2014, while the differ¬ences between the logging sites in 2009, 1987 and 2014 are not significant. Conclusion ： deforestation interference can reduce the pH of soil, objectively increase soil nutrients, and may be conducive to the natural renewal of forests. Logging interference significantly af¬fects the balance of soil carbon and other nutrients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The content of gallium in coal fly ash is 12-230μg/g. The determination of gallium from coal fly ash is crucial to realize the high-value-added utilization of coal fly ash. As a sample pretreatment method, the conventional open wet digestion has limitations including a large amount of hydrofluoric acid, corrosion of analytical instrument, long dissolution time, the loss of elements and environmental pollution. Microwave digestion has the advantages of complete digestion, little loss and short digestion time, which can effectively solve the shortcomings of the above method. OBJECTIVES: In this paper, the coal fly ash collected from a power plant in Inner Mongolia. METHODS: The sample was pretreated with nitric acid (5.0mL), hydrofluoric acid (1.0mL), hydrochloric acid (5.0mL) and perchloric acid (1.0mL) by microwave digestion and then determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. RESULTS: The results show that gallium can be leached totally when the temperature is 190°C, the time is 30 minutes and the microwave power is 1400W. The limit of detection is 0.004mg/L. The precision is 1.7% with the recoveries range from 95.1% to 100.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The method adds hydrochloric acid, reducing the amount of hydrofluoric acid, shortening the time of removing fluoride and reducing the damage of instrument. It is easy to use for the determination of trace gallium in coal fly ash as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, ecological function elasticity, resource supply and environmental capacity, social and economic pressure rule of three layers are used to set up a comprehensive evaluation system of ecological carrying capacity. On this basis, the spatial principal component analysis (SPCA) is used in the arid areas of Northwest China covering 2000, 2007, 2012 and 2016 to examine spatial and temporal variations so as to monitor the ecological carrying capacity evaluation, and construct ecological security pattern. The results show that the ecological carrying capacity of the study area is mainly weak bearing, and the area of the weak bearing area is decreasing, while the area of the strong bearing area is increasing. In terms of spatial distribution, the ecological carrying capacity of Hexi region, Northern Xinjiang and Western Inner Mongolia is on the rise, while that of Southern Xinjiang is in the decline. The MCR model was used to extract 51 road-type corridors, river-type corridors and green corridors, with a total length of 7285.43 km, and 71 nodes in important patch area, river wet area and ecological fragile area were extracted. According to the calculation results, the arid areas of Northwest China are divided into 16 ecological security patterns, and the existing security patterns are optimized according to the changes of ecological carrying capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountain vegetation information plays an important role in climate change research and ecological environment protection. Remote sensing technology can quickly acquire mountain vegetation information, but there are the influence of mountain terrain shadows and mountain vegetation information confusion. This paper took mountain vegetation as the research object and analyzed the main characteristics of mountain vegetation based on the multi-spectral data of Landsat satellite remote sensing image. Learn from the structural principle and form of the shadow elimination vegetation index (SEVI), a vegetation index algorithm - Vegetation distinguished and shadow eliminated vegetation index (VDSEVI) for mountain vegetation cover remote sensing monitoring was proposed. Samples for comparison and analysis were selected according to the main land cover types in the study area. The accuracy, validity and practicability of mountain vegetation information extraction with different vegetation indices were compared and analyzed. There are certain criteria which vegetation index of the same vegetation cover in shady and sunny should be equivalent, and the vegetation index values of different vegetation cover should be differentiated and compliance with actual vegetation coverage. Comparative analysis methods for different vegetation indices include: the images of different vegetation indices were directly compared; the vegetation index values of the same vegetation in shady and sunny cover were compared; the vegetation index values of the different land cover types were compared; the correlation between vegetation index and cosi was analyzed. The VDSEVI was compared with the ratio vegetation index(RVI), the normalized vegetation index(NDVI), the enhanced vegetation index(EVI2) and SEVI. There was a significant difference in the mean value of VDSEVI among different land cover