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This paper examined the fusion of 28Si with 90,96Zr-target by opting the energy dependent Woods-Saxon potential (EDWSP) model and code CCFULL. The CCFULL analysis suggested that for 28Si + 90Zr system, the vibrational excitations of 90Zr-isotope have been found to be very important while for 28Si + 96Zr system, in addition to multiphoton vibrational states of target, the considerations of nucleon transfer are essentially needed for the adequate addressal of the observed fusion data. In contrast, predictions based on EDWSP model appropriately recovered the fusion data of 28Si + 90,96Zr systems at sub-barrier realm. The EDWSP based results do not include various channel coupling effects explicitly but being the energy dependent nature of Woods-Saxon potential (WSP), the calculational results intrinsically incorporate the nuclear effects of the fusing systems. This unambiguously clarified that the energy dependent nature of the EDWSP generates analogous barrier modulations as emerged from the CCFULL analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental symmetries, charge conjugation (C), parity (P) and time reversal (T), play a significant role in the Standard Model (SM) of elementary particle physics. Of these, T symmetry and the combined CP symmetry are the least well understood, and they hold valuable clues for unraveling the secrets of nature. All subatomic particles are postulated to possess an intrinsic property known as a permanent electric dipole moment (EDM). The EDM of an atom is a combination of those of each constituent particle and also CP-violating interactions between the particles. Being many-particle systems, atoms and molecules are ideal candidates for probing a rich variety of both T- and CP-violating interactions. Paramagnetic atoms, which have a single valence electron in their outer shell, are sensitive to subtle signals associated with CP violations in the leptonic sector, i.e., the EDM of the electron. At present, we are developing a high-intensity laser-cooled Fr factory at RIKEN accelerator facility in an attempt to evaluate the EDM of Fr to an accuracy of 10-30 ecm. Laser cooling is important for achieving highly accurate EDM measurements, since it allows long interaction times using an optical lattice. The current status of the laser-cooled Fr EDM experiments is presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to four-body Faddeev-type AGS equations, written down for the K ¯ NNN system, which is a system consisting of an antikaon and three nucleons. The aim is to find possible quasi-bound state in the system and calculate its properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermilab E906/SeaQuest is an experiment aimed at studying the anti-quark distributions of nucleons and nuclei. The experiment uses a 120 GeV/c proton beam extracted from the Main Injector at Fermilab to collide with various solid and cryogenic targets to study a variety of physics topics ranging from light anti-quark flavor asymmetry in the nucleon sea to dark photons. The experiment takes advantage of the Drell-Yan process in order to probe specifically the high-x anti-quark distributions of the target nucleus. The acceptance of the spectrometer is tuned to explore the unprecedentedly high Bjorken-x region, thereby extending our knowledge of the anti-quark sea structure of nucleons and nuclei. Some of the physics goals from the Drell-Yan program at SeaQuest and the current status of some analyses are reported in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the recent abundant experimental data obtained from the continuous and heavy duty accelerators along with the precise and modern particle detectors, we have intensively analyzed the elementary kaon photoproduction processes from their production thresholds up to W ≈ 3 GeV in the last two decades. All possible isospin channels are considered in the analysis because recently experimental data have been available in all channels. This includes γp → K+Λ, K+Σ0, K0Σ+ processes off the proton and γn → K0Λ, K+Σ−, K0Σ0 processes off the neuron. In this proceedings paper we briefly report on the latest progress of our analysis. There are two approaches that have been used for this purpose, i.e., the isobar model which is based on the Effective Lagrangian Theory and the partial wave analysis, in which the corresponding multipoles are parameterized by means of the Breit-Wigner form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper (which is a continuation of our previous work [9]) we compute the greybody factors at low energies for asymptotically non-flat Schwarzschild-de Sitter black holes in (4 + n)-dimensions. The case of spin 1/2 particles is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nucleons are the basic elements of the light baryons. In this paper, we choose neutron (N) with a combination of one up(u) and two down(d) quarks. The ground state of N is determined with quantum number JP = 1/2+. Also, the first radial and orbital excited states are calculated. The results are compared with experimental masses as well as other theoretical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we review our strategy to update the phenomenological model Kaon-Maid, which has been used since the year of 2000 and starts to indicate some inconsistencies with the presently available experimental data. There are two approaches used to this end, i.e., the field-theoretic and multipoles models. The advantages and disadvantages of both models are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the existence and uniqueness of the solution of a nonlinear singular integral equation, which has broad applications in the theory of elementary particles and scattering, have been investigated in Holder space. An iteration method is proposed for the approximate solution of this nonlinear singular integral equation. