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In the framework of givenness hierarchy, this paper analyzes the asymmetries between the definite article and demonstratives in Spanish and makes a comparison between Spanish and Chinese. The paper concludes that despite some similarities, the asymmetries in Chinese are more moderate because the instruction encoded in Chinese demonstratives is more general. In addition, the asymmetries in the two languages should be understood in different ways. In Spanish, the main factor that causes the asymmetries is that the article does not impose restrictions on the context construction. However, with the demonstratives, the selection of encyclopedic context is impossible. In Chinese, the demonstratives do not impose restrictions on the context choices. However, being an element not fully developed as grammaticalized representation of definiteness (Cao, 2014), the demonstratives remain inadequate in the use of the first mention and associative anaphora. In cases of direct anaphora, due to the lack of economy and the fact that most anaphoric expressions are incomplete descriptions, the percentage of use of demonstratives in Chinese is also low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents how the combination of both the active methodologies and the information and communication technologies (ICT) constitutes effective procedures and tools for teaching and learning business Spanish. The theoretical concepts reviewed are the framework of the activity implemented, which main aim was to verify the proposed assumption. In addition, it was also suggested to test the development of the communicative and digital competences of the students that were involved, as well as the necessary abilities to work cooperatively. The participants were 36 individuals, divided into two groups, who studied Spanish as a foreign language and Business and Finance at an educational centre in the USA. Each group used a different active methodology, the case study method and the project-based learning, and digital tools. The research had both a mixed method design, quantitative and qualitative, and a quasiexperimental one. An assessment rubric and an observation sheet were used in order to analise the results, which validated the hypothesis and the objectives of the study. It is therefore concluded that the interaction, participation and skills stimulated during the didactic performance with the active methodologies and the ICT tools implemented and the motivation derived from this process achieve and improve the significant learning of business Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a first approach to flapping in Spanish. This phenomenon has been traditionally associated with /l/, but recent research has revealed that it is also possible with other coronal consonants, namely /n, d, s/. With this data in mind, we have carried out an acoustic study based on the analysis of a spontaneous speech corpus. Its main goal has been to examine if the flap is a possible allophone for these phonemes and, in case it is, to account for its context of emergence. In addition, it is also interesting to determine whether rhotic sounds can be a widespread realization for coronal segments in weakening contexts. The results show that all of the phonological categories investigated display [ɹ] or [ɹ̝] allophones, especially in unstressed medial intervocalic positions (in spite of some differences between categories), which are contexts generally related to weakening. In any case, it seems that rhotic sounds are common realizations in lenition situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the results of a case study that was carried out in order to evaluate the passive paremiological competence of university learners with advanced mother tongue and foreign language proficiency. In doing so, 10 Spanish paremias and 10 French paremias characterised by differing degrees of frequency of use, idiomaticity and opacity were selected. Along these lines, we designed a questionnaire that was completed by a group of 20 university students with Spanish and French considered as their mother tongue and their foreign language, respectively. In this case, passive paremiological competence is directly related to age (the competence of the youngest is significantly lower than that of the oldest), to the frequency of use of the mother tongue and to the degree of idiomaticity and opacity in the foreign language. Finally, it should be noted that passive paremiological competence in the foreign language is significantly lower than in the mother tongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the methodology for developing a lexicon of Spanish (up to and including level B1) within the framework of the European iRead4Skills project. The basic metalinguistic notions that should be presented to students are introduced so that this resource could be exploited in the most appropriate way possible. The main microstructure fields (in particular, those corresponding to syntactic-semantic features, semantic classes and domains) introduced in the database are presented and discussed. The treatment of phraseology and diasystematics is also specifically examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the combinatorics of the terminological unit of law (TUL) delito in a corpus of Hispanic normative texts on organised crime (CRIMO) around three relevant semantic values in this specialised domain. First, we have extracted the verb-noun constructions (VNCs) (cf. Tabares Plasencia, 2012), including the terminological nucleus delito with object function and distributed them according to the semantic value to which they are associated. Subsequently, their morphosyntactic behaviour has been described, and then the different types of phraseological variation have been delimited. The analysis has led to the following conclusions: (i) both concurrent variation (topolectally motivated heterovariation) and co-occurring variation (self-variation in a broad sense) are found; (ii) concurrent variation is, in general terms, a controlled variation, and (iii) the morphosyntactic behaviour of VNCs is similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with diatopic variation in Spanish wine-related language. We evaluate the degree of penetration of diatopic variation in this specialized language at different levels: international, national, regional, county and local. We also analyze the presence of diatopic variation in the origins and evolution of Spanish wine-related language. Documentary research has allowed us to establish the state of the art and fieldwork and documentary work have yielded results that we have analysed using qualitative methodology. We have collected a large number of specialized voices from different geographical areas of the Spanish-speaking world. Our main conclusion is that diatopic variation is intrinsic to the Spanish wine-related language. We have also been able to verify diachronic and functional variation in this specialized language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phraseology is undergoing a paradigm shift largely due to the application of techniques and concepts from other related disciplines. This paper combines big data analysis with the principles of construction grammar. It includes an automatic extraction protocol for the resultative constructional idioms with de quicio. