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This paper proposes a deep learning-based intelligent detection device for insulation pull rod defects, addressing the issues of low detection accuracy, poor timeliness of intelligent analysis, and the difficulty in preserving detection results. Firstly, by constructing the pull rod defects dataset and training the YOLOv5s network, along with commonly used object detection algorithms in industrial defect detection, the feasibility of deep learning networks for insulation pull rod defects detection is explored. Secondly, the trained model is combined to build an intelligent detection device for pull rod defects, integrating insulation pull rod image acquisition and defect detection into a unified system. The research results demonstrate that the YOLOv5s network can quickly and accurately detect pull rod defects. On the test set constructed in this paper, the detection performance metric mAP@0.5:0.95 of the trained model reached 54.7%. Specifically, the mAP@0.5 score was 86.9% at a threshold of 0.5. The detection speed FPS reached 169.5, significantly improving the detection efficiency and accuracy compared to traditional object detection algorithms. By establishing an organic connection between the image hardware acquisition device and the deep learning network, the existing problems of inefficient detection and difficult storage of detection results in pull rod defects detection methods are effectively addressed. This research provides new insights for detecting insulation pull rod defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of mobile robots in substations improves maintenance efficiency and ensures the personal safety of staff working at substations, which is a trend in the development of technologies. Strong electric and solid magnetic fields around high-voltage equipment in substations may lead to the breakdown and failure of inspection devices. Therefore, safe operation range measurement and coordinated planning are key factors in ensuring the safe operation of substations. This paper first summarizes the current developments that are occurring in the field of fixed and mobile safe operating range sensing methods for substations, such as ultra-wideband technology, the two-way time flight method, and deep learning image processing algorithms. Secondly, this paper introduces path-planning algorithms based on safety range sensing and analyzes the adaptability of global search methods based on a priori information, local planning algorithms, and sensor information in substation scenarios. Finally, in view of the limitations of the existing range awareness and path-planning methods, we investigate the problems that occur in the dynamic changes in equipment safety zones and the frequent switching of operation scenarios in substations. Furthermore, we explore a new type of barrier and its automatic arrangement system to improve the performance of distance control and path planning in substation scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and reliable PV power probabilistic-forecasting results can help grid operators and market participants better understand and cope with PV energy volatility and uncertainty and improve the efficiency of energy dispatch and operation, which plays an important role in application scenarios such as power market trading, risk management, and grid scheduling. In this paper, an innovative deep learning quantile regression ultra-short-term PV power-forecasting method is proposed. This method employs a two-branch deep learning architecture to forecast the conditional quantile of PV power; one branch is a QR-based stacked conventional convolutional neural network (QR_CNN), and the other is a QR-based temporal convolutional network (QR_TCN). The stacked CNN is used to focus on learning short-term local dependencies in PV power sequences, and the TCN is used to learn long-term temporal constraints between multi-feature data. These two branches extract different features from input data with different prior knowledge. By jointly training the two branches, the model is able to learn the probability distribution of PV power and obtain discrete conditional quantile forecasts of PV power in the ultra-short term. Then, based on these conditional quantile forecasts, a kernel density estimation method is used to estimate the PV power probability density function. The proposed method innovatively employs two ways of a priori knowledge injection: constructing a differential sequence of historical power as an input feature to provide more information about the ultrashort-term dynamics of the PV power and, at the same time, dividing it, together with all the other features, into two sets of inputs that contain different a priori features according to the demand of the forecasting task; and the dual-branching model architecture is designed to deeply match the data of the two sets of input features to the corresponding branching model computational mechanisms. The two a priori knowledge injection methods provide more effective features for the model and improve the forecasting performance and understandability of the model. The performance of the proposed model in point forecasting, interval forecasting, and probabilistic forecasting is comprehensively evaluated through the case of a real PV plant. The experimental results show that the proposed model performs well on the task of ultra-short-term PV power probabilistic forecasting and outperforms other state-of-the-art deep learning models in the field combined with QR. The proposed method in this paper can provide technical support for application scenarios such as energy scheduling, market trading, and risk management on the ultra-short-term time scale of the power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the effect evaluation and production prediction of staged fracturing for horizontal wells in tight reservoirs are studied. Firstly, the basic characteristics and value of horizontal wells in tight reservoirs are introduced, their geological characteristics, flow mechanism and permeability model are analyzed and the application of grey theory in effect analysis is discussed. Considering the problems of staged fracturing effect evaluation and the production prediction of horizontal wells in tight reservoirs, a BP neural network model based on deep learning is proposed. Due to the interference of multiple physical parameters and the complex functional relationship in the development of tight reservoir fracturing, the traditional prediction method has low accuracy and it is difficult to establish an accurate mapping relationship. In this paper, a BP neural network is used to simulate multivariable nonlinear mapping by modifying the model, and its advantages in solving the coupling relationship of complex functions are brought into play. A neural network model with fracturing parameters as input and oil and gas production as output is designed. Through the training and testing of data sets, the accuracy and applicability of the proposed model for effect evaluation and yield prediction are verified. The research results show that the model can fit the complex mapping relationship between fracturing information and production and provide an effective evaluation and prediction tool for the development of the staged fracturing of horizontal wells in tight reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately assessing the state of health (SOH) of lithium batteries is of great significance for improving battery safety performance. However, the current assessment for SOH suffers from the difficulty of selecting health features and the lack of uncertainty using data-driven methods. To this end, this paper proposes a health state assessment method for lithium-ion batteries based on health feature extraction and an improved Informer model. First, multiple features that can reflect the SOH of lithium-ion batteries were extracted from the charging and discharging time, the peak value of incremental capacity curve (ICC), and the inflection point value of differential voltage curve, etc., and the correlation between multiple health features and the health state was evaluated by gray correlation analysis. Then, an improved Informer model is proposed to establish a health state estimation method for lithium-ion batteries. Finally, the proposed algorithm is tested and validated using publicly available battery charge/discharge datasets and compared with other algorithms. The results show that the method in this paper can realize high-precision SOH prediction with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.011, and the model fit reaches more than 