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that this iteration method converges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The update of the particle momentum in an electromagnetic simulation typically employs the Boris scheme, which has the advantage that the magnetic field strictly performs no work on the particle. In an extreme field, however, it is found that onerously small time steps are required to maintain accuracy. One reason for this is that the operator splitting scheme fails. In particular, even if the electric field impulse and magnetic field rotation are computed exactly, a large error remains. The problem can be analyzed for the case of constant, but arbitrarily polarized and independent electric and magnetic fields. The error can be expressed in terms of exponentials of nested commutators of the generators of boosts and rotations. To second order in the field, the Boris scheme causes the error to vanish, but to third order in the field, there is an error that has to be controlled by decreasing the time step. This paper introduces a scheme that avoids this problem entirely, while respecting the property that magnetic fields cannot change the particle energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ions with energies above the plasma ion temperature (also called super thermal, hot or energetic particles - EP) are utilized in laboratory experiments as a plasma heat source to compensate for energy loss. Sources for super thermal ions are direct injection via neutral beams, RF heating and fusion reactions. Being super thermal, ions have the potential to induce instabilities of a certain class of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) cavity modes, in particular, various Alfvén and Alfvénacoustic Eigenmodes. It is an area where ideal MHD and kinetic theories can be tested with great accuracy. This paper touches upon key motivations to study the energetic ion interactions with MHD modes. One is the possibility of controlling the heating channel of present and future tokamak reactors via EP transport. In some extreme circumstances, uncontrolled instabilities led to vessel wall damages. This paper reviews some experimental and theoretical advances and the developments of the predictive tools in the area of EP wave interactions. Some recent important results and challenges are discussed. Many predicted instabilities pose a challenge for ITER, where the alpha-particle population is likely to excite various modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes industrial charged particle beamline technologies and design approaches. Beamlines accommodate myriad constraints in the radioisotope production, electron beam processing, and ion implantation market segments, and some very strange yet interesting solutions result. In this paper, a detailed look at a particular injection beamline solution gives some sense of the complexity of research and development required, and the sophistication of the beamline solutions that are utilized. A brief review of beamline applications in each industrial segment follows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts from a brief overview of theoretical studies of high-gradient accelerating structures at the University of Maryland. The rest of the paper is devoted to the analysis of ion bombardment of small protrusions in such structures. First, this problem is studied analytically. Then, some results of particle-in-cell simulations performed with the use of code WARP are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1958, Baranger published three papers in which he established a general theory of the broadening of spectral lines by perturbing particles which was based on several well-defined principles. Subsequently, many authors have carried out calculations using this theory, but which include extra subsidiary approximations. In this paper the original theory is reexamined and illustrative calculations performed in which subsidiary approximations are eliminated and thus enable a quantitative assessment of the accuracy of these approximations to be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we want to discuss the status of Astroparticle Physics, which is now in its golden age. Astroparticle physics—the new branch of physics born roughly at the end of the 1980-ies—takes into account results obtained from the observations of cosmic sources via photonic experiments and particle experiments, and try to detect their global behaviour in order to understand the physical processes giving rise to them. All this for a better knowledge of the physics governing the whole Universe. Because of a limited length of the paper we will discuss only a selection of arguments, which are biased by our knowledge, as follows: 1. Introduction 2. Few Remarkable Notes 3. Background in the Universe 4. A Round-the-Universe Cruise 5. Prospects Conclusions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a description of the abstractions required for the expression and solution of the linear single-particle Schrödinger equation in a finite element basis. This paper consists of two disparate themes: First, to layout and establish the foundations of finite element