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data are performed in order to draw conclusions about the adequacy of the corpora selected for analysis, the relationships established between these constructions and more schematic ones, as well their distribution, frequency, and productivity, with a focus on "global" Spanish and its diatopic varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we will try to show five humorous signs used in Spanish linguistic jokes and that could be used in Spanish teaching. These signs are polysemy, homophony, paronymy, phraseology and diminutives. The election of jokes as a structure to use in teaching is based not only in the fact that it is the main humorous structure, but also in its easy to learn structure. As Attardo (2008) said, joke is the easiest humorous text type. Also, "joke is a humorous unit with no context and selfcontained, which has all the required information to be understood and enjoyed" (Martin, 2008: 37). The goal of this paper is to show how previously mentioned signs work in an internet extracted corpus, so we can get generalizations that can be used in Spanish teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the few researchers who have approached Alonso de Herrera's Libro de agricultura, the accuracy and richness of its terminology would be two of its main features. Under this premise, in this paper we focus on the fourth book of this six-volume treatise on agriculture, which is dedicated to the knowledge of everything related to the vegetable gardens. After an appropriate lexicological classification of the selected vocabulary, we examine the effect that these words has haved on the Spanish lexicographic tradition, with particular attention to the Diccionario de autoridades--after being Herrera selected as one of the classics of the Hispanic literature for its preparation--, as well as the Covarrubias' Tesoro (1611)--in this case is due to its noticeable encyclopedism, which connect with the rich and assorted information supplied by Herrera--. After our analysis, we conclude the low impact of the Libro de agricultura in the first academic dictionary. On the other hand, we detect a greater harmony between Covarrubias and Herrera, having found several lexicographical articles from the Tesoro with information of vegetable gardens clearly coinciding with the Libro de agricultura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the historical development of the construction disponerse a + INF is analyzed, as a carrier of an aspectual value of imminence. Specifically, those lexical-grammatical criteria that allow observing the process of grammaticalization and constructionalization of the scheme are explored. In addition, the semantic expansion from the imminent value to the inchoative and causative value is studied. Throughout the paper, contrasts are made with the diachronic trajectory of poner(se), since this form has exerted an analogical influence on disponer(se). From a theoretical perspective, it interacts with the model of grammaticalization and with the constructions grammar applied to the historical study of verbal periphrasis. At the methodological level, the research is based on the elaboration of a database with the integral registry of the examples from CORDE, which allows projecting quantitative as well as qualitative linguistic analyzes. As a result, the grade of grammaticalization and constructionalization of the item is described, the chronology of its imminence, inchoative and causative values are explored, and the proximity of the construction with the paradigm of aspectual verbal periphrasis is reflected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In China the nominal addresses are common elements in the personal interaction. 老 /lao/, 大/da/ and 小/xiao/, indicators of the age of the people, are used to form titles of professions, posts and social status, which have to do with their special signification in the Chinese culture. On the other hand, they are used, with the kinship names and family names, to denote and connote different interpersonal relations, because they are expressions filled with feelings. This paper explores their semantic and pragmatic characteristics with a presentation of the nominal addresses formed with 老/lao/, 大/da/ and 小/xiao/ and their translation into Spanish in La fortaleza asediada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The access to public information is a democratic right that is not just for people who can communicate effectively within their dominant culture but for all citizens, thus it must be available and accessible to all. However, linguistic and cultural difficulties regarding the access and use of public services, as well as communication facilitation at all levels are problems which have not yet been tackled by authorities in Spain. The services currently used to tend to communication-related needs between the non-Spanish speaking population and healthcare professionals are not completely effective in Spanish hospitals, and most medical professionals will explain that, in their consultations with migrants who do not speak Spanish, they ask them to bring along a family member or friend who speaks Spanish. Concerning mental health--an area in which communication is of the utmost importance and treatment very frequently involves therapy and, thus, communication between the health provider and the patient--, language and cultural barriers often create further obstacles for an adequate treatment. This paper will present