98%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic hot water (DHW) consumption represents a significant portion of household energy usage, prompting the exploration of smart heat pump technology to efficiently meet DHW demands while minimizing energy waste. This paper proposes an innovative investigation of models using deep learning and continual learning algorithms to personalize DHW predictions of household occupants' behavior. Such models, alongside a control system that decides when to heat, enable the development of a heat-pumped-based smart DHW production system, which can heat water only when needed and avoid energy loss due to the storage of hot water. Deep learning models, and attention-based models particularly, can be used to predict time series efficiently. However, they suffer from catastrophic forgetting, meaning that when they dynamically learn new patterns, older ones tend to be quickly forgotten. In this work, the continuous learning of DHW consumption prediction has been addressed by benchmarking proven continual learning methods on both real dwelling and synthetic DHW consumption data. Task-per-task analysis reveals, among the data from real dwellings that do not present explicit distribution changes, a gain compared to the non-evolutive model. Our experiment with synthetic data confirms that continual learning methods improve prediction performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate load forecasting is essential for the efficient and reliable operation of power systems. Traditional models primarily utilize unidirectional data reading, capturing dependencies from past to future. This paper proposes a novel approach that enhances load forecasting accuracy by fine tuning an attention-based model with a bidirectional reading of time-series data. By incorporating both forward and backward temporal dependencies, the model gains a more comprehensive understanding of consumption patterns, leading to improved performance. We present a mathematical framework supporting this approach, demonstrating its potential to reduce forecasting errors and improve robustness. Experimental results on real-world load datasets indicate that our bidirectional model outperforms state-of-the-art conventional unidirectional models, providing a more reliable tool for short and medium-term load forecasting. This research highlights the importance of bidirectional context in time-series forecasting and its practical implications for grid stability, economic efficiency, and resource planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problem of accurate AC series arc fault detection, this paper proposes a low voltage AC series arc fault intelligent detection model based on deep learning. According to the GB/T 31143—2014 standard, an experimental platform was established. This system comprises a lower computer (slave computer) and an upper computer (master computer). It facilitates the acquisition of experimental data and the detection of arc faults during the data acquisition process. Based on a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Residual model (Res) and RIME optimization algorithm (RIME) are introduced to optimize the CNN. The current signals collected using high-frequency current, low-frequency coupled current, and high-frequency coupled current are used to construct an arc fault feature set for training of the necessary detection model. The experimental results indicate that the RIME optimization algorithm delivers the best performance when optimizing a one-dimensional CNN detection model with an introduced Res. This model achieves a detection accuracy of 99.42% ± 0.13% and a kappa coefficient of 95.69% ± 0.96%. For collection methods, high-frequency coupled current signals are identified as the optimal choice for detecting low-voltage AC series arc faults. Regarding feature selection, random forest-based feature importance ranking proves to be the most effective method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-term load forecasting is a challenging research problem and has a tremendous impact on electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. A robust forecasting algorithm can help power system operators to better tackle the ever-changing electric power demand. This paper presents a novel deep neural network for short-term electric load forecasting for the St. John's campus of Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN). The electric load data are obtained from the Memorial University of Newfoundland and combined with metrological data from St. John's. This dataset is used to formulate a multivariate time-series forecasting problem. A novel deep learning algorithm is presented, consisting of a 1D Convolutional Neural Network, which is followed by an encoder–decoder-based network with attention. The input used for this model is the electric load consumption and metrological data, while the output is the hourly prediction of the next day. The model is compared with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM)-based Recurrent Neural Network. A CNN-based encoder–decoder model without attention is also tested. The proposed model shows a lower mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and higher R2 score. These evaluation metrics show an improved performance compared to GRU and LSTM-based RNNs as well as the CNN encoder–decoder model without attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the power system, power users begin to use their own power supply in order to improve the power economy, but this also leads to the occurrence of the risk of self-provided power supply. The actual distribution network has few samples of power supply risk and it is difficult to identify the power supply risk by using conventional deep learning methods. In order to achieve high accuracy of self-provided power supply risk identification with small samples, this paper proposes a combination of transfer learning, convolutional block attention module (CBAM), and convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify the risk of self-provided power supply in an active distribution network. Firstly, in order to be able to further identify whether or not a risk will be caused based on completing the identification of the faulty line, we propose that it is necessary to identify whether or not the captive power supply on the faulty line is in operation. Second, in order to achieve high-precision identification and high-efficiency feature extraction, we propose to embed the CBAM into a CNN to form a CBAM-CNN model, so as to achieve high-efficiency feature extraction and high-precision risk identification. Finally, the use of transfer learning is proposed to solve the problem of low risk identification accuracy due to the small number of actual fault samples. Simulation experiments show that compared with other methods, the proposed method has the highest recognition accuracy and the best effect, and the risk recognition accuracy of active distribution network backup power is high in the case of fewer samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the scope of energy management systems (EMSs) for microgrids, the forecasting module stands out as an essential element, significantly influencing the efficacy of optimal solution policies. Forecasts for consumption, generation, and market prices play a crucial role in both day-ahead and real-time decision-making processes within EMSs. This paper aims to develop a machine learning-based multivariate forecasting methodology to account for the intricate interplay pertaining to these variables from the perspective of day-ahead energy management. Specifically, our approach delves into the dynamic relationship between load demand variations and electricity price fluctuations within the microgrid EMSs. The investigation involves a comparative analysis and evaluation of recurrent neural networks' performance to recognize the most effective technique for the forecasting module of microgrid EMSs. This study includes approaches based on Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks (LSTMs), with architectures ranging from Vanilla LSTM, Stacked LSTM, Bi-directional LSTM, and Convolution LSTM to attention-based models. The empirical study involves analyzing real-world time-series data sourced from the Australian Energy Market (AEM), specifically focusing on historical data from the NSW state. The findings indicate that while the Triple-Stacked LSTM demonstrates superior performance for this application, it does not necessarily lead to more optimal operational costs, with forecast inaccuracies potentially causing deviations of up to forty percent from the optimal cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era