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This volume collects ten studies that propose modern methodologies of analyzing and explaining language change in the case of various morpho-phonological and morpho-syntactic characteristics. The studies were first presented in the fourth, fifth and sixth workshops at the “Language Variation and Change in Ancient and Medieval Europe” summer schools, organized on the island of Naxos, Cyclades, Greece and online between 2019 and 2021. The book is divided into two parts that both focus on modern tools and methodologies of analyzing and accounting for language change. The first part focuses on common directions of change in Indo-European languages and beyond, and the second part emphasizes explanations that reveal the role of language contact. The volume promotes a dialogue between approaches to language change having their starting point in structural and typological aspects of the history of languages on the one hand, and approaches concentrating on external factors on the other. Through this dialogue, the volume enriches knowledge on the contrast or complementarity of internally- and externally-motivated causes of language change.

This volume features nine articles, covering various aspects of Maltese linguistics:Part I, mostly dedicated to the Maltese lexicon, opens with Bednarowicz's comparison of Maltese and Arabic adjectives. Fabri then categorizes various types of constructions involving the preposition ta'‘of'. The paper by Lucas and Spagnol discusses Maltese words containing an innovative final /n/.Part II deals with the syntax of Maltese: Azzopardi's paper focuses on a construction in Maltese which consists of a sequence of two or more finite verbs. Just and Čéplö present the first corpus based study of differential object indexing in Maltese.In Part III on morphosyntax, Turek analyzes Arabic prepositions in Classical/Modern Standard Arabic and Arabic dialects and contrasts them with their Maltese equivalents. Stolz and Vorholt then analyze the structural and functional similarities and differences of spatial interrogatives in Maltese and Spanish. Vorholt then investigates the adpositions of sixteen European languages including Maltese and examines the relationship between length and frequency.The volume is closed with Part IV on phonology and Avram's paper, in which the diachrony of voicing assimilation in consonant clusters is reconstructed.

While Verb-third (V3) patterns have long been studied in verb-second (V2) languages, a similar pattern in which an initial adverbial constituent is resumed by a clause-internal element has been much less studied. The latter is referred to as'adverbial resumption'and it also has the character of being a V3 phenomenon. Therefore, the pattern is labelled'adverbial V3 resumption'or'adverbial V3.'The present volume is an up-to-date overview of the subject featuring case studies of individual languages that display certain patterns of V3. The authors discuss this pattern in relation to several different languages, addressing among other things issues of microvariation in contemporary varieties and diachronic variation. The book covers Medieval Romance, Old Italian, Old English, diachronic and synchronic varieties of German, varieties of Flemish and Dutch, Icelandic, varieties of Swedish, and Norwegian. Through analyses of adverbial resumptive V3 orders in Germanic and Romance, the contributors explore the nature of V2: while adverbial resumption only occurs in varieties that observe the V2 rule, in itself it leads to apparent violations of linear V2 order, namely to V3 orders. Adverbial Resumption in Verb Second Languages provides comparative analyses which touch upon the nature of sentence-external versus sentence-internal adjuncts, and the fine-grained architecture of the clausal functional hierarchy. These papers constitute a valuable contribution to the theoretically important topics of V2 and V3 that will be of interest to comparative linguists, Germanic linguistics, Romance linguists, and anyone working on formal grammar in general.

The relationship between diachronic change and synchronic variation at the articulatory, auditory, acoustic and social level is one of the greatest puzzles in the study of language. Even though plentiful examples exist to suggest that dynamics of synchronic variation and diachronic change are tightly interconnected, a unified theory to account for language change in its relationship to all layers of synchronic variation remains a desideratum. This volume compiles new evidence from articulatory, acoustic, auditory, sociolinguistic, and phonological analyses of segmental and prosodic data and computational modelling, and offers a refreshing theoretical angle on the ongoing debates in language change. The volume is divided into three sections, each focusing on one aspect of speech dynamics – the historical, the emerging and the theoretical, each making a step toward a unified view of speech dynamics at the interface of synchronic variation and diachronic change. The large range of methodologies and theories represented in this book will appeal to scholars from a variety of linguistic fields with an interest in speech dynamics, including phoneticians, phonologists, sociolinguists, typologists, computational and historical linguists.