the results of a narrative inquiry of a sample of mental health clinicians on their perceptions and experiences when working with non-Spanish speaking patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore gender splitting in Spanish regarding the denomination of male and female children in the nineteenth century. In this study we have analyzed historical facts as sexual segregation in the schools, as well as the pragmatic-discoursive necessity that speakers have of referring to sex. Moreover, we examine the way in which the nineteenth-century press could be a very interesting framework concerning the concept of discoursive traditions on that phenomenon. Here we have studied a small corpus of texts where gender splitting occurred. And for that purpose, we have coined a new methodological instrument from cognitive sociolinguistics as "gendered sociolinguistic universe" where this discoursive strategy could be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper is based on the translative research of the original version, written in English, of the novels The Handmaid’s Tale (Margaret Atwood) and Never Let Me go (Kazuo Ishiguro), in addition to the short-story Story of Your Life (Ted Chiang), and of the available target texts published in Spain (El cuento de la criada, trans. by Elsa Mateo Blanco; Nunca me abandones, trans. by Jesús Zulaika, and La historia de tu vida, trans. by Luis G. Prado), for which we will examine the fictional lexico-semantic content composed by the authors to build their universes and its reflection in the Spanish language (peninsular variety), with the aim of developing translation strategies for the neologisms of a fictional universe based mainly on lexicality, as it is the one of Ribofunk, by Paul di Filippo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-revision is an essential part of the translation production process in which one checks and amends one's own translation (Mossop, 2014 [2001]). Since the activities linked to self-revision involve the application of knowledge, skills and aptitudes of translation competence (Kelly, 2002, 2005 y 2008), self-control of the work procedure (Pietrzak, 2019) is basic to manage time and effort (Gile, 2005; Pym, 2010a) required by these activities. Therefore, self-revision is an essential didactic instrument to develop strategic competence and self-efficacy beliefs (Haro-Soler, 2017) in translator training. This paper presents the results of an analytical comparative study focused on the monitoring of the time devoted to the activities of the translation process by 20 students and their teacher. The aim is to demonstrate how the time invested in self-revision is a valuable indicator of the learning progress. According to the results obtained, the students with greater self-control of their work procedures manage the time and effort invested in the different activities of the translation process considering their strengths and weaknesses when translating (Way, 2008), and are more effective both in detecting errors and deficiencies in their translations and in correcting them. In the conclusions, additional possibilities for analysing the data obtained and the limitations of this type of study are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most syllabuses for undergraduate degrees in Translation and Interpreting at Spanish universities include subjects that, to a greater or lesser extent, deal with the translation of legal texts. However, as is the case with other areas of specialisation in the field of translation and interpreting, there are usually no specific subjects aimed at developing thematic competence in these specific fields. As a result, students generally approach the translation of legal texts with an almost complete lack of knowledge of the law. Even if there are previous studies that address some aspects related to legal translation training in general (Monzó Nebot, 2008; Prieto Ramos, 2009; Cao, 2014; Soriano Barabino, 2018, 2020a, 2020b; Way, 2000, 2016) or to the acquisition and development of thematic competence in the area and the linguistic combination addressed at in this paper (Barceló Martínez and Delgado Pugés, 2017a; Soriano Barabino, 2013; Valderrey Reñones, 2003, 2004, 2017), our aim is to suggest a didactic proposal for students of Translation and Interpreting degrees to start acquiring the necessary thematic competence to translate legal texts through activities that are not necessarily "translation-related", as well as through the analysis and comprehension of texts pertaining to a specific legal procedure and within the scope of subjects focused on legal translation (which often do not have a large number of credits). To this end, we will focus on a specific field, that of inheritance law. The proposal may be extrapolated to other fields and language combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present a provisional proposal of a model of teacher competence (TC) for Translation Studies (TS) in Spain. To this end, we analyse and summarise the literature published on TC in Higher Education in Spain, and on TC within TS. We subsequently develop a proposal of a model of translation teacher competence (TTC) based on the main elements found in the existing literature, and we add other relevant facets that remain largely unexplored in existing TC and TTC models. A description of the constituent competencies of this model of TTC is being used in an ongoing study as a diagnostic tool to assess the current state of TTC development among teachers of translation courses in undergraduate Translation and Interpreting programmes in Spain. This will enable to identify potential strengths, weaknesses, and shortcomings in current translation teacher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the pragmatic intensification as an argumentative strategy in the discourse delivered by the King of Spain Felipe VI on October 3rd, 2017, two days after the illegal independence referendum held in Catalonia on October 1st. The analysis of the different intensifying mechanisms, governed by the expressive and appellative functions in illocutionary and perlocutionary speech acts, shows, in the global discursive strategy, the confrontation between the constitutionalist and the independence ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the description and analysis of an anomalous or non-normative plural agreement phenomenon that certain Spanish verbs, named "terciopersonal" o "pseudopersonal" in the literature, present when combined with an infinitive clause whose verb selects a plural NP as its direct object (Te cuestan hacer las tareas más fáciles 'It's hard for you to do the easiest tasks'). After describing the phenomenon, we show that the finite verb does not present all the characteristics that are usually attributed to auxiliaries and we defend that the theory of nexus and junctures proposed in role and reference grammar is a useful analytical tool in order to account for the structures under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is done on the entry lemma gaudeo as it appears in A Latin Dictionary and the Oxford Latin Dictionary, as well as a comparison with other verbal lemmas associated with the semantic field to express feelings (paveo, doleo, timeo, horreo and palleo). They provide enough data to state that, in order to compile this entry, the editors were, somehow, influenced by the historical and compared linguistic theoretical principles and by structuralism. This paper has a qualitative and quantitative methodological perspective, complements other scientific studies whose purpose were to demonstrate the differences and errors made in the composition of lexicographical entries of these dictionaries and provides with theoretical arguments that justify the decisions made by the editors of the lexicons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a proposal on how to select suitable vocabulary items to teach Spanish as a foreign language (SFL) based on the triangulation or complementation of three sources of lexical information: (1) the available lexicon in native Spanish speakers, (2) the most frequent vocabulary in Spanish and (3) the specific notions of the Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes. Previously, an analysis of the lexical needs of a sample of SFL students has been carried out, whose results have been collated with the abovementioned sources of vocabulary. The found shortcomings have been evaluated in order to observe how they are covered by each of these three sources. It has been proven that each source covers different lexical needs (with a similarity of 12.5% in the covered needs and a lexical compatibility of the sources of 24%), so the viability of the triangulation is justified. The resulting proposal offers a lexical compilation in different levels that combines the benefits of several well-established selection criteria and overcomes the limitations arising from using them individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second decade of the 20th century has been characterized by the reconsideration in linguistics on the role of the metaphor and the metonymy in the everyday language and in the specialized languages. Furthermore, the evolution of terminology made possible to leave behind the Wüsterian tradition, which considered these rhetorical figures as an ornamental element, and it has allowed to provide a new perspective of their role in the knowledge transmission. This paper is focused on the study of wine tasting discourse in a multifaceted perspective, considering lexical, morphosyntactic and pragmatic factors. Finally, this study concludes that wine tasting discourse is a language for specific purposes, whose primary role is to transmit objective information in a highly subjective process as wine tasting, which is characterized by terminological gaps. In order to avoid these gaps and to create specialized terms which could be shared by a community of users, wine tasters make use of metaphorization processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze some syllable lengthening phaenomena in oral speech of south-central area of Asturias. In local language converge both vowel harmony and syllable lengthening phaenomena linked to different pragmatic functions, either with stressed and unstressed phonetic units. This phenomena will be analysed attending to different illocutionary types and different pragmatic variables as well as considering their confluence with other kinds of prominence (intensity and pitch) and even incipent cases of grammaticalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at explaining the grammaticalization of igual (and lo mismo) as a reformulative and concessive marker based on a corpus of diachronic texts. The objectives are threefold: to find out the possible relation between the evolution of igual and that of lo mismo in this case, to investigate in what previous contexts the new functions were acquired and in which area they were originated. The corpus study reveals that the evolutions of both forms are related, but the change of formal preference (lo mismo > igual) caused that the grammaticalization of lo mismo as a connective failed and that of igual was successful. The exploration of the previous contexts reflects the link between the reformulative and concessive values. Finally, the process took place in Rio de la Plata area and from there it spread to the inside of Argentina and Chilean Spanish, where it became a popular form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to describe the alternation between the presence and absence of third person singular subject in the Spanish dialect of Montevideo, so that new data can be provided about this morphosyntactic variation. This phenomenon consists in that the grammatical subject can be expressed by means of an explicit or implicit form in a personal clause with conjugated verb. In order to carry out this research, a sample of twelve semidirected interviews, belonging to the sociolinguistic corpus of Montevideo, attached to PRESEEA, was analyzed. The alternation was correlated with linguistic variables—verbal typology, ambiguity, turn of conversation, speech connectivity and distance clause—and social variables—sex, age and degree of instruction—. The results show that the use of explicit pronominal forms of subject of a third singular person is due to discursive reasons linked to textual cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to suggest an analysis model of the multiple voices in literary translation that integrates conceptual tools rooted in the sociology of translation with the linguistic analysis of the linguistic-discursive elements that reinstantiate such voices in the translated text. Section 1 explains the motivations behind this proposal and section 2 describes the main linguistic-discursive and sociological tools selected. Section 3 deals with the methodological