of energy conservation and emission reduction, the development of electric and other new energy vehicles is booming. With their various attributes, lithium batteries have become the ideal power source for new energy vehicles. However, lithium-ion batteries are highly sensitive to temperature changes. Excessive temperatures, either high or low, can lead to abnormal operation of the batteries, posing a threat to the safety of the entire vehicle. Therefore, developing a reliable and efficient Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) that can monitor battery status and prevent thermal runaway is becoming increasingly important. In recent years, deep learning has gradually become widely applied in various fields as an efficient method, and it has also been applied to some extent in the development of BTMS. In this work, we discuss the basic principles of deep learning and related optimization principles and elaborate on the algorithmic principles, frameworks, and applications of various advanced deep learning methods in BTMS. We also discuss several emerging deep learning algorithms proposed in recent years, their principles, and their feasibility in BTMS applications. Finally, we discuss the obstacles faced by various deep learning algorithms in the development of BTMS and potential directions for development, proposing some ideas for progress. This paper aims to analyze the advanced deep learning technologies commonly used in BTMS and some emerging deep learning technologies and provide new insights into the current combination of deep learning technology in new energy trams to assist the development of BTMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning models have demonstrated potential in Condition-Based Monitoring (CBM) for rotating machinery, such as induction motors (IMs). However, their performance is significantly influenced by the size of the training dataset and the way signals are presented to the model. When trained on segmented signals over a fixed period, the model's accuracy can decline when tested on signals that differ from the training interval or are randomly sampled. Conversely, models utilizing data augmentation techniques exhibit better generalization to unseen conditions. This paper highlights the bias introduced by traditional training methods towards specific periodic waveform sampling and proposes a new method to augment phase current signals during training using a shifting window technique. This approach is considered as a practical approach for motor current augmentation and is shown to enhance classification accuracy and improved generalization when compared to existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic field is one of the basic data for constructing a transformer digital twin. The finite element transient simulation takes a long time and cannot meet the real-time requirements of a digital twin. According to the nonlinear characteristics of the core and the timing characteristics of the magnetic field, this paper proposes a fast calculation method of the spatial magnetic field of the transformer, considering the nonlinear characteristics of the core. Firstly, based on the geometric and electrical parameters of the single-phase double-winding test transformer, the corresponding finite element simulation model is built. Secondly, the key parameters of the finite element model are parametrically scanned to obtain the nonlinear working condition data set of the test transformer. Finally, a deep learning network integrating a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a long short-term memory network (LSTM) is built to train the mapping relationship between winding voltage, current, and the spatial magnetic field so as to realize the rapid calculation of the transformer magnetic field. The results show that the calculation time of the deep learning model is greatly shortened compared with the finite element model, and the model calculation results are consistent with the experimental measurement results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), AI has been widely applied in anomaly analysis detection and fault location in power grid data and has made significant research progress. Through looking back on traditional methods and deep learning methods in anomaly analysis detection and fault location of power grid data, we aim to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the existing knowledge and research advancements in this field. Firstly, we introduce the importance of anomaly analysis detection and fault location in power grid data for the safety and stability of power system operations and review traditional methods for anomaly analysis detection and fault location in power grid data, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages. Next, the paper briefly introduces the concepts of commonly used deep learning models in this field and explores, in depth, the application of deep learning methods in anomaly analysis detection and fault location of power grid data, summarizes the current research progress, and highlights the advantages of deep learning over traditional methods. Finally, we summarize the current issues and challenges faced by deep learning in this field and provide an outlook on future research direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a large proportion of wind farms connected to the power grid, it brings more pressure on the stable operation of power systems in shorter time scales. Efficient and accurate scheduling, operation control and decision making require high time resolution power forecasting algorithms with higher accuracy and real-time performance. In this paper, we innovatively propose a high temporal resolution wind power forecasting method based on a light convolutional architecture—DC_LCNN. The method starts from the source data and novelly designs the dual-channel data input mode to provide different combinations of feature data for the model, thus improving the upper limit of the learning ability of the whole model. The dual-channel convolutional neural network (CNN) structure extracts different spatial and temporal constraints of the input features. The light global maximum pooling method replaces the flat operation combined with the fully connected (FC) forecasting method in the traditional CNN, extracts the most significant features of the global method, and directly performs data downscaling at the same time, which significantly improves the forecasting accuracy and efficiency of the model. In this paper, the experiments are carried out on the 1 s resolution data of the actual wind field, and the single-step forecasting task with 1 s ahead of time and the multi-step forecasting task with 1~10 s ahead of time are executed, respectively. Comparing the experimental results with the classical deep learning models in the current field, the proposed model shows absolute accuracy advantages on both forecasting tasks. This also shows that the light architecture design based on simple deep learning models is also a good solution in performing high time resolution wind power forecasting tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the premise of ensuring the safe and stable operation of a wind–thermal–storage power system, this paper proposes an optimization model aimed at improving its overall economic efficiency and effectively reducing the peak-to-valley load difference. The model transforms the multi-objective optimization problem to solve a feasible interval of weight coefficients. We introduce a novel fusion model, where a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is melded with a Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM) to form the target network structure. Additionally, for datasets with limited samples, we incorporate a Self-Attention Mechanism (SAM) into the Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML). Ultimately, we build an MAML-SAM-CNN-LSTM network model to solve the interval of weight coefficients. An arithmetic validation of a modified IEEE 30-node system demonstrates that the MAML-SAM-CNN-LSTM network proposed in this paper can adeptly solve the feasible intervals of weight coefficients in the optimization model of the wind-thermal storage system. This is achieved under the constraints of the specified wind-thermal storage power system operation indexes. The evaluation indexes of the network model, including its accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, all exceed 98.72%, 98.57%, 98.30%, and 98.57%, respectively. This denotes a superior performance compared to the other three network models, offering an effective reference for optimizing decision-making and facilitating