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This paper presents a comparative study for minimum areas in contact with the ground of RIF (rectangular isolated footings) y CIF (circular isolated footings) that work totally CM (Current model) or partially NM (New model) under compression. Methodology is described using the equations developed by the same author for RIF y CIF. Main findings: RIF under uniaxial bending have less area than CIF in the CM and in the NM; NM presents less area than CM for RIF y CIF under biaxial bending in all cases; NM for CIF shows less area than RIF, when the moments are equals and the relation of the axial load divided by the moment is 0.75 or greater, when the smallest moment divided by the largest moment is between 0.50 and 0.75, and the axial load is greater than the largest moment. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out a previous study to choose the type of footing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector in Algeria has undergone enormous transformations over the last couple of decades. One of the major changes that have taken place is related to the introduction of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the control of energy consumption. In this regard, a pilot project of Smart Meters has been introduced in the residential sector in Diar El Bahri, which is located in the wilaya of Blida, at about 47 km southwest of the capital of Algeria, Algiers. This is the first experience in the country. Despite the will to set up a bidirectional communication framework for the control of energy consumption, the project, which was initially expected to last for a period of two (02) years, was carried, in fact, for only six (06) months. Besides, the number of households that were supposed to be connected to Smart Meters was not respected. The objective of this research is to understand precisely the process of setting up this system. The project is the first Algerian experience in terms of use of ICTs for the purpose of modernising energy management and control. The study aims to understand the reasons why the objectives that were initially set for the project were not reached. This paper is part of a larger original research project, which aspires to explore the different ways in which ICTs can be developed in the housing sector in Algeria in order to increase energy efficiency and create digital territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on working under the line of sustainability in small-scale informal gold mining projects, specifically in Colombia. It is interesting to study Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) in Colombia from a business perspective as an activity that generates economic and sustainable development. ASM has great challenges to overcome in order to achieve sustainability in the industry, among them is to overcome informality in the sector, and thus be able to promote the development of a legally constituted economic activity. To achieve this objective, the National Government of Colombia has implemented a National Mining Formalization Policy, encouraging formality through mining formalization and regularization projects. In this work a review is carried out on the aspects that revolve around a Sustainable Business Model; use is made of the business modeling tool Canvas, whose input is secondary information sources. to present a Sustainable Business Model around small informal gold mining with a view to contributing to the purpose of achieving mining formality in operations in the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows an algorithm that allows to automate the procedures of nodal analysis and flow optimization in a hydrocarbon production system. The procedure of nodal analysis is highly useful in flow wells, intermittent wells or in wells with artificial production systems. The nodal analysis evaluates a production system divided into two basic components: flow through vertical piping or production piping and flow through horizontal piping or discharge line. For the prediction of each component's behavior, the pressure drop in each component is obtained. In order to obtain the pressure drops, nodes in different important points within the production system must be assigned; therefore, production expenses can vary and, by using a suitable calculation method, the pressure drop between two nodes is calculated. Then, a node is selected and the pressure drops are added to or subtracted from the initial pressure point or departure node, until obtaining the solution node. The results obtained when using the algorithm have allowed to update both procedures, obtaining advantages such as improvement in response time, among others. This analysis is a crucial point when making decisions related to production costs in any oil company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the understanding of the effect of three-dimensional landforms in the slope stability through to the analysis of nine models, which result from the combination of three different landforms in plant and profile view (straight, convex and concave). The analysis is based on the calculation of a failure potential indexwhich represent a unified way a stability value for each model. The procedure was performed by mean of finite element numerical simulations with a Mohr-Coulomb elastoplastic model applied to each geometry in homogeneous solis. We take into account permanent flow and partial saturation above of the flow surface within the slope. Finally, it is quantified the failure susceptibility of the nine models by mean of the assignation of a failure potential index. With this assignation, it is possible to stablish an order of priority of the susceptibility of the slopes in function of geomorphology of each model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the importance of strategic planning applied to Colombian mining. This research was performed the literature review and case studies of countries that have implemented a method that seeks continuous improvement of processes and making sound decisions mining companies based on factors that were not taken into account previously. We selected two investigations, one applied to surface mining and underground mining other, showing significant progress in using strategic planning as a means to an ongoing development. Each case is unique but can be applied anywhere in the world depending on the characteristics of the areas where the project will take place, also emphasizes the current framework of strategic planning and trends that this methodology presents a future in mining Colombia where intervention is necessary to achieve ideological and procedural significant development within the industries of the continent, it shows the lack of new methodologies and best in business investment from the country's mining mining institutions to mining companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research was to adapt a methodology for inventory and assessment of Geological Heritage applied to the Andean region of Colombia on the northwest of the country, specifically in the town of Santa Fe de Antioquia. The methodology is adapted to the current state of knowledge of the Geological Heritage and Geodiversity in Colombia. Within this research the selection of the study area, the definition of work scale, the literature review, the definition of parameters for valuation, development of inventories, valuation, mapping and final use of the Geological Heritage and geodiversity were included; furthermore determination of the intrinsic value of the Points of Geological Interest Points (GIP). Scores ranging from one to five depending on the case, with five being the highest degree of importance and value, and one the lowest. The investigation classifies and designates relevance and category through the diagnosis and assessment of five points; Volcanic ash Recent Deposits, Laterites Santa Fe de Antioquia, La Tunala Creek and Viewpoint Spider, which resulted in four with a score greater than or equal to three. This paper allows to enhance the natural, scientific and tourist potential of Santa Fe de Antioquia and recommended that the methodology may apply to other GIP in the Colombian Andes with the aim of promoting environmental management and sustainable development principles for the country [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the areas of use and management of the traditional territory from Cannoners Communities in the middle Cauca River region, they live in Dry tropical forests ecosystems it finds different plants sowed and wild used for traditional mining of alluvium. The present paper started of ethnographic research techniques and Ethnobotanic that with photography, taking of samples botanic, format, field notes and taxonomic identification. This research shows a stocktaking the floristic composition and some ethnobotanics notes about species and identified and recognized by traditional communities from middle Cauca river and it has a material and cultural value in the use of traditional mining of alluvium, where highlight four species, four genus and three families about practices of gold separation and seven species, seven genus that belong to six families about use in making of traditional mining accessories and Equipments. This investigation could to kind like conclusion as this type of traditional practices as the ancient knowledge associated with it continues persisting, though this practices meet threatened by other types of mining as the drags and with considered megaprojects and in phase of execution as the Hydroelectric Project of Ituango. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the chloride diffusion and corrosion of reinforcing steel embedded in a concrete pile affected by carbonation in a marine environment of the Colombian Pacific coast was simulated, taking into account the exposure time, carbonation and the concentration of fine aggregate in the preparation of mixtures of concrete structures. The simulation was performed with the help of MATLAB software FEMLAB by partial differential equations of mass transport, to assess the service life of the structure reinforcement. Three different mixtures 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 water / cement ratio, with 10% of microsilica as an additive were simulated in an environment immersed in seawater. The results showed chloride penetration into concrete and carbon dioxide and prediction time depassivation of the reinforcing rods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this little paper is to disseminate between regional geoscientists an historical data about an earthquake or swarm of earthquakes, felt in what is now the city of Medellín, in 1730. As far as is known, this event has not been reported before in available historical catalogs. It is important to understand the seismic hazard of the city and the region. An brief analysis is made with the limited published historical information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]