types. The relative error of the sparse woodland in shady and sunny was small, which was 3.428%. The standard deviation of each land cover type sample was less than 0.060.The shady area of the Nalati in Xinjiang was dominated by woodland, and the sunny area was dominated by grassland. Therefore, the vegetation index and cosi should be negatively correlated. The correlation coefficient between VDSEVI and cosi is -0.800.The data results showed that compared with RVI, NDVI, EVI2 and SEVI, VDSEVI eliminated the influence of terrain shadows, and had a large amount of information and strong recognition of vegetation coverage. The problem of vegetation information confusion was solved, and the actual situation of mountain vegetation cover was reflected. To verify the suitability of VDSEVI in other regions, VDSEVI was applied to the area of Arxan in Inner Mongolia and Minhou County in Fuzhou City. The results showed that VDSEVI was equally effective. Vegetation information was extracted based on VDSEVI threshold method in Nalati in Xinjiang, Arxan in Inner Mongolia and Minhou County in Fuzhou City. The threshold was calculated by the VDSEVI value of samples from comparative analysis of various land cover types. Finally, the results of vegetation information extraction were evaluated by validating samples. The overall accuracy of vegetation information extraction in the three regions was 84.136%, 87.339%, 86.709% respectively, and the Kappa coefficients were 0.799, 0.788 and 0.791 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimating soil salinity is imperative for scheduling irrigation and remediating saline soil but difficult at large scales. Remote sensing can bridge this gap because of its advantages in low cost and large-area coverage; it has become an efficient method for assessing soil salinization in field. One issue in use of remote sensing to assess saline soil is the presence of plastic film mulch and bare soil because of their difference in reflecting waves in the spectral bands. In order to investigate the effect of plastic film mulch on soil salinity inversion using UAV multispectral remote sensing, we studied four plots with plastic film mulch at the Shahaoqu Irrigation area in the Hetao Irrigation District, Inner Mongolia of China. From each plot, we took soil samples and measured their salt contents from May to July. We also flew a drone to simultaneously take multispectral images of the sampling sites and extracted the spectral reflectance to calculate the spectral indices. Correlation analysis found that the S4, S6, SI1, SI2, SI3 and BI indices can be used to calculate soil salinity. Six-band spectral reflectances and six spectral indices obtained from different datasets were used as independent variables to calculate the salt content with the support vector machine (SVM), the back propagation neural network (BPNN) and the extreme learning machine (ELM), respectively, before and after the mulch film was removed. We compared the three models based on their determination coefficient (R²), root mean squared error (RMSE) and relative error (RE). The results showed that plastic film mulch did impact on soil salinity inversion. Although all three models could adequately estimate the soil salt contents before and after the film removal, they worked better after the film removal than before the film removal. Models based on the spectral indices were more accurate than those based on the spectral reflectances, and the accuracy of the inversely calculated salt content varied with sampling time and treatment. The inversion results based on monthly data differed from those based on by pooling all data. After the film was removed in June, the salt content estimated using the model was most accurate, with its associated R² and RMSE being 0.695 and 0.182 respectively for the spectral reflectance-based method, and 0.663 and 0.191respectively for the spectral indices-based method. The salt content estimated by BPNN was least accurate in May, with its associated R² and RMSE being 0.766 and 0.161 respectively for the spectral reflectance-based method, and 0.769, 0.162 respectively for the spectral indices-based method. Comparison of the three models revealed that ELM was most accurate, followed by SVM and BPNN, although their errors were within the tolerable range. In summary, this paper provides an effective method to inversely calculate soil salinization at large mulched farmland using UAV multispectral remote sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grasping the change rule and the distribution of rural settlements in farming-pastoral zone has significant meaning to rectifying residential areas, optimizing layout, and implementing rural revitalization strategic planning. This paper took Damao Banner of Baotou city in Inner Mongolia, a typical farming-pastoral ecotone in the north of Yinshan Mountain, as the study region, and we used historical data materials such as land cover types, toponymy records, scoio-economic data came from the Statistical Yearbook of Damao Banner in 1996, 2012 and 2016, based on Kernel density analysis and model of Gravity Migration to explore and reveal the spatial