This book addresses increasingly diverse language learning trajectories in a modern, globalized world, specifically outside of formal classroom situations and with respect to second and additional language practices. This includes, but is not restricted to, intersections of formal and informal learning, computer-mediated contexts as well as family contexts and language learning in multilingual contexts. The book provides a current and specifically anthropological view on the second and additional language acquisition in non-school settings through various studies. It is unique in its focus and scope and is relevant to anthropologists and linguists, who are interested in the intersection of language and culture.

This book contains new research essays of linguistic interface studies in or related to East Asian languages. Written by 14 colleagues or former students of Yoshihisa Kitagawa, it is also a book paying tribute to his decades of scholarships on linguistic interface studies. The chapters therein range from interface studies in syntax and other linguistic areas such as morphology, phonology, semantics, pragmatics, language acquisition, language evolution, and language faculty science. The languages under discussion are mainly East Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, but also include Jordanian Arabic and Spanish, under comparative studies with respect to East Asian languages. The book appeals to both seasoned and novice researchers in linguistics, East Asian languages, and modern languages.Chapters “Bare Quotatives as Embedded SpeechActs”, “Re: The Interpretive Functions of the So-Called Japanese Topic Marker Wa” and “Focus Inside: Evidence from Spanish and Chinese” are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

This volume contains an introductory essay, the bibliography of Professor Ringe, and nineteen articles on various aspects of historical linguistics composed by current and former colleagues and students at the University of Pennsylvania and a select number of leading scholars in the field based at institutions such as Cornell University, Harvard University, Oxford University, Saarland University, University of Georgia, University of California at Los Angeles, University of Munich, and York University. The majority of contributions focus upon linguistic phylogenetics (the interrelationships among languages), Classical linguistics, and Germanic linguistics. Many of the contributions make contributions to theoretical, as well as historical, linguistics.

A Glossary of Old Syrian: l–z is the second of two volumes that aim to map the lexicon of Old Syrian as it can be extracted and reconstructed from the (Old Akkadian) Eblaite through the Old and Middle Babylonian corpora.Referring to a continuum of dialects spoken in the Syrian-Levantine and Syrian-Mesopotamian regions through the third and second millennia BCE, “Old Syrian” is a diachronically conservative, geographically pluricentric, and pragmatically multilayered linguistic cluster. As such, the Glossary pays special attention to the distribution of lexical data along diachronic, diatopic, and diastratic criteria. Given the extent and widely dispersed nature of this data, entries are supported by the most representative corpora of the Old Syrian linguistic landscape. Each entry is headed by an etymon, a kind of prelinguistic consonantal skeleton, and further information about different lexemes, their roots, and their derivations is provided in subentries. As the lexicography of Old Syrian remains uncertain, the Glossary includes leading interpretative opinions alongside the most relevant Semitic material to corroborate the lexical choices it adopts. Bibliographical references are succinct and restricted, as a rule, to texts easily found in any Assyriological or Semitic library.Intended as a reference work in support of future study, A Glossary of Old Syrian offers a clear view of the state of the field.

This handbook is the largest and most comprehensive publication on Berber linguistics to date, covering the variety of Berber dialects and related linguistics trends. Extensive and diverse at thematic and theoretical levels, with the aim of deepening students and scholars'understanding of the workings of Berber as a linguistic phenomenon, it explores a multitude of angles through which the diachronic and synchronic intricacies of Berber varieties can be examined. It enables a better understanding of the issues in the various components of North African languages, as well as their theoretical and typological significance and implications. The work covers phonology and phonetics, morphology and syntax, semantics and pragmatics, socio-linguistics and dialectology, language teaching and psycholinguistics, lexicology, language contact and comparative linguistics, historical linguistics and etymology. Sub-themes explored include prosody, ideophones (and expressive language in general), morpho-syntactic categories, sociolinguistic variation and several other seminal interdisciplinary explorations. The chapters reflect the diversity of Berber varieties and include up-to-date scholarship by leading Berberists, with varieties including Figuig, Kabyle, Senhaja, Siwa, Standard Moroccan Amazigh, Tamazight, Tarifit, Tashlhit, Touareg, Tunisian Berber, Znaga, as well as Proto-Berber. A large geographical territory is covered, including Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia. With contributions from these Berber-speaking countries and their diaspora, there are also chapters from prominent Berber scholars from America, Australia and Europe. To this end, the volume includes perspectives and theories from different schools of linguistics. In including original French contributions and English translations of research from top scholars in the field, the book includes another vital dimension in terms ofthe resources, and sources. As a comprehensive reference, this work is of interest to North Africanists from various disciplines, including anthropologists, linguists, and sociologists, but particularly linguists interested in endangered languages, and those working on the historical and comparative study of the Afroasiatic language phylum.