analysis as an approximate numerical solution to extendable quantum mechanical systems; and second, to promote a high-performance open-source computational model for the approximate numerical solution to quantum mechanical systems. The structural foundation of the one-and two-dimensional time-independent Schrödinger equation describing an infinite potential well is explored and a brief overview of the hierarchal design of the computational library written in C++ is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of type III–V semiconductor materials as photocathodes has in recent years become a focus for the High Energy Physics community. Once activated to a negative electron affinity (NEA) state and illuminated by a laser, these materials can be used as a high-brightness source of both polarised and un-polarised electrons in some modern accelerators, for example, ALICE (Accelerators and Lasers in Combined Experiments) at Daresbury Laboratory. This paper will focus on the use of gallium arsenide (GaAs) as a photocathode, and detail the reconfiguration and re-commissioning of two vacuum systems that support standard surface science techniques such as ultraviolet/X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS/XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The paper will present details of cleaning GaAs in order to maximise quantum efficiency and will provide evidence from XPS and LEED to demonstrate what is happening at the atomic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a brief overview of three new instruments designed to measure ion composition in the magnetosphere at energies from a few eV/q to a maximum of 200 keV/q. Ion composition is not currently monitored at geosynchronous orbit and is an important ingredient to understand the dynamic near-Earth space environment. The unique ion composition measurement techniques in the detector sections following an electrostatic analyzer are the focus of this paper. The first instrument for geosynchronous orbit, the Advanced Miniaturized Plasma Spectrometer (AMPS), exploits the properties of a solid-state detector to measure ion composition by an E/q x E technique. The Z Plasma Spectrometer (ZPS) design, also for geosynchronous orbit, uses selective filtering by different thicknesses of carbon foil to separate H+ from O+. The third instrument, the Helium Oxygen Proton Electron spectrometer (HOPE), was selected for the upcoming Radiation Belt Storm Probes mission (RBSP) and uses a gated time-of-flight (TOF) technique to make high fidelity composition measurements in the intense inner magnetosphere. The applications of these three techniques to different regions and mission requirements are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been many significant experimental and theoretical advances recently with regard to the production of relativistic electron beams using laser wakefield accelerators (LWFA) driven by high power short pulse lasers. In particular, there has been an explosion of interest in this field following the discovery of methods to generate such beams with low energy spread. In recent work by many groups around the world the energy and quality of these beams has been improved and a more complete understanding of the “bubble” regime of electron acceleration has been obtained, enabling a significant improvement in the output electron beam stability. The 2008 Advanced Accelerator Concepts workshop in Santa Cruz CA brought together the leading groups engaged in this research from around the world. This paper will summarize the major results presented at the conference. Further details on the work described here can be found in the other related papers in these proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will report on the recently released results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS II) experiment. Data from 30 cryogenic particle detectors operated at the Soudan Underground Laboratory between October 2006 and July 2007 was collected. The results from from a blind analysis of 15 Ge detectors corresponding to total exposure of 121.3 kg-d (averaged over the recoil energy range 10–100 keV, and weighted for a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) mass of 60 GeV/c2) are presented here. With zero observed events an upper limit on WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section of 6.6×10-44 cm2 is obtained from this data set alone. The limit improves to 4.6×10-44 cm2 when combined with previous CDMS data. The paper will also describe current efforts at designing and building larger mass detectors (∼few kg/detector) which will form the basis of a future 1-Ton cryogenic Ge detector experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the characteristics of the multihole collimator gamma camera that is simulated using the combination of the Monte Carlo N-Particles Code (MCNP) version 5 and in-house software. The model is constructed based on the GCA-7100A Toshiba Gamma Camera at the Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, UK. The characteristics are analyzed based on the spatial resolution of the images detected by the Sodium Iodide (NaI) detector. The result is recorded in a list-mode file referred to as a PTRAC file within MCNP5. All pertinent nuclear reaction mechanisms, such as Compton and Rayleigh scattering and photoelectric absorption are undertaken by MCNP5 for all materials encountered by each photon. The experiments were conducted on Tl-201, Co-57, Tc-99 m and Cr-51 radio nuclides. The comparison of full width half maximum value of each datasets obtained from experimental work, simulation and literature are also reported in this paper. The relationship of the simulated data is in agreement with the experimental results and data obtained in the literature. A careful inspection at each of the data points of the spatial resolution of Tc-99 m shows a slight discrepancy between these sets. However, the difference is very insignificant, i.e. less than 3 mm only, which corresponds to a size of less than 1 pixel only (of the segmented detector). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An one-dimensional hybrid model of RF discharge in low-temperature argon plasma is presented in our paper. The hybrid model consists of two parts—particle model which simulates fast electrons while fluid model simulates slow electrons and positive argon ions. In the particle model the positions and velocities of fast electrons are calculated by means of deterministic Verlet algorithm while the collision processes are treated by the stochastic way. For the solution of fluid equations, for slow electrons and positive argon ions, the Scharfetter-Gummel exponential algorithm was used. Typical results of our calculations presented in this paper are total RF current and RF voltage waveforms on the planar substrate immersed into argon plasma. The next results which can be found here are the ion, electron and displacement current waveforms on the substrate. Especially, the knowledge of waveform of the ion current is very important for experimental physicists during the deposition of thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the fact that statistical predictions of quantum theory (QT) can only be tested if large amount of data is available a claim has been made that QT provides the most complete description of an individual physical system. Einstein’s opposition to this claim and the paradox he presented in the article written together with Podolsky and Rosen in 1935 inspired generations of physicists in their quest for better understanding of QT. Seventy years after EPR article it is clear that without deep understanding of the character and limitations of QT one may not hope to find a meaningful unified theory of all physical interactions, manipulate qubits or construct a quantum computer.. In this paper we present shortly the EPR paper, the discussion, which followed it and Bell inequalities (BI). To avoid various paradoxes we advocate purely statistical contextual interpretation (PSC) of QT. According to PSC a state vector is not an attribute of a single electron, photon, trapped ion or quantum dot. A value of an observable assigned to a physical system has only a meaning in a context of a particular physical experiment PSC does not provide any mental space-time picture of sub phenomena. The EPR paradox is avoided because the reduction of the state vector in the measurement process is a passage from a description of the whole ensemble of the experimental results to a particular sub-ensemble of these results. We show that the violation of BI is neither a proof of the completeness of QT nor of its non-locality. Therefore we rephrase the EPR question and ask whether QT is “predictably “complete or in other words does it provide the complete description of experimental data. To test the “predictable completeness” it is not necessary to perform additional experiments it is sufficient to analyze more in detail the existing experimental data by using various non-parametric purity tests and other specific statistical tools invented to study the fine structure the time-series. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper a modification of the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is considered. This modification allows increasing the accuracy of calculation of shocks and contact discontinuities in hydrodynamic flows. This paper also presents a research which shows the influence of different kernel forms used in the SPH simulations, and also the influence of particle parameter difference in distinct simulation domains. An example of a test one-dimensional Riemann problem is used to compare the computations by a «standard» SPH-method, by the A.N.Parshikov’s method and also by a modified method presented in this paper. The comparison of the computation results with the exact solution in discrete analogs of the Chebyshev and L2 norms displays advantages of the offered modification. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a study of student understanding of energy in quantum mechanical tunneling and barrier penetration. This paper will focus on student responses to two questions that were part of a test given in class to two modern physics classes and in individual interviews with 17 students. The test, which we refer to as the Quantum Mechanics Conceptual Survey (QMCS), is being developed to measure student understanding of basic concepts in quantum mechanics. In this paper we explore and clarify the previously reported misconception that reflection from a barrier is due to particles having a range of energies rather than wave properties. We also confirm previous studies reporting the student misconception that energy is lost in tunneling, and report a misconception not previously reported, that potential energy diagrams shown in tunneling problems do not represent the potential energy of the particle itself. The present work is part of a much larger study of student understanding of quantum mechanics. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the so called ‘causal’ interpretation of quantum mechanics, an electron is considered as a particle and such particle is influenced not only by a classical but also by a so called quantum potential. This idea was developed by Professor Bohm in an important paper. In this paper we use some of the basics of this interpretation in a financial option pricing environment. The causal interpretation allows for trajectories. Path breaking work by Professors Bohm and Hiley and Khrennikov and Choustova have made that the causal interpretation is a step closer to potential applications in social science. In this paper we consider the wave function as a wave of information. We consider the gradient of the phase of this wave function and show how the option price could be influenced by this gradient. © 2006 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New metrology opportunities are constantly emerging as the semiconductor industry attempts to meet scaling requirements. The paper summarizes some of the key FEOL and BEOL needs. These must be weighed against a number of considerations to ensure that they are good opportunities for the metrology equipment supplier. The paper discusses some of these considerations. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a novel space propulsion technique, based on an extension of a unified field theory in a quantized, higher-dimensional space, developed by the late B. Heim (1977) in the 50s and 60s of the last century, termed Heim Quantum Theory (HQT). As a consequence of the unification, HQT predicts six fundamental interactions. The two additional interactions should enable a completely different type of propulsion, denoted gravitophoton field propulsion. The fifth interaction, termed gravitophoton force, would accelerate a material body without the need of propellant. Gravitophoton interaction is a gravitational like force, mediated by gravitophoton particles that come in both types, attractive and repulsive. Gravitophoton particles are generated in pairs from the vacuum itself by the effect of vacuum polarization (virtual electrons), under the presence of a very strong magnetic field (photons). Due to gravitophoton pair production, the total energy extracted from the vacuum is zero. Attractive gravitophotons interact with matter, and thus can become real particles, exacting a force on a material body. Repulsive gravitophotons have a much smaller cross section and do not interact with matter. Consequently, the kinetic energy of the accelerated material body would come from the vacuum, satisfying the second condition, i.e., a low energy budget for space propulsion. The name gravitophoton has been chosen because a transformation of photons into gravitational energy should take place. The third condition for advanced spaceflight, superluminal speed, may be realized by transition into a parallel space, in which covariant laws of physics are valid, with a limiting speed of light nc, where n is an integer and c is the vacuum speed of light. In order to achieve such a transition, the sixth fundamental interaction would be needed, termed vacuum field (or quintessence), which is a weakly repulsive gravitational like force, mediated by the vacuum particle, being formed by the interaction of repulsive gravitophotons with the gravitons of the spacecraft. The paper discusses the source of the two predicted interactions, the concept of parallel space, and presents the physical model along with an experimental setup to measure and estimate the gravitophoton force. Estimates for the magnitude of magnetic fields are presented, and trip times for lunar and Mars missions are given. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Derjaguin-Landue-Vervey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory predicts that an isolated pair of charged colloidal spheres experience purely repulsive screened Coulomb interaction at large interparticle separations. Many evidences, which suggest the existence of long-range attractive component in the interparticle interaction, have emerged contradicting the prediction. These evidences include gas-liquid, gas-solid transitions, existence of stable voids, metastable colloidal crystallites and reentrant transitions in dilute suspensions. Some of these observations have triggered several experimental and theoretical investigations to probe the pair-potential U(r) between like-charged in very dilute suspensions. Existence of long-range attraction in U(r) has been observed only when like-charged glass walls confine like-charged particles. Though some theoretical models predicted the existence of longrange attraction in the effective pair-potential, a clear and consensus picture is still awaited. This paper briefly reviews the experiments and theoretical results that have dealt with longrange attraction in colloidal systems. The paper presents in detail the recent studies of structural ordering in a novel two dimensional (2D) system of like-charged large metal balls. Interestingly, these studies reveal the existence of long-range attraction in the pair-interaction of like-charged metal balls spread on a dielectric surface, and the occurrence of gas-liquid transition upon variation of the area fraction of the charged metal balls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AMADEUS experiment deals with the investigation of the low-energy kaon-nuclei hadronic interaction at the DAΦNE collider at LNF-INFN. The aim is to answer fundamental longstanding questions in the non-perturbative QCD strangeness sector. The antikaon-nucleon potential is investigated