distribution characteristics and evolution of rural settlements. Meanwhile, its influencing factors mainly include elevation, slope, aspect, distance to water, distance to road, distance to towns, national culture, population and government policies, etc. We analyzed the intrinsic relationship between the spatial distribution of the rural settlements and the factors by using GIS (geographic information system) spatial analysis software. The results showed that: 1) the distribution characteristic of rural settlements in Damao Banner in 2012 was obvious, reaching a peak of 1.416/km2. From 1996 to 2016, the distribution center of Damao Banner’ rural settlements moved to the southeast and gradually approached Bailingmiao Town. 2) The influence of DEM and slope on the distribution of rural settlements was inverted U-shaped. It increased first and then decreased gradually. The peak value of DEM was 1 400-1 600 m, and the peak value of slope was 3.056°-5.446°. The choice of aspect was gradually inclined to the south aspect, southwest aspect and the proportion increased year by year, but some rural settlements were still distributed on the shady aspect, for example north aspect and northeast aspect, which was affected by geographical environment, national culture, and government policy. The spatial distribution of the rural settlements of Damao Banner did not show obvious near-water characteristic in terms of the distance to water area, but they mostly distributed in 7-10 km away from the water. 3) The road distance showed obvious near-road orientation. In 2016, the number of rural settlements distributed within the range of 0-1 000 m from the road accounted for 98.77%, indicating that the roads and settlements had mutual influence and interaction. Traffic significantly changed the spatial pattern of the rural settlements, and had evident distance attenuation effect. The number of the spatial distribution of rural settlements occupied the largest proportion when it was 20-40 km away from the town in 2012 and 2016. It meant that the radiation effect of central town on rural settlements was limited to a certain extent, and the spatial distribution of rural settlements was far away from central town. In agricultural region and pastoral region of Damao Banner, the number of rural settlements had different characteristics with their population. In 1996 and 2016, the number of Mongolian population in the pastoral region was significantly positively correlated with the number of rural settlements. The Mongolian nomadic culture promoted the distribution of residential areas with a highly dispersed feature of “Giant Stars”. Also government policies had an important impact on the spatial distribution and pattern of rural settlements in Damao Banner. Therefore, the results of this study can provide a reference for rectifying residential areas, optimizing layout, and implementing rural revitalization strategic planning in these ethnic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A molecular level characterization method for investigating composition and structure of medium and low temperature coal tar derived from Inner Mongolia lignite upgrading plant has been developed in this paper. The physical and chemical properties of medium and low temperature coal tar was described from macro level. The medium and low temperature coal tar and its chemical composition under different distillation ranges and subcomponent of different natures was investigated from molecular level. Firstly, the whole fraction of medium-low temperature coal tar was separated into 16 narrow fractions by real boiling distillation, and analyzed on their properties. Secondly, the acidic fraction, the alkaline component and the neutral component were separated by acid-base extraction for the >180 °C heavy fraction, and the neutral component was separated on the extraction chromatographic apparatus to obtain six characteristic subcomponents. The compositions and molecular structures of full-range fractions, narrow fractions and sub-fractions were analyzed by GC/MS. Results show that the water content of all coal tar fraction is 28%, at 20 °C, the density is 1003. 7 kg/m3, the oxygen content is 7.4%, and the fraction content( <180 °C) is 14.24%, and the fraction content( <360 °C) is 63.4%. This indicates that it is a typical medium and low temperature coal tar. The molecular compositions of light fractions( <180 °C) mainly comprise benzene, toluene and xylene, with some small molecular alkanes and olefins. In heavy distillate( >180 °C), acidic compound accounts for 27.6%, basic component 2.46%, neutral component69. 94%. In neutral components, Saturation is 33.60%, aromatic 38.70%, gelatine 25.10%, asphaltene 2.60%. The intermediate and heavy fractions also contain a large number of phenolic compounds, with aromatic hydrocarbons as main molecular structure, and long-chain n-alkanes as well. Medium and low temperature coal tar contains a large number of oxygenated compounds, mainly phenolic compounds, alkyl phenols, which are relatively abundant at 160-280 °C, and also contains a few number of ketones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]