Bringing together a wide selection of work on cultural linguistics and pragmatics, this comprehensive handbook offers global, comparative insights into the field. Diversity does not always imply differences, but it also offers insights into surprising similarities and parallels when it comes to expressions. By the same token, this collection shows that when we see that linguistic differences, when they exist, stem from not merely language, but from the cultural and historical context that cultivates and nurtures them. Within that paradigm, then, this handbook locates the importance of philosophy, religion (or even the lack thereof), political affiliations, and so on, in forming expressions. In addition, comparisons with other models of cultural linguistics are undertaken. These trends provide readers with a comprehensive introduction to issues in cultural linguistics, addressing the peculiarities of the field under the rubric of localized studies, and speaking to the possibilities that exist in interpretation of what metaphors are. The book highlights the complexities that are so tightly interwoven into the fabric of every word and a sentence, across cultures and linguistic traditions. A must-have collection for anthropologists, philosophers, linguists, philologists, theoreticians, rhetoricians, and scholars of poetics, this is the one-stop reference in cultural linguistics.

The Indigenous Languages of the Americas takes stock of what is known about the history and classification of these languages and language families. It identifies the gaps in knowledge and puts them into perspective, and it assesses differences of opinion. It also resolves some issues and makes new contributions of its own. The nine chapters of the book deal incisively with the major themes involving these languages: the classification and history of the Indigenous languages of North American, Middle American (Mexico and Central America), and South American; difficulties involving names of the languages; origins of the languages of the New World; unclassified, phantom, fake, and spurious languages in the Americas; recent hypotheses of remote linguistic relationships; the linguistic areas of the Americas; contact languages, including pidgins, lingua francas, and mixed languages; and loanwords and other new words in the native languages of the Americas.

This volume will be the first full-length exploration in any language of the details of the history of the Japanese language written by experts in the different subfields of linguistics. Overall, while including factual and background information, the volume will focus on presenting original research of lasting value. This includes presenting the latest research on better studied topics, such as segmental phonology, accent or focus constructions, as well as both introducing areas of study which have traditionally been underrepresented, such as syntax or kanbun materials, and showing how they contribute to a fuller understanding of all of the history of Japanese.

Infolge der pragmatischen Wende in der Germanistik werden die Arbeitsweisen der linguistischen Dialog- und Interaktionsforschung zunehmend mit sprachhistorischen Fragestellungen verknüpft – empirische Erkenntnisse zur heutigen gesprochenen Sprache sollen helfen, Strukturen gesprochener Sprache früherer Epochen zu rekonstruieren. Die Beiträge des Bandes loten die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen interaktionaler, dialogischer bzw. nähesprachlicher Analysen historischer Texte aus. Die linguistischen Beiträge fokussieren Analysemethoden zur Erforschung von Nähesprachlichkeit, die literaturwissenschaftlichen Arbeiten rhetorische Techniken und die ästhetische Inszenierung von Mündlichkeit.

Il recente libro di Lorenzo Tomasin, Europa Romanza (2021), ha avuto il merito rinnovare gli studi sul contatto linguistico, privilegiando testi di consumo e scritti di carattere privato (realizzati tra Medioevo e Rinascimento) in cui si faceva prova di un più o meno consapevole plurilinguismo. Tomasin ha contribuito a «inquadrare il multilinguismo della società e il plurilinguismo degli individui come caratteri fondanti della cultura europea nel suo insieme». Convergenze plurilingui ha raccolto da Europa Romanza l'invito a riflettere su una «costituzione della coscienza linguistica attraverso il confronto e l'incrocio delle esperienze culturali». I lavori di questo volume continuano infatti, idealmente, le sette storie raccontate da Tomasin, tentando di contribuire alla definizione del fenomeno plurilingue. Il plurilinguismo, inteso come intersezione tra diversi volgari o diverse varianti di una stessa lingua, si rivela essere il segno di una funzione culturale e, in alcuni casi, anche una marca di genere testuale. Questo volume è dunque destinato ai linguisti interessati tanto alla formazione delle lingue in contesto europeo quanto al plurilinguismo in chiave storica.