searching for signals from possible bound kaonic clusters, which would open the possibility for the formation of cold dense baryonic matter. The confirmation of this scenario may imply a fundamental role of strangeness in astrophysics. AMADEUS step 0 consisted in the reanalysis of 2004/2005 KLOE dataset, exploiting K- absorptions in H, 4He, 9Be and 12C in the setup materials. In this paper, together with a review on the multi-nucleon K- absorption and the particle identification procedure, the first results on the Σ0p channel will be presented including a statistical analysis on the possible accomodation of a deeply bound state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent results from MINERvA and MiniBooNE are driving a new cycle of model building and testing. Our expectation is that the large 20% uncertainties attached to the output of neutrino event generators will be reduced soonest for QE and QE-like processes. Continued work on delta resonance production may yield similar improvements shortly after. This proceedings paper, and the discussion at the workshop, offer an optimistic reading of this continuing effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-loaded liquid scintillator plays a key role in particle and nuclear physics experiments. The applications of metal ions in various neutrino experiments and the purification methods for different scintillator components are discussed in this paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dependence of sputtering yield of Cu (100) and Ni (100) metal surface by bombardment of 200 Ar ions at various energies and angles of projections is investigated in this paper. The sputtering yield has been calculated by performing molecular dynamics simulation and the same is compared with experiments and theoretical predictions wherever possible. Additionally the kinetic energy, velocity and scattering angle distribution for sputtered and incident atoms are also observed. The results obtained from the present molecular dynamics simulations are found to be in good agreement with experimental data and theoretical estimates. It is observed that the sputtering yield increases as the energy of the bombarding ion increases. Furthermore as the incidence angle increases, the sputtering yield increases until a specific angle and then decreases as normal incidence is approached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small angle scattering (SAS) is the collective name given to the techniques of small angle neutron (SANS) and X-ray (SAXS) scattering. They offer the possibility to analyze particles without disturbing their natural environment. In each of these techniques radiation is elastically scattered by a sample and the resulting scattering pattern is analyzed to provide information about the size, shape and orientation of some component of the sample. Accordingly, a large number of methods and experimental patterns have been developed to ease the investigation of condensed matter by use of these techniques. Some of them are the discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyzes the morphogenesis of gravitational structures, assuming that dynamics of a test particle in a gravitational field takes place on continuous but non-differentiable curves. The dynamics of such gravitational system is described by an equation for a complex speed that characterizes its rheological behavior. Moreover, the separation of movements on interaction scales in the dynamics equation implies a non-differentiable hydrodynamical model. Finally, such an approach was applied both to one and two body problems and, via numerical simulation, to the morphogenesis of gravitational structures. Consequently, quantization at intragalactic (Solar System) and extragalactic scales (Tifft's effect) as well as certain modifications of Newton's force occur. At the same time there is a tendency to form gravitational structures at any epoch, without inflationary phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to non-inductively drive a large fraction of the toroidal plasma current in magnetically confined plasmas is an essential requirement for steady state fusion reactors such as DEMO. Besides neutral beam injection (NBI), electron-cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and lower hybrid wave heating (LH), ion-cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) is a promising candidate to drive current, in particular at the high temperatures expected in fusion plasmas. In this paper, the current drive (CD) efficiencies calculated with coupled ICRF wave / CD numerical codes for the DEMO-1 design case (R0=9m, B0=6.8T, ap=2.25m) [1] are presented. It will be shown that although promising CD efficiencies can be obtained in the usual ICRF frequency domain (20-100MHz) by shifting the dominant ion-cyclotron absorption layers to the high-field side, operation at higher frequencies (100-300MHz) has a stronger CD potential, provided the parasitic RF power absorption of the alpha particles can be minimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes recent searches for signatures of physics beyond the Standard Model (SM) performed by the CMS collaboration at the LHC using 5 fb-1 of 7 TeV protonproton collisions, including signatures of the production of new heavy particles (Z', W', and Heavy Majorana neutrinos, etc.), extra dimensions, quarks/lepton compositeness, and mini-black holes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep inelastic scattering cross section for scattering from bound nucleons differs from that of