details. Section 4 is a case study. It describes the translation process of the novel El maestro de esgrima, by Arturo Pérez-Reverte (1988), into German (Ein Stich ins Herz [Der Fechtmeister]), resorting to the sociological concepts of multiple translatorship, agency, and voice; to that end, the contextual voices in the German translation are reconstructed by looking at three interviews held with the executive translators and with the editor of the series where the German translation appeared. Then, the reinstantiations of such voices in the German translation are analysed, as well as the effects that such reinstantiations have on the individuation of the textual voices and of the implicit reader. This study claims that supplementing the sociological approach with a linguistic-discursive analysis of the translation product opens up new avenues to explore concepts of the sociology of translation in a systematic way, and permits us to understand the phenomenon of equivalence in translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a discursive-pragmatic approach to linguistic variation, the goal of this paper is to analyse the lexical variation maestro-profesor in a sample of official documents of primary state schools and privately-owned but state-funded ones in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha (Spain). The analysis reveals that the lexical alternative profesor, significantly more common in the corpus than maestro, can be considered a case of uplifting euphemism intended to upgrade and magnify the professional status and social appreciation of teachers in infant and primary education. In this way, profesor plays an important role as a face-saving device which is part of a more general strategy of positive self-presentation for schoolteachers that may introduce some degree of ambiguity in the message conveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the need to foster critical thinking skills through a gender perspective in the Translation and Interpretation curricula in Spain. Taking as an example the degree in Translation and Interlinguistic Mediation at the University of Valencia, the need to address translation education taking into account the gender bias present in texts, discourses and professional assignments of future translation graduates is examined. Through the VOICED innovation project, a classroom experience is presented focusing on the development of gender awareness in the translation classroom. The project addresses translators’ self-concept and enhances their ability to make conscious decisions about the linguistic and discursive strategies that may, or may not, perpetuate power asymmetries in society. The results of the project and the students’ perceptions are also presented, which show both the poor education they have received so far in the field of gender and their willingness to incorporate a gender perspective into translation education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the very beginning, machine translation (MT) represents a significant advance in our society despite of the difficulties encountered in its way. Nowadays, different MT systems are used in private and public sectors in response to the increasing translation demand. This paper presents the quantitative and qualitative results obtained from the evaluation of two different MT systems—rule-based and neural-based MT systems—within the field of legal and administrative translation in public service interpreting and translation (PSIT). For this purpose, COSTA MT Evaluation Tool will be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, translation and interpretation education faces an uncertain future, reinforcing the idea of a discipline immersed in an interconnected world and aware of international context issues. On this basis, the article explores translation training and international context relation. In addition, it suggests mechanisms to adapt the educational approach to a post-pandemic scenario in which future professionals will develop their professional paths. From a methodological point of view, the article analyzes the relevance of thematic knowledge regarding international relations within translation competence training and the practical experience of Chilean institutions up to the outbreak of the pandemic. Subsequently, the article supports curricular redesign regarding this area, considering new national and international scenarios in which the post-pandemic translation practice will be developed. Finally, it presents a pedagogical proposal that considers the integration of international thematic contents related to theory, concepts, and international scenarios, and also the use of technology given current possibilities. This curricular proposal introduces pandemic context in translation and interpretation-related research in Chile. The paper concludes by calling attention to promoting initiatives in this area through virtualized education processes, reinforcing this aspect of translation competence for a changing global scenario, based on the collaborative work among national and international programs for translation and interpreting education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translator education in monolingual contexts presupposes that students should develop their translation and linguistic competence concurrently, which presents a series of pedagogical challenges. This evaluative descriptive study examines the use of data-driven learning in a task-based approach (DDL-TB) for teaching grammar in a Chilean translation programme. Such an approach implies the exploration of a corpus to find different patterns or linguistic phenomena. The paper presents the design and graduation of tasks and, later, examines the translation students' and lecturer's perspectives about the suitability of this approach for English grammar teaching. The students' comments suggest that the approach allowed them to 1) reflect on the way they learn languages and 2) develop an active role in their formative process. The lecturer highlights that the approach aligns with the learning objectives of the course unit, allowing the course to be effectively 'descriptive'. It is concluded that the narratives examined in this study indicate that an ABD-ET approach would be suitable for English grammar teaching in translation education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The translation of accounting documents has traditionally been