A Glossary of Old Syrian: ʔ – ḳ is the first of two volumes aimed at the completion of a lexicographical index of the Old Syrian linguistical continuum. This glossary gives a picture, or map, of the Old Syrian lexicon as it can be extracted and reconstructed from the available sources, from the (Old Akkadian-)Eblatic through the Old and Middle Babylonian corpora.Old Syrian can be defined most appropriately as a diachronically conservative, geographically pluricentric, and pragmatically multilayered linguistic cluster. Therefore, the present work pays special attention to the distribution of lexical data along diatopic and diastratic criteria. In view of the enormous amount of material and the dispersion of the data, this glossary focuses on the most representative textual corpora of the Old Syrian linguistic landscape. The bibliographical references are kept deliberately succinct and as a rule, restricted to the classic works that may be easily found in every Assyriological or Semitic library, public or private, and that will redirect the users to their sources. Since the Old Syrian lexicography remains uncertain, the leading interpretative opinions are included alongside the most relevant comparative Semitic material. A Glossary of Old Syrian offers a clear picture of the current state of this field and is intended to serve as a reference work in support of future study.

L'objectif de ce livre est de contribuer à la discussion sur la modélisation de la temporalité linguistique. La démarche s'appuie sur un examen critique des fondements, établis à partir d'une langue comme l'anglais,　de la catégorie linguistique du temps telle qu'elle se conçoit dans les théories dominant actuellement le champ des sciences du langage. À travers l'analyse détaillée de formes et d'agencements de formes au sein de groupes verbaux ou nominaux, l'ouvrage montre comment les valeurs temporelles et aspectuelles des énoncés se construisent de manière spécifique en fonction des propriétés sémantiques de ces formes. Son originalité et sa force résident dans son assise empirique　: les analyses reposent sur des données de première main issues de six langues structurellement très différentes et dont certaines sont peu documentées (bunong, finnois, français, khmer, lituanien et russe). Cet ancrage dans la diversité des langues définit une optique plus large que le point de vue européo-centré habituel, et l'observation fine de la variété des constructions de la temporalité étudiées conduit à remettre en question le principe communément défendu selon lequel la langue est un moyen d'encodage de catégories préétablies ou de concepts non linguistiques préexistants. Cette perspective réflexive originale se conclut dans une relecture critique du célèbre article de Benjamin Lee Whorf sur le temps en hopi, accompagné de sa traduction inédite en français.

In research on Information Structure, there is an ongoing discussion about the role of contrast.While most linguists consider contrast to be compatible with both focus and topic, some argue that it is an autonomous IS category. Contrast has been shown to be encoded by different linguistic means, such as specific morphemes, adverbials, clefts, prosodic cues. Hence, this concept is also related to other domains, in particular morphosyntax and prosody. The precise way in which they interact is however not yet entirely clear. Moreover, from a methodological point of view, the identification and annotation of contrast in corpora is not straightforward.This volume provides a selection of articles discussing the definition of contrast, the importance of distinguishing different types of contrast, the use of several encoding strategies, and the annotation of contrast in corpora using the Question Under Discussion Model. The contributions offer data on English, French, French Belgian Sign Language, German, Hindi, Italian and Spanish.

This monograph investigates questions around new speakers of Breton, their identities, attitudes, and motivations, and how these intersect with linguistic practices. Investigating post-traditional contexts, it uses both quantitative and qualitative approaches to probe stereotypes around the language and speakers encountered in these settings. Focusing on the lexis in a sample of Breton gathered from radio, online, and print media sources, and on interviews carried out with professional users of Breton, this work illustrates the wide range of backgrounds and practices within the contemporary Breton language community and shows how speakers use Breton to position themselves within this diverse setting.

This book approaches the field of contrastive linguistics from a comparative and robust perspective that combines the tenets of construction grammar and cognitive linguistics. In doing so, it shows how their integration can help to successfully enhance research on contrastivity, by means of updated theoretical frameworks and applied methodologies that combine language and thought. It compares ten different languages and offers analyses of constructions at all levels of the linguistic organization, identifying the cognitive motivations that instantiate the linguistic data retrieved from corpora. Relevant to both cognitive and non-cognitive linguists interested in variation and contrastive approaches, as well as graduate students in these areas, this book makes a significant contribution to existing work on the various types of constructional and discourse-based phenomena in modern languages.