free nucleons. This phenomena, first discovered 30 years ago, is known as the EMC effect and is still not fully understood. Recent analysis of world data showed that the strength of the EMC effect is linearly correlated with the relative amount of Two-Nucleon Short Range Correlated pairs (2N-SRC) in nuclei. The latter are pairs of nucleons whose wave functions overlap, giving them large relative momentum and low center of mass momentum, where high and low is relative to the Fermi momentum of the nucleus. The observed correlation indicates that the EMC effect, like 2N-SRC pairs, is related to high momentum nucleons in the nucleus. This paper reviews previous studies of the EMC-SRC correlation and studies its robustness. It also presents a planned experiment aimed at studying the origin of this EMC-SRC correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lifetime measurements of b-flavoured hadrons can be used to test QCD predictions and to probe for CP violation in mixing and decay. This paper outlines a few of the experimental methods used to correct for the decay time bias introduced by the event selection and summarises recent measurements from the CMS, DØ and LHCb Experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are composites that highly elastic polymer matrices are filled with magnetic particles. These materials exhibit unique characteristics that their modului can be controlled by an external magnetic field. This paper presents analysis, fabrication and characterization of novel patterned MREs. By taking into account the local magnetic field in MREs and particles' interaction magnetic energy, the magnetic field-dependent mechanical properties of MREs with lattice and BCC structures were theoretically analyzed and numerically simulated. Soft magnetic particles were assembled in polydimethylsioxane matrix to fabricate new MREs with uniformly lattice and BCC structures, which were observed by microscope. The field-dependent modulus of the new MREs was characterized by a parallel-plate rheometer. The experimental results agreed well with numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milling is an important operation in many industries, such as mining and pharmaceutical. Although the comminution process during milling has been extensively studied, the material fragmentation mechanisms in a mill are still not well understood partly because of the lack of an understanding on the local stressing and dynamic information under operational conditions in mills. This paper presents a DEM simulation of particle dynamics and impact events in a centrifugal impact pin mill. The main focus is the statistical characteristics of the dominant stressing modes during the milling process. The frequency, velocity and force of the different impact events between particles and mill components, or between particles, are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis presented in this paper focuses on a meso-scale that is defined for 2D granular materials considering closed loops of particles in contact. The structure, stress and strain at this meso-scale as well as the local behaviour are analyzed. This analysis put clearly in evidence a significant heterogeneity in the behaviour of granular materials at the meso-scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of the inter-particle rolling resistance of soil grains results in higher bulk shear strength in the soil, which relates to the earth pressure calculation based on the classic theory. This paper focuses on the effect of the inter-particle rolling resistance on the earth pressure against a rigid retaining wall. A particle contact model considering the inter-particle rolling resistance was implemented into the distinct element code PFC2D, which was then used to simulate a rigid wall retaining a sandy backfill. The passive earth pressure against the wall subjected to a translational displacement was analyzed and compared with results without considering the inter-particle rolling resistance. The influence of the inter-particle rolling resistance was examined from the microscopic scale (e.g., averaged micro-pure rotation-rate) as well as the macroscopic scale (e.g., the magnitude and action point of resultant earth pressures). The results show that the inter-particle rolling resistance of the backfill strongly affects the value of passive thrust behind the wall, but it has no significant effect on the action position of the thrust. The distribution of micro-pure rotation-rate (APR) in the backfill provides an insight into the connection between inter-particle rolling resistance to the energy dissipation in the shear zone behind the wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many particle processes there exist both stagnant and flowing regions. Shear bands naturally form between these regions as a transition from zero to full velocity. Particles within shear bands are prone to breakage through surface erosion, chipping and fragmentation when exposed to substantial shear stresses. The precise nature and extent of breakage is difficult to describe mechanistically, due to the distribution of particle strengths and forces acting upon them. Consequently the breakage of particles within shear bands is typically defined empirically using an attrition shear cell. The use of such empirical relationships to predict breakage in larger processes is severely limited in the literature. This paper describes a method of predicting bulk breakage in an agitated vessel by establishing particle breakage caused by applied stress