the enhanced realization of multi-objective, on-demand scheduling in the wind-thermal storage power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an innovative approach to Wind Turbine Blade (WTB) inspection through the synergistic use of thermal and RGB imaging, coupled with advanced deep learning techniques. We curated a unique dataset of 1000 thermal images of healthy and faulty blades using a FLIR C5 Compact Thermal Camera, which is equipped with Multi-Spectral Dynamic Imaging technology for enhanced imaging. This paper focuses on evaluating 35 deep learning classifiers, with a standout ensemble model combining Vision Transformer (ViT) and DenseNet161, achieving a remarkable 100% accuracy on the dataset. This model demonstrates the exceptional potential of deep learning in thermal diagnostic applications, particularly in predictive maintenance within the renewable energy sector. Our findings underscore the synergistic combination of ViT's global feature analysis and DenseNet161's dense connectivity, highlighting the importance of controlled environments and sophisticated preprocessing for accurate thermal image capture. This research contributes significantly to the field by providing a comprehensive dataset and demonstrating the efficacy of several deep learning models in ensuring the operational efficiency and reliability of wind turbines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global transportation system's need for electrification is driving research efforts to overcome the drawbacks of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The accurate and reliable estimation of the states of charge (SOC) and health (SOH) of Li-Ion batteries (LIBs) is crucial for the widespread adoption of BEVs. Transformers, cutting-edge deep learning (DL) models, are demonstrating promising capabilities in addressing various sequence-processing problems. This manuscript presents a thorough survey study of previous research papers that introduced modifications in the development of Transformer-based architectures for the SOC and SOH estimation of LIBs. This study also highlights approximately 15 different real-world datasets that have been utilized for training and testing these models. A comparison is made between the architectures, addressing each state using the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient and accurate calculation of neutron flux distribution is essential for evaluating the safety of nuclear facilities and the surrounding environment. While traditional numerical simulation methods such as the discrete ordinates (SN) method and Monte Carlo method have demonstrated excellent performance in terms of accuracy, their complex solving process incurs significant computational costs. This paper explores a data-driven and efficient method for obtaining neutron flux distribution based on deep learning, specifically targeting shielding problems with constant geometry and varying material cross-sections in practical engineering. The proposed method bypasses the intricate numerical transport calculation process of the discrete ordinates method by constructing a surrogate model that captures the correlation between transport characteristics and neutron flux from data characteristics. Simulations were carried out using Kobayashi-1 and Kobayashi-2 geometric models for shielding problems with constant geometry and varying material cross-sections. A series of validations have proved that the data-driven surrogate model demonstrates high generalization ability and reliability, while reducing the time required to obtain neutron flux distribution to 0.1 s without compromising on calculation accuracy compared to the discrete ordinates method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind energy, as a key link in renewable energy, has seen its penetration in the power grid increase in recent years. In this context, accurate and reliable short-term wind power prediction is particularly important for the real-time scheduling and operation of power systems. However, many deep learning-based methods rely on the relationship between wind speed and wind power to build a prediction model. These methods tend to consider only the temporal features and ignore the spatial and frequency domain features of the wind power variables, resulting in poor prediction accuracy. In addition to this, existing power forecasts for wind farms are often based on the wind farm level, without considering the impact of individual turbines on the wind power forecast. Therefore, this paper proposes a wind power prediction model based on multi-feature domain learning (MFDnet). Firstly, the model captures the similarity between turbines using the latitude, longitude and wind speed of the turbines, and constructs a turbine group with similar features as input based on the nearest neighbor algorithm. On this basis, the Seq2Seq framework is utilized to achieve weighted fusion with temporal and spatial features in multi-feature domains through high-frequency feature extraction by DWT. Finally, the validity of the model is verified with data from a wind farm in the U.S. The results show that the overall performance of the model outperforms other wind farm power prediction algorithms, and reduces MAE by 25.5% and RMSE by 20.6% compared to the baseline persistence model in predicting the next hour of wind power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the State Grid of China has placed significant emphasis on the monitoring of noise in substations, driven by growing environmental concerns. This paper presents a substation noise monitoring system designed based on an end-network-cloud architecture, aiming to acquire and analyze substation noise, and report anomalous noise levels that exceed national standards for substation operation and maintenance. To collect real-time noise data at substations, a self-developed noise acquisition device is developed, enabling precise analysis of acoustic characteristics. Moreover, to subtract the interfering environmental background noise (bird/insect chirping, human voice, etc.) and determine if noise exceedances are originating from substation equipment, an intelligent noise separation algorithm is proposed by leveraging the convolutional time-domain audio separation network (Conv-TasNet), dual-path recurrent neural network (DPRNN), and dual-path transformer network (DPTNet), respectively, and evaluated under various scenarios. Experimental results show that (1) deep-learning-based separation algorithms outperform the traditional spectral subtraction method, where the signal-to-distortion ratio improvement (SDRi) and the scale-invariant signal-to-noise ratio improvement (SI-SNRi) of Conv-TasNet, DPRNN, DPTNet and the traditional spectral subtraction are 12.6 and 11.8, 13.6 and 12.4, 14.2 and 12.9, and 4.6 and 4.1, respectively; (2) DPTNet and DPRNN exhibit superior performance in environment noise separation and substation equipment noise separation, respectively; and (3) 91% of post-separation data maintains sound pressure level deviations within 1 dB, showcasing the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in separating interfering noises while preserving the accuracy of substation noise sound pressure levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the advancement of smart grids, solar power generation predictions have become an important research topic. In the case of using traditional modeling methods, excessive computational costs may be incurred and it is difficult for these methods to learn the multi-variable dependencies of the data. Therefore, in this paper, a deep learning model was used to combine convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory recurrent network predictions. This method enables hourly power generation one day into the future. Convolutional neural networks are used to extract the features of multiple time series, while long short-term memory neural networks predict multivariate outcomes simultaneously. In order to obtain more accurate prediction results, we performed feature selection on meteorological features and combined the selected weather features to train the prediction model. We further distinguished sunny- and rainy-day models according to the predicted daily rainfall conditions. In the experiment, it was shown that the method of combining meteorological features further reduced the error. Finally, taking into account the differences in climate conditions between the northern and southern regions of Taiwan, the experimental results of case studies involving multiple regions were evaluated to verify the proposed method. The results showed that training combined with selected meteorological features can be