Landmarks in the History of the English Language identifies twelve key landmarks spread throughout the language's history to provide a lively and interesting introduction to the history of English.Each landmark focuses on one individual associated with the key moment which helps to engage the reader and provide the history of the language with a ‘human face'. The landmarks range from Alfred the Great and his attempts to further English through its use in education, to the spread of English worldwide and the work of the linguist Braj Kachru. The final chapter takes a look into the future through the writings of David Crystal. Whilst focusing on the specific events and people, the book includes a broad outline of the history of English so that the reader can locate each landmark within the language's history.Written in a student-friendly style and with short activities available online, this book provides a brief introduction for those coming to the topic for the first time, as well an engaging supplementary text for those studying modules on the history of English on degrees in English Language, Linguistics and Literature. General readers with an interest in the English language and its history will also find the book engaging.

Im Zuge des ‚material turn‘ in den Geisteswissenschaften wurden Objekte in das Zentrum des Forschungsinteresses gerückt und die herausragende Bedeutung der Sachkultur für die europäische Kulturgeschichte herausgearbeitet. Daran anschließend präsentiert der vorliegende Band erste Ergebnisse zu objektbezogener Sprache in den Wissenschaften aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive ((Wissenschafts- und Medizin-)Geschichte, Literaturwissenschaft und Sprachwissenschaft). Das Innovationspotential der hier versammelten Beiträge liegt dabei in der disziplinären Horizonterweiterung. Disziplinen, die schon immer einen genuinen Objektbezug aufweisen – wie die Kunstgeschichte – und Fächer, die sich schon lange mit Fragen der Materialität beschäftigen – wie die Geschichtswissenschaft, Literaturwissenschaft und Medizingeschichte berücksichtigen hier noch stärker sprachliche Aspekte – und die Sprachwissenschaft, die bisher sehr verhalten auf die Impulse aus den Kulturwissenschaften reagiert hat, öffnet sich für objektbezogene Fragestellungen. Es wird deutlich, dass es sich um ein bisher unzureichend beleuchtetes Forschungsfeld handelt, das zur weiteren Beschäftigung einlädt.

Die Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) stellt eine im Jahr 2008 veröffentlichte Grammatiktheorie von Kees Hengeveld und J. Lachlan Mackenzie dar, deren Hypothese anhand von Beispielen aus verschiedenen Sprachen gestützt wird. Auch das Koreanische wird für insgesamt drei Veranschaulichungen der Theorie herangezogen, wodurch eine Anwendbarkeit der FDG an der koreanischen Sprache zwar angedeutet, jedoch nicht bestätigt wird. Bislang gibt es nur eine Monographie, in der es zur vollständigen Anwendung der FDG an einer Einzelsprache kam, nämlich dem Englischen. In dem vorliegenden Buch wird erstmalig die komplette FDG an einer nicht-indogermanischen Sprache, nämlich dem Koreanischen, untersucht. Dabei bilden die vier Ebenen der Grammatiktheorie, die interpersonelle Ebene, die repräsentative Ebene, die morphosyntaktische Ebene und die phonologische Ebene, die Basis. Zu jeder Ebene werden die einzelnen hierarchischen Komponenten vorgestellt und anhand funktionaler und formaler Beispiele ausder koreanischen Sprache näher betrachtet und analysiert. Die verwendeten Beispiele stammen einerseits aus diversen Korpora sowie aus Werken zur koreanischen Grammatik. Die FDG wird als Grammatiktheorie gestützt und ihre Anwendung auch auf nicht-indogermanische Sprachen bestätigt.

This book examines the names by which we refer to the letters of the English alphabet, arguing that these letter names provide unrivalled insights into the phonological structure of English, present and past, as well as the many peculiarities of English pronunciation and spelling. Classified either as contronyms, ambinyms or tautonyms, the modern phonological profiles of our ancient Semitic letter names reveal what is unique to English, what is fundamental to language and how letter names emerge as the semiotic product of interchanging languages combined with intralanguage change. This volume promises a much more extensive and deeper linguistic treatment of English letter names than has previously been attempted. It will be of particular interest to students and scholars of historical linguistics, phonology and orthography, the history of English, semiotics, and language and literacy teaching.

Morphological typology is usually limited to the realm of grammar. Accordingly, English is considered an analytic language due to its poor grammatical morphology – but what about the lexicon? Taking a twofold approach, this study investigates the typological development of English nouns since 1150. First, the focus is on the means used to extend the lexicon: Correlating the central noun formation processes as well as borrowing reveals, for the first time, their quantitative importance – with some surprising results. Second, the structure of the lexicon takes center stage: The morphological analysis of all nouns uncovers diachronic shifts – and striking parallels between grammar and lexicon.