and strain in a shear cell. The Distinct Element Method (DEM) is utilised to estimate the distribution of stresses and strains within the agitated bed, this distribution is then applied to the breakage relationship to predict total attrition. The DEM analysis requires a number of measurement cells to be considered within the bed. It is imperative that the dimensions of these cells are comparable to that of a naturally occurring shear band. With this measure in place the method outlined here describes the experimental breakage well. This method can be applied to any system where particles break due to shear deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of the elementary particle has the sensitivity to the CP violation in the theories beyond the standard model (SM). The search for the EDM constitutes the stringent test to discriminate between the SM and beyond it. We plan to perform the electron EDM search by using the laser cooled francium (Fr) atom which has the largest enhancement factor of the electron EDM in the alkali atoms. In this paper, the present status of the laser cooled Fr factory that is being constructed at Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon On Insulator (SOI) is becoming an attractive technology to fabricate monolithic pixel detectors. The possibility of using the depleted resistive substrate as a drift collection volume and to connect it by means of vias through the buried oxide to the pixel electronic makes this kind of approach interesting both for particle and photon detection. In this paper I report the results obtained in the development of monolithic pixel detectors in an SOI technology by a collaboration between groups from the University and INFN of Padova (Italy) and the LBNL and the SCIPP at UCSC (USA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The simulation of PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) is discussed in the context of general-purpose Monte Carlo systems for particle transport. Dedicated PIXE codes are mainly concerned with the application of the technique to elemental analysis, but they lack the capability of dealing with complex experimental configurations. General-purpose Monte Carlo codes provide powerful tools to model the experimental environment in great detail, but so far they have provided limited functionality for PIXE simulation. This paper reviews recent developments that have endowed the Geant4 simulation toolkit with advanced capabilities for PIXE simulation, and related efforts for quantitative validation of cross sections and other physical parameters relevant to PIXE simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we shall present a simple VME front-end system that employs the FADC CAEN V1720 8- channel 12-bit 250-MS/s digitizer. This system produces coincidence spectra between the trigger particle and other detectors and it replaces the traditional technique of chaining analog electronics. Tests have been performed using a pulser working at different frequencies as well as employing a 252Cf source in concert with an array of detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the frame of the French trans-governmental R&D program against chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives (CBRN-E) threats, CEA is studying the detection of Special Nuclear Materials (SNM) by neutron interrogation with fast neutrons produced by an associated particle sealed tube neutron generator. The deuterium-tritium fusion reaction produces an alpha particle and a 14 MeV neutron almost back to back, allowing tagging neutron emission both in time and direction with an alpha particle position-sensitive sensor embedded in the generator. Fission prompt neutrons and gamma rays induced by tagged neutrons which are tagged by an alpha particle are detected in coincidence with plastic scintillators. This paper presents numerical simulations performed with the MCNP-PoliMi Monte Carlo computer code and with post processing software developed with the ROOT data analysis package. False coincidences due to neutron and photon scattering between adjacent detectors (cross talk) are filtered out to increase the selectivity between nuclear and benign materials. Accidental coincidences, which are not correlated to an alpha particle, are also taken into account in the numerical model, as well as counting statistics, and the time-energy resolution of the data acquisition system. Such realistic calculations show that relevant quantities of SNM (few kg) can be distinguished from cargo and shielding materials in 10 min acquisitions. First laboratory tests of the system under development in CEA laboratories are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elemental characterization of low Z elements (C,H,Cl,Fe) inside bulk materials were performed using PGNAA technique. Samples having elemental composition similar to explosives were used for such experimentations using moderated DD neutrons as well as DT(14MeV) neutrons. We could observe characteristic prompt capture gamma rays of hydrogen (2.224MeV), nitrogen (10.83 MeV), chlorine (6.11 MeV) and Fe (6.02MeV and 7.63MeV) also (n,n'γ) prompt gamma signal (4.43MeV) of carbon. BGO detector has been used for gamma spectrum acquisition. These experimentations has been carried out for initial feasibility studies of detecting prompt gamma lines as a part of PGNAA technique based explosive detection system development. A detail description of experimental set up and procedure has been discussed in paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]