widely used in regions with different climates in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LSTM neural network is often employed for time-series data prediction due to its strong nonlinear mapping capability and memory effect, allowing for better identification of complex data characteristics. However, the large computational workload required by neural networks can result in longer prediction times, making deployment on time-sensitive embedded devices challenging. To address this, TensorRT, a software development kit for NVIDIA hardware platforms, offers optimized network structures and reduced inference times for deep learning inference applications. Though TensorRT inference is GPU-based like other deep learning frameworks, TensorRT outperforms comparable frameworks in terms of inference speed. In this paper, we compare the inference time consumption and prediction deviation of various approaches on CPU, GPU, and TensorRT, while also exploring the effects of different quantization approaches. Our experiments demonstrate the accuracy and inference latency of the same model on the FPGA development board PYNQ-Z1 as well, though the best results were obtained using NVIDIA Jetson Xavier NX. The results show an approximately 50× improvement in inference speed compared to our previous technique, with only a 0.2% increase in Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). These works highlight the effectiveness and efficiency of TensorRT in reducing inference times, making it an excellent choice for time-sensitive embedded device deployments that require high precision and low latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Day-ahead electricity price forecasting (DAEPF) holds critical significance for stakeholders in energy markets, particularly in areas with large amounts of renewable energy sources (RES) integration. In Japan, the proliferation of RES has led to instances wherein day-ahead electricity prices drop to nearly zero JPY/kWh during peak RES production periods, substantially affecting transactions between electricity retailers and consumers. This paper introduces an innovative DAEPF framework employing a Convolutional Neural Network–Long Short-Term Memory (CNN–LSTM) model designed to predict day-ahead electricity prices in the Kyushu area of Japan. To mitigate the inherent uncertainties associated with neural networks, a novel ensemble learning approach is implemented to bolster the DAEPF model's robustness and prediction accuracy. The CNN–LSTM model is verified to outperform a standalone LSTM model in both prediction accuracy and computation time. Additionally, applying a natural logarithm transformation to the target day-ahead electricity price as a pre-processing technique has proven necessary for higher prediction accuracy. A novel "policy-versus-policy" strategy is proposed to address the prediction problem of the zero prices, halving the computation time of the traditional two-stage method. The efficacy of incorporating a suite of multimodal features: areal day-ahead electricity price, day-ahead system electricity price, areal actual power generation, areal meteorological forecasts, calendar forecasts, alongside the rolling features of areal day-ahead electricity price, as explanatory variables to significantly enhance DAEPF accuracy has been validated. With the full integration of the proposed features, the CNN–LSTM ensemble model achieves its highest accuracy, reaching performance metrics of R 2 , MAE, and RMSE of 0.787, 1.936 JPY/kWh, and 2.630 JPY/kWh, respectively, during the test range from 1 March 2023 to 31 March 2023, underscoring the advantages of a comprehensive, multi-dimensional approach to DAEPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) is an important concept and primary control method in modern power systems. The penetration of power-electronics-based distributed generators in the power grid provides uncertainty and reduces the inertia of the system, thus increasing the risk of instability when disturbance occurs. The VSG produces virtual inertia by introducing the dynamic characteristics of the synchronous generator, which provides inertia and becomes a grid-forming control method. The disadvantages of the VSG are that there are many parameters to be adjusted and its operation process is complicated. However, with the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, the powerful adaptive learning capability of AI algorithms provides potential solutions to this issue. Two research hotspots are deep learning (DL) and reinforcement learning (RL). This paper presents a comprehensive review of these two techniques combined with VSG control in the energy internet (EI). Firstly, the basic principle and classification of the VSG are introduced. Next, the development of DL and RL algorithms is briefly reviewed. Then, recent research on VSG control based on DL and RL algorithms are summarized. Finally, some main challenges and study trends are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrids (MGs) have evolved as critical components of modern energy distribution networks, providing increased dependability, efficiency, and sustainability. Effective control strategies are essential for optimizing MG operation and maintaining stability in the face of changing environmental and load conditions. Traditional rule-based control systems are extensively used due to their interpretability and simplicity. However, these strategies frequently lack the flexibility for complex and changing system dynamics. This paper provides a novel method called hybrid intelligent control for adaptive MG that integrates basic rule-based control and deep learning techniques, including gated recurrent units (GRUs), basic recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and long short-term memory (LSTM). The main target of this hybrid approach is to improve MG management performance by combining the strengths of basic rule-based systems and deep learning techniques. These deep learning techniques readily enhance and adapt control decisions based on historical data and domain-specific rules, leading to increasing system efficiency, stability, and resilience in adaptive MG. Our results show that the proposed method optimizes MG operation, especially under demanding conditions such as variable renewable energy supply and unanticipated load fluctuations. This study investigates special RNN architectures and hyperparameter optimization techniques with the aim of predicting power consumption and generation within the adaptive MG system. Our promising results show the highest-performing models indicating high accuracy and efficiency in power prediction. The finest-performing model accomplishes an R 2 value close to 1, representing a strong correlation between predicted and actual power values. Specifically, the best model achieved an R 2 value of 0.999809, an MSE of 0.000002, and an MAE of 0.000831. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy management systems allow the Smart Grids industry to track, improve, and regulate energy use. Particularly, demand-side management is regarded as a crucial component of the entire Smart Grids system. Therefore, by aligning utility offers with customer demand, anticipating future energy demands is essential for regulating consumption. An updated examination of several forecasting techniques for projecting energy short-term load forecasts is provided in this article. Each class of algorithms, including statistical techniques, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and hybrid combinations, are comparatively evaluated and critically analyzed, based on three real consumption datasets from Spain, Germany, and the United States of America. To increase the size of tiny training datasets, this paper also proposes a data augmentation technique based on Generative Adversarial Networks. The results show that the Deep Learning-hybrid model is more accurate than traditional statistical methods and basic Machine Learning procedures. In the same direction, it is demonstrated that more comprehensive datasets assisted by complementary data, such as energy generation and weather, may significantly boost the accuracy of the models. Additionally, it is also demonstrated that Generative Adversarial Networks-based data augmentation may greatly improve algorithm accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessments of the hosting capacity of electricity distribution networks are of paramount importance, as they facilitate the seamless integration of rooftop photovoltaic systems into the grid, accelerating the transition towards a more carbon neutral and sustainable system. This paper employs a deep reinforcement