one of the areas of specialization that poses the greatest difficulties for students of economic translation. This is due to their lack of subject competence but also to the differences between the accounting system of the culture of origin and that of the target culture or cultures. Although the adoption in an increasing number of countries of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) as the reference accounting framework has partially reduced these differences, the harmonization is far from complete and has brought new difficulties for translators. Thus, an unexperienced translator still has to manage a series of complex factors that hinder the decision-making process. These include the alternation of accounting rules within a single system, the absence of a single target culture for the translation, the lack of consistency in the use of accounting terminology or the coexistence of several translations of the IFRSs. This paper reviews the main implications of the adoption of IFRSs in the translation of accounting documents, with a special focus on the translation of the standards themselves and of financial statements. Next, it presents the results of an analysis of learning strategies and documentary resources that can help economic translation students in their work. The analysis is organized from a practical perspective, based on the analysis of translation assignments of real annual accounts excerpts. In particular, it assesses the usefulness of different resources in helping the students to make an appropriate translation while reinforcing their subject competence in order to improve their decision-making ability. Based on the results, the paper draws some conclusions on the presence of covert translation as a recurrent phenomenon in the preparation of financial statements and on the advantages of back-translation as a tool for the training of translators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present a way of approaching the study of discourses from the interpretative paradigm, based on the ACD in its Latin American side as a theoretical framework and applying a predominantly qualitative and inductive methodology. This is the Method of Converging Linguistic Approaches for CDA. This method deepens the analysis of texts (written or oral) as sociodiscursive units and their purpose is to reflect on social phenomena and problems from data obtained in linguistic-discursive analysis. In this case, from the analysis of digital comments derived from a piece of news referring to the housing problem of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, it is illustrated how the method enables to study, first, the discursive categorization and, second, the focused categories including the most predominant ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new concept, discursive interpersonality, as a flexibilized model of interpersonal metadiscourse (IM). Departing from the proven validity of IM (Hyland, 2005a, 2005b) as a framework to analyse interpersonal relations between writers/speakers and readers/listeners, our argumentation is grounded on our research results, stemming from the study of different academic and professional genres. Since interpersonal metadiscourse is conditioned by contextual variables, such as genre, discipline, language and corpus, as an array of authors suggest (Dahl, 2004; Sala, 2006; Yakhontova, 2006; Giannoni, 2007; Mapelli, 2008; Crismore & Abdollazadeh, 2010; Gotti, 2010; Lorés-Sanz, 2011a; Ivorra Pérez, 2015, 2016; Suau-Jiménez, 2016; Mattiello, 2018; Turiman et al., 2018; Herrando-Rodrigo, 2019), IM would need to be redefined or readapted, including new markers, new lexico-grammatical realizations. As a result and very importantly, propositionality should be considered a theoretical central feature that contributes to interpersonal interactions but that traditional approaches of IM do not accept as such. So, a new, more encompassing concept needs to be coined that accounts for all these essential aspects. Assuming how interpersonal metadiscourse has been defined conventionally (Mauranen, 1993a, 1993b; Hyland, 2005a, 2017), we propose two integrative concepts: discursive turn (Jaworski & Pritchard, 2005), not in its philosophical sense but in one that sees discourse as an identity axis or departure point for analysis, and interpersonality (Lorés-Sanz et al., 2010), considered as an umbrella term broader than IM. Discursive interpersonality might thus open more satisfactory paths for further research in a variety of genres, domains and languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defends the need to establish diachronic markings in the different lexicographic repertoires that overcome excessively simplifying approaches. Similarly, it advocates a more precise treatment of lexical obsolescence, which rigorously considers the age variable and establishes boundaries between the active and passive vocabulary, because the absence of a mark would imply, in principle, validity of the cataloged lemma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article is about a genre almost ignored by the researchers as the training book review. The purpose of the study is to analyse its rhetorical-linguistic structure using genre analysis in the spirit of Swalesian tradition. In this frame, this paper presents an empirical qualitative research, in which 96 Spanish training book reviews, produced by the population of students from the complete degree of Modern Languages, are analysed. In this corpus produced for the study, higher level communicative purposes (rhetorical moves) and lower level communicative purposes (steps and substeps) from these training book reviews are identified and analysed. This model is a useful tool to assess the progression of students in selecting and organising information and in the development of the description and the argumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on some representations that Valencian students of Education have as regards plurilingualism, language transmission and the construction of identity in linguistic autobiographies.2 These students are learning to face the challenge of a plurilingual education. With this in mind, the object of study here has been these learners' perceptions of the relationship between identity and education, the process of language acquisition, and different aspects of Valencian sociolinguistic reality. This reality is based on a bilingual educational system (Valencian-Castilian Spanish), which is official since 1983. More specifically, this paper centres on two extended concepts students commonly used to express their linguistic identity as regards their first language and their second language. On the one hand, the use of the expressions "castellanoparlante" (Castilian Spanish native speaker) and "valencianoparlante" (Valencian native speaker) is explored. Such usage entails the existence of two unchangeable ethnolinguistic groups. On the other hand, the different uses of the term "lengua materna" (mother tongue) are also examined, i.e.: mother tongue as origin (the language or languages that have been learned first), mother tongue as internal identification (the language or languages one identifies with) or external identification (language or languages one is identified with), and mother tongue as competence (the language or languages that one masters) or function (the language or languages that one uses the most). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the research project the PACTE group is carrying out on "Establishing Competence Levels in the Acquisition of Translation Competence in Written Translation". The project aims to propose level descriptors as a first step towards developing a common European framework of reference for translation's academic and professional arenas. The project is a continuation of PACTE's previous experimental research on translation competence and its acquisition. Representatives of both academic and professional arenas participate in the project. It is organized into three stages, the first of which involved the production of a first level descriptor proposal, including a three-level scale with sub-levels and five descriptive categories (language competence; cultural, world knowledge, and thematic competence; instrumental competence; translation service provision competence; and translation problem solving competence). This proposal produced is to be evaluated by experts from the academic and professional arenas. This paper sets out the project, as well as the first level descriptor proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the role of the different agents in the process of translation of monographs. Specifically, this study focuses in publishers, translators and protranslators. The literary circulation from Japan to Spain is analyzed through paratexts and quantitative data obtained from a wide corpus that includes publications from 1904 to 2014. The results show a correlation between direct translation and the specialization of translators and publishers, and also the role of protranslators in literary circulation between cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to present a test to evaluate the pragmatic competence of Chinese students of Spanish as a foreign language. This article describes the process of creation of the test and presents the whole test for its use by Spanish language teachers. For the creation of this test, two empirical studies were carried out: a preliminary study and a main study. The preliminary study is an ethnographic study that starts from the exemplary generation method, whose final objective is to know the perception of the difficulty that Chinese students have. These students are studying in Spanish universities and are facing different communicative situations in their everyday life. Thus, this preliminary study serves as a starting point for the design of the main study, the elaboration of the test. For the design of the pragmatic comprehension test, a correlation or psychometric methodology is used, through which variables are described and their relationships are analysed from a representative sample of subjects. This paper shows a final product: a standardized test that meets the requirements of utility (authenticity, interactivity, impact, practicability and assessment, and scoring) proposed by Bachman and Palmer (1996) for language tests and psychometric reliability statistical requirements and validity. This pragmatic test is published in its entirety and exclusively in this journal so that it can be used by Spanish teachers and researchers with the aim of improving teaching and research in the acquisition of the pragmatics of Spanish as a foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a linguistic analysis of Na'vi, language created by Frommer with aesthetic purposes to complement the fantastic universe recreated in Avatar. This study aims to show how the author designs the main phonetic, grammatical and lexical features of this system in order to associate it with the Na'vi culture and thus achieve the desired effect: a beautiful and strange sound in turn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The largest part of Lima's Nikkei community is composed of Okinawan descendants. Therefore, the arts, gastronomy, and rites of Okinawa are cultural characteristics that are part of the lives of the members of this community. Although the native language of Okinawa (Uchinaguchi) is in danger of extinction, this paper exhibits that the practice of these cultural characteristics, at home and in community events and workshops, generates the transmission and reception of Uchinaguchi words ("uchinaguisms") in Lima's Nikkei community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the phonic component in three texts of Francisco Javier Vingut: Spanish grammar, Vingut's Ollendorff's New Method and Le maître d'espagnol (New York, 1848, 1850, 1853 and 1854), since they are an interesting contribution to the historiography of the Spanish pronunciation, because it approaches, in a country and at a stage still little known, to articulatory descriptions, to comparative methodologies and to a system of notation or representation of the pronunciation from different signs of transcription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the aspectual meaning that the future perfect receives when it is combined with stative predicates from the point of view of the lexical aspect or mode of action. As we show, the variety expressed in these cases is the so-called experiential perfect, according to which the experience of the subject is expressed at the enunciation moment or at a certain point of reference as a result of an event that has taken place at least on one occasion. With this objective, we will study the two interpretations that this verbal form receives: of anteriority with respect to an event subsequent to the moment of the enunciation (with relative character) and of epistemic modality (with absolute character). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the presence of sex and sexuality in the rhetorical and literary criticism treatises of Greek literature in the Imperial Age: several rhetorical treatises by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, On the Sublime by Pseudo-Longinus and On Style by Pseudo-Demetrius. The sexual theme appears poorly in the different literary examples that these authors provide throughout their works. This is a taboo theme because it is not worthy of imitation or appropriate for a high or sublime style. The three authors approach it in different ways (Pseudo-Demetrio is the one that less practices self-censorship). Mentions of this subject (and their absences) are significant, as well as the use of euphemisms, metaphors and words with double meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necrotourism is a little-studied area from tourismology, linguistics, terminology and translatology. In fact, tourists' lack of knowledge about this type of tourism is reflected in a limited number of researches, often very locally conducted. It has also led to a lack of data or surveys at national or regional level. This paper aims to complement the studies already undertaken in tourismology, carrying out a discursive analysis of the necrotourist texts in French and Spanish. Therefore, a textual corpus in both languages, composed of tourist guides, brochures and websites will be compiled. In this way, we will study the lexical-semantic, morphosyntactic and pragmatic-cultural characteristics of these texts, in order to facilitate their translation. This preliminary research concludes that there is not a necrotourist discourse as such, but a particular tourist discourse, characterized by a great interdisciplinarity and by the numerous semantic fields that nourish its lexicon, such as architecture and history of art. It has been also observed that this discourse is very influenced by culture, since each society has a particular relationship with death and places of burial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I review the connections between travel literature, translation and the language related to tourism in an early nineteenth-century travellers' book. I regard this text as a hybrid genre between literature and history, which is an excellent source for studies on the history of tourism. From the perspective of translation studies, this type of documents provides clues for the study of tourism as an ingredient of social life in modern societies, because they are placed at the meeting point between history, translation and tourism. Travel books offer a broad range of direct experiences, which are contemporary to the described facts, and whose three essential features are that they are real and descriptive narratives, in which subjectivity is more important than objectivity. Every trip can be regarded from a double historical approach: (1) the interpretation of the surprising observations and travelling experiences, that is, the places, the buildings, the people or the institutions which existed in the visited spaces; (2) the ability to understand the peculiarities of the historical moment, whose idiosyncratic features leave its imprint in the time of writing. The work employed to review these ideas is the Voyage pittoresque et historique de l'Espagne (1806) by Alexandre Laborde (1773-1842), whose Spanish version (Viaje pintoresco e histórico de España, Madrid, 1807) seems to be the final result of the translation of the first volume published in Paris by Pierre Didot in 1806. The four volumes contain a compendium of political and civil history as well as descriptions of archaeological sites, some of them represented in the more than 900 images engraved thanks to the collaboration of great artists. The first volume on Catalonia had a first limited edition in Spanish by the Spanish Royal Press. It was dedicated to Spanish minister Manuel Godoy, who patronized the project. The translation was carried out by Juan Fernández de Rojas, an Augustinian monk who was part of the so-called Salamanca poetic which was active during the end of the 18th century. Comparing the Spanish and French works, the paper points out the rich synergies between tourism, history and translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Museum texts play a critical role in the discourse that accompanies any given artifact, exhibition or museum. In the case of museum text translation, some relevant contributions have appeared in recent years; however, some scholars suggest that this is a field of study that still needs to be further developed. This paper focuses on several aspects of museum text translation based on a descriptive analysis of records found on websites from 26 museums in New York City. By analyzing the corpus, which has been essentially compiled in two periods (2016 and 2020), we notice a word increase of 40% within this four-year period. As for the types of texts that are more frequent in the corpus, educational resources are at the top of the list, followed by press releases and texts informing about parallel activities. There is also a tendency for translating texts related to temporary exhibitions, as compared to texts on the museums' collections, which are scarce in the corpus. Lastly, in the light of the generalized museum closure in mid-March 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak, it is noticed that just a few of the museums' websites inform visitors of the closure by using the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the said promotional touristic texts as units of meaning that operate within the tourism discourse. Based on the concept of mythological signifier proposed by Febas (1978) in the framework of the touristic communication theory, and considering the principles of the translotological functionalism, three components can be distinguished in this type of texts concerning their "promotional" and "touristic" denominations: the spatial component, the temporal component and the prospective component. The theoretical and argumentative development of these components are accompanied by examples from a trilingual textual corpus (Spanish, French, English) extracted from the promotional material of the Instituto de Turismo de España - TURESPAÑA (the Spanish Tourism Institute). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]