SHORTLISTED FOR THE BRITISH ACADEMY BOOK PRIZE Half of all 7,000-plus human languages may disappear over the next century and - because many have never been recorded - when they're gone, it will be forever. Ross Perlin, a linguist and co-director of the Endangered Language Alliance, is racing against time to map little-known languages across the most linguistically diverse city in history: contemporary New York. In Language City, Perlin recounts the unique history of immigration that shaped the city, and follows six remarkable yet ordinary speakers of endangered languages deep into their communities to learn how they are maintaining and reviving their languages against overwhelming odds. Perlin also dives deep into their languages, taking us on a fascinating tour of unusual grammars, rare sounds and powerful cultural histories from all around the world. Both remarkable social history and testament to the importance of linguistic diversity, Language City is a joyful and illuminating exploration of a city and the world that made it.

As the second volume of a two-volume set on Chinese ancient characters and unearthed literature, this book brings together the author's scholarly works on Chinese scripts studies and unearthed materials.In this volume, the author scrutinizes manuscripts unearthed from archaeological findings, including silk books and bamboo slips discovered in ancient tombs that date back to the Warring States period and the Qin and Han dynasties, as well as Turfan manuscripts. These materials serve as supplements of Shuowen Jiezi and other historical documents, which complement our understanding of ancient characters. Through textual analysis of these newly excavated documents, the author reinterprets the texts and resolves some knotty problems in Chinese palaeography.The title will appeal to students and scholars of Sinology, Chinese philology, and palaeography, as well as Chinese characters and unearthed manuscripts.

The (potential) use of gender-inclusive language is being discussed controversially in the public sphere. Opinions on it have increasingly been voiced by individuals as well as organisations. These include state institutions, private associations, subject specialists such as linguists, and private individuals / laypeople. Views of and attitudes towards the use of gender-inclusive language cover a broad spectrum between extreme ends, and even subject specialists hold conflicting views. Research on gender-inclusive language is very much a current trend in linguistics, including the so-called ‘genderless'languages. However, the focus is mostly on structural issues, while sociolinguistic research on attitudes towards the use of gender-inclusive language is mostly missing. Some scattered work in this area has been published, but a more thorough understanding and conceptualisation of attitudes is still needed. Furthermore, a multilingual, comparative perspective is still missing. This edited volume will address these shortcomings.

The book offers the first full-scale focused treatment of linguistic indexicality as a tool for analysis and explanation of the organization of linguistic structures. The book demonstrates the application of the concept of indexicality in the description of a broad range of linguistic phenomena, from the internal workings of morphology via relations within syntactic constructions to lexical and grammatical elements designed to hook on to features outside the clause in the interactional context. The book offers a focused treatment of the general nature of linguistic indexicality in the larger perspective of the semiotics of language, including examinations of domain-straddling indexical functions. It presents studies of the role of indexicality in synchrony and diachrony with descriptive cases from a number of languages from diverse language families and it examines the way indexicality enters into the mechanisms of change, including examinations of semiotic shifts from indexical to symbolic function and vice versa. The book is relevant for researchers and students in historical and synchronic linguistics from a variety of linguistic frameworks with an interest in the role of semiotics in linguistic analysis.

This book examines how German-speaking Jews living in Berlin make sense and make use of their multilingual repertoire. With a focus on lexical variation, the book demonstrates how speakers integrate Yiddish and Hebrew elements into German for indexing belonging and for positioning themselves within the Jewish community. Linguistic choices are shaped by language ideologies (e.g., authenticity, prescriptivism, nostalgia). Speakers translanguage when using their multilingual repertoire, but do so in a diglossic way, using elements from different languages for specific domains.

Este libro ofrece un panorama detallado de la evolución de las perífrasis fasales desde el latín hasta el español. El estudio parte de una reflexión acerca del estatus gramatical de estas construcciones y de los significados aspectuales y discursivos que expresan. Se explica detenidamente, desde la gramaticalización y la construccionalización, cómo se va desplegando la red de valores semánticos que caracteriza a cada perífrasis fasal y sus contextos de uso más destacados. Esta monografía aborda también aspectos tradicionalmente marginados, como pueden ser las cadenas de perífrasis o la variación dialectal. En relación con los valores semánticos de las perífrasis fasales, se han descrito contextos de empleo precisos que han obligado a recurrir a la tradicionalidad discursiva para explicar no solo los significados, sino también la propia evolución de las perífrasis analizadas. En esta evolución, hay un aspecto que cada vez más resulta decisivo: la variación dialectal que envuelve el empleo de algunas perífrasis verbales, sobre todo en