learning-based approach to evaluate the real-time hosting capacity of low voltage distribution networks in a model-free manner. The proposed approach only requires real-time customer voltage data and solar irradiation data to provide a fast and accurate estimate of real-time hosting capacity at each customer connection point. This study addresses the imperative for accurate electrical models, which are frequently unavailable, in evaluating the hosting capacity of electricity distribution networks. To meet this challenge, the proposed approach utilizes a deep neural network-based, data-driven model of a low-voltage electricity distribution network. This proposed methodology incorporates model-free elements, enhancing its adaptability and robustness. In addition, a comparative analysis between model-based and model-free hosting capacity assessment methods is presented, highlighting their respective strengths and weaknesses. The utilization of the proposed hosting capacity estimation model enables distribution network service providers to make well-informed decisions regarding grid planning, leading to cost minimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), which provides sufficient load for the energy consumption of an entire building, has become crucial in improving the operation of energy systems. Although NILM can decompose overall energy consumption into individual electrical sub-loads, it struggles to estimate thermal-driven sub-loads such as occupants. Previous studies proposed Non-Intrusive Thermal Load Monitoring (NITLM), which disaggregates the overall thermal load into sub-loads; however, these studies evaluated only a single building. The results change for other buildings due to individual building factors, such as floor area, location, and occupancy patterns; thus, it is necessary to analyze how these factors affect the accuracy of disaggregation for accurate monitoring. In this paper, we conduct a fundamental evaluation of NITLM in various realistic office buildings to accurately disaggregate the overall thermal load into sub-loads, focusing on occupant thermal load. Through experiments, we introduce NITLM with deep learning models and evaluate these models using thermal load datasets. These thermal load datasets are generated by a building energy simulation, and its inputs for the simulation were derived from realistic data like HVAC on/off data. Such fundamental evaluation has not been done before, but insights obtained from the comparison of learning models are necessary and useful for improving learning models. Our experimental results shed light on the deep learning-based NITLM models for building-level efficient energy management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the accuracy of theft detection for electricity consumers, this paper introduces a novel strategy based on the fusion of the dual-time feature and deep learning methods. Initially, considering electricity-consumption features at dual temporal scales, the paper employs temporal convolutional networks (TCN) with a long short-term memory (LSTM) multi-level feature extraction module (LSTM-TCN) and deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to parallelly extract features at these scales. Subsequently, the extracted features are coupled and input into a fully connected (FC) layer for classification, enabling the precise detection of theft users. To validate the method's effectiveness, real electricity-consumption data from the State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) is used for testing. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a remarkable detection accuracy of up to 94.7% during testing, showcasing excellent performance across various evaluation metrics. Specifically, it attained values of 0.932, 0.964, 0.948, and 0.986 for precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC, respectively. Additionally, the paper conducts a comparative analysis with mainstream theft identification approaches. In the comparison of training processes, the proposed method exhibits significant advantages in terms of identification accuracy and fitting degree. Moreover, with adjustments to the training set proportions, the proposed method shows minimal impact, indicating robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate prediction of crude petroleum production in oil fields plays a crucial role in analyzing reservoir dynamics, formulating measures to increase production, and selecting ways to improve recovery factors. Current prediction methods mainly include reservoir engineering methods, numerical simulation methods, and deep learning methods, and the required prerequisite is a large amount of historical data. However, when the data used to train the model are insufficient, the prediction effect will be reduced dramatically. In this paper, a time series-related meta-learning (TsrML) method is proposed that can be applied to the prediction of petroleum time series containing small samples and can address the limitations of traditional deep learning methods for the few-shot problem, thereby supporting the development of production measures. The approach involves an architecture divided into meta-learner and base-learner, which learns initialization parameters from 89 time series datasets. It can be quickly adapted to achieve excellent and accurate predictions with small samples in the oil field. Three case studies were performed using time series from two actual oil fields. For objective evaluation, the proposed method is compared with several traditional methods. Compared to traditional deep learning methods, RMSE is decreased by 0.1766 on average, and MAPE is decreased by 4.8013 on average. The empirical results show that the proposed method outperforms the traditional deep learning methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energies have become pivotal in the global energy landscape. Their adoption is crucial for phasing out fossil fuels and promoting environmentally friendly energy solutions. In recent years, the energy management system (EMS) concept has emerged to manage the power grid. EMS optimizes electric grid operations through advanced metering, automation, and communication technologies. A critical component of EMS is power forecasting, which facilitates precise energy grid scheduling. This research paper introduces a deep learning hybrid model employing convolutional neural network–long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) for short-term photovoltaic (PV) solar energy forecasting. The proposed method integrates the variational mode decomposition (VMD) algorithm with the CNN-LSTM model to predict PV power output from a solar farm in Boussada, Algeria, spanning 1 January 2019, to 31 December 2020. The performance of the developed model is benchmarked against other deep learning models across various time horizons (15, 30, and 60 min): variational mode decomposition–convolutional neural network (VMD-CNN), variational mode decomposition–long short-term memory (VMD-LSTM), and convolutional neural network–long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM), which provide a comprehensive evaluation. Our findings demonstrate that the developed model outperforms other methods, offering promising results in solar power forecasting. This research contributes to the primary goal of enhancing EMS by providing accurate solar energy forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electricity market is constantly evolving, being driven by factors such as market liberalization, the increasing use of renewable energy sources (RESs), and various economic and political influences. These dynamics make it challenging to predict wholesale electricity prices. Accurate short-term forecasting is crucial to maintaining system balance and addressing anomalies such as negative prices and deviations from predictions. This paper investigates short-term electricity price forecasting using historical time series data and employs advanced deep learning algorithms. First, four deep learning models are implemented and proposed, which are a convolutional neural network (CNN) with an integrated attention mechanism, a hybrid CNN followed by a gated recurrent unit model (CNN-GRU) with an attention mechanism, and two ensemble learning models, which are a soft voting ensemble and a stacking ensemble model. Also, the optimized version of a transformer model, the Multi-Head Attention model, is introduced. Finally, the perceptron model is used as a benchmark for comparison. Our results show excellent prediction accuracy, particularly in the hybrid CNN-GRU model with attention, thereby achieving a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 6.333%. The soft voting ensemble model and the Multi-Head Attention model also performed well, with MAPEs of 6.125% and 6.889%, respectively. These findings are significant, as previous studies have not shown high performance with transformer models and attention mechanisms. The presented results offer promising insights for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an innovative framework for wind power prediction that focuses on the future of energy forecasting utilizing intelligent deep learning and strategic feature engineering. This research investigates the application of a state-of-the-art deep learning model for wind energy prediction to make extremely short-term forecasts using real-time data on wind generation from New South Wales, Australia. In contrast with typical approaches to wind energy forecasting, this model relies entirely on historical data and strategic feature engineering to make predictions, rather than relying on meteorological parameters. A hybrid feature engineering strategy that integrates features from several feature generation techniques to obtain the optimal input parameters is a significant contribution to this work. The model's performance is assessed using key metrics, yielding optimal results with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 8.76, Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 139.49, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 11.81, R-squared score of 0.997, and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 4.85%. Additionally, the proposed framework outperforms six other deep learning and hybrid deep learning models in terms of wind energy prediction accuracy. These findings highlight the importance of advanced data analysis for feature generation in data processing, pointing to its key role in boosting the precision of forecasting applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research delineates a pivotal advancement in the domain of sustainable energy systems, with a focused emphasis on the integration of renewable energy sources—predominantly wind and solar power—into the hydrogen production paradigm. At the core of this scientific endeavor is the formulation and implementation of a deep-learning-based framework for short-term localized weather forecasting, specifically designed to enhance the efficiency of hydrogen production derived from renewable energy sources. The study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of fully connected neural networks (FCNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) within the realm of deep learning, aimed at refining the accuracy of renewable energy forecasts. These methodologies have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in navigating the inherent complexities and variabilities associated with renewable energy systems, thereby significantly improving the reliability and precision of predictions pertaining to energy output. The cornerstone of this investigation is the deployment of an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven weather forecasting system, which meticulously analyzes data procured from 25 distinct weather monitoring stations across Latvia. This system is specifically tailored to deliver short-term (1 h ahead) forecasts, employing a comprehensive sensor fusion approach to accurately predicting wind and solar power outputs. A major finding of this research is the achievement of a mean squared error (MSE) of 1.36 in the forecasting model, underscoring the potential of this approach in optimizing renewable energy utilization for hydrogen production. Furthermore, the paper elucidates the construction of the forecasting model, revealing that the integration of sensor fusion significantly enhances the model's predictive capabilities by leveraging data from multiple sources to generate a more accurate and robust forecast. The entire codebase developed during this research endeavor has been made available on an open access GIT server. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to predict the power degradation of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and in order to promote the performance of the LSTM network, the ant colony algorithm (ACO) is introduced to optimize the hyperparameters of the LSTM network. First, the degradation mechanism of PEMFCs is analyzed. Second, the ACO algorithm is used to set the learning rate and dropout probability of the LSTM network combined with partial aging data, which can show the characteristics of the dataset. After that, the aging prediction model is built by using the LSTM and ACO (ACO-LSTM) method. Moreover, the convergence of the method is verified with previous studies. Finally, the fuel cell aging data provided by the Xiangyang Da'an Automotive Testing Center are used for verification. The results show that, compared with the traditional LSTM network, ACO-LSTM can predict the aging process of PEMFCs more accurately, and its prediction accuracy is improved by about 35%, especially when the training data are less. At the same time, the performance of the model trained by ACO-LSTM is also excellent under other operating conditions of the same fuel cell, and it has strong versatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability and stability of differential protection in power transformers could be threatened by several types of inferences, including magnetizing inrush currents, current transformer saturation, and overexcitation from external faults. The robustness of deep learning applications employed for power system protection in recent years has offered solutions to deal with several disturbances. This paper presents a method for detecting internal faults in power transformers occurring simultaneously with inrush currents. It involves utilizing a data window (DW) and stacked denoising autoencoders. Unlike the conventional method, the proposed scheme requires no thresholds to discriminate internal faults and inrush currents. The performance of the algorithm was verified using fault data from a typical Korean 154 kV distribution substation. Inrush current variation and internal faults were simulated and generated in PSCAD/EMTDC, considering various parameters that affect an inrush current. The results indicate that the proposed scheme can detect the appearance of internal faults occurring simultaneously with an inrush current. Moreover, it shows promising results compared to the prevailing methods, ensuring the superiority of the proposed method. From sample N–3, the proposed DNN demonstrates accurate discrimination between internal faults and inrush currents, achieving accuracy, sensitivity, and precision values of 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning (DL) networks are a popular choice for short-term load forecasting (STLF) in the residential sector. Hybrid DL methodologies based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) have a higher forecasting accuracy than conventional statistical STLF techniques for different types of single-household load series. However, existing load forecasting methodologies are often inefficient when a high load demand persists for a few hours in a day. Peak load consumption is explicitly depicted as a tail in the probability distribution function (PDF) of the load series. Due to the diverse and uncertain nature of peak load demands, DL methodologies have difficulty maintaining consistent forecasting results, particularly when the PDF of the load series has a longer tail. This paper proposes a multihousehold load forecasting strategy based on the collective moment measure (CMM) (which is obtained from the PDF of the load series), data augmentation, and a CNN. Each load series was compared and ordered through CMM indexing, which helped maintain a minimum or constant shifting variance in the dataset inputted to the CNN. Data augmentation was used to enlarge the input dataset and solve the existing data requirement issues of the CNN. With the ordered load series and data augmentation strategy, the simulation results demonstrated a significant improvement in the performance of both single-household and multihousehold load forecasting. The proposed method predicts day-ahead multihousehold loads simultaneously and compares the results based on a single household. The forecasting performance of the proposed method for six different household groups with 10, 20, 30, 50, 80, and 100 household load series was evaluated and compared with those of existing methodologies. The mean absolute percentage error of the prediction results for each multihousehold load series could be improved by more than 3%. This study can help advance the application of DL methods for household load prediction under high-load-demand conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large proportion of photovoltaic (PV) power generation is connected to the power grid, and its volatility and stochasticity have significant impacts on the power system. Accurate PV power forecasting is of great significance in optimizing the safe operation of the power grid and power market transactions. In this paper, a novel dual-channel PV power forecasting method based on a temporal convolutional network (TCN) is proposed. The method deeply integrates the PV station feature data with the model computing mechanism through the dual-channel model architecture; utilizes the combination of multihead attention (MHA) and TCN to extract the multidimensional spatio-temporal features between other meteorological variables and the PV power; and utilizes a single TCN to fully extract the temporal constraints of the power sequence elements. The weighted fusion of the dual-channel feature data ultimately yields the ideal forecasting results. The experimental data in this study are from a 26.52 kW PV power plant in central Australia. The experiments were carried out over seven different input window widths, and the two models that currently show superior performance within the field of PV power forecasting: the convolutional neural network (CNN), and the convolutional neural network combined with a long and short-term memory network (CNN_LSTM), are used as the baseline models. The experimental results show that the proposed model and the baseline models both obtained the best forecasting performance over a 1-day input window width, while the proposed model exhibited superior forecasting performance compared to the baseline model. It also shows that designing model architectures that deeply integrate the data input method with the model mechanism has research potential in the field of PV power forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation forecasting is an important research topic, aiming to mitigate variability caused by weather conditions and improve power generation planning. Climate factors, including solar irradiance, temperature, and cloud cover, influence the energy conversion achieved by PV systems. Long-term weather forecasting improves PV power generation planning, while short-term forecasting enhances control methods, such as managing ramp rates. The stochastic nature of weather variables poses a challenge for linear regression methods. Consequently, advanced, state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) approaches capable of handling non-linear data, such as long short-term memory (LSTM), have emerged. This paper introduces the implementation of a multivariate machine learning model to forecast PV power generation, considering multiple weather variables. A deep learning solution was implemented to analyze weather variables in a short time horizon. Utilizing a hidden Markov model for data preprocessing, an LSTM model was trained using the Alice Spring dataset provided by DKA Solar Center. The proposed workflow demonstrated superior performance compared to the results obtained by state-of-the-art methods, including support vector machine, radiation classification coordinate with LSTM (RCC-LSTM), and ESNCNN specifically concerning the proposed multi-input single-output LSTM model. This improvement is attributed to incorporating input features such as active power, temperature, humidity, horizontal and diffuse irradiance, and wind direction, with active power serving as the output variable. The proposed workflow achieved a mean square error (MSE) of 2.17 × 10 − 7 , a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.65 × 10 − 4 , and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.04 × 10 − 4 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transient responses of distributed energy resources (DERs) in a microgrid are dynamically correlated in spatial and temporal dimensions. Hence, the transient stability prediction in microgrids would require an effective modeling of time-varying correlations and the mining of spatial–temporal features of electrical data. This paper proposes a refined DER-level transient stability prediction method for microgrids considering the time-varying spatial–temporal correlations of DERs. First, the spatial–temporal dynamic correlation of DERs was extracted and modeled by an attention-based mechanism. Then, a spatial–temporal graph convolution network was proposed to predict the dynamics of unstable DERs and the instability severity trend in a microgrid. The TSP model consisted of three parts: (1) several stacked spatial–temporal convolution modules to simultaneously mine the spatial–temporal dynamic features of microgrids, (2) an unstable DER identification module to predict the microgrid system stability and identify unstable DERs, and (3) an instability severity trend prediction module for DERs in a microgrid. The test results on a realistic 16-bus 10-DER microgrid demonstrated that the proposed prediction method possessed the desirable reliability and interpretability and outperformed the state-of-the-art baselines in unstable DER identifications and DER instability severity trend predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-precision spatial-temporal wind power prediction technology is of great significance for ensuring the safe and stable operation of power grids. The development of artificial intelligence technology provides a new scheme for modeling with strong spatial-temporal correlation. In addition, the existing prediction models are mostly 'black box' models, lacking interpretability, which may lead to a lack of trust in the model by power grid dispatchers. Therefore, improving the model to obtain interpretability has become an important challenge. In this paper, an interpretable short-term wind power prediction model based on ensemble deep graph neural network is designed. Firstly, the graph network model (GNN) with an attention mechanism is applied to the aggregate and the spatial-temporal features of wind power data are extracted, and the interpretable ability is obtained. Then, the long short-term memory (LSTM) method is used to process the extracted features and establish a wind power prediction model. Finally, the random sampling algorithm is used to optimize the hyperparameters to improve the learning rate and performance of the model. Through multiple comparative experiments and a case analysis, the results show that the proposed model has a higher prediction accuracy than other traditional models and obtains reasonable interpretability in time and space dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In nuclear power plants, the loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) stands out as the most prevalent and consequential incident. Accurate breach size diagnosis is crucial for the mitigation of LOCAs, and identifying the cause of an accident can prevent catastrophic consequences. Traditional methods mostly focus on combining model algorithms and utilize intricate composite model neural network architectures. However, it is crucial to investigate whether greater complexity necessarily leads to better performance. In addition, the consideration of the impact of dataset construction and data preprocessing on model performance is also needed for model building. This paper proposes a framework named DeepLOCA-Lattice to experiment with different preprocessing approaches to fundamental deep learning models for a comprehensive analysis of the diagnosis of LOCA breach size. The DeepLOCA-Lattice involves data preprocessing via the lattice algorithm and equal-interval partitioning and deep-learning-based models, including the multi-layer perceptron (MLP), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and the transformer model in LOCA breach size diagnosis. After conducting rigorous ablation experiments, we have discovered that even rudimentary foundational models can achieve accuracy rates that exceed 90%. This is a significant improvement when compared to the previous models, which yield an accuracy rate of lower than 50%. The results interestingly demonstrate the superior performance and efficacy of the fundamental deep learning model, with an effective dataset construction approach. It elucidates the presence of a complex interplay among diagnostic scales, sliding window size, and sliding stride. Furthermore, our investigation reveals that the model attains its highest accuracy within the discussed range when utilizing a smaller sliding stride size and a longer sliding window length. This study could furnish valuable insights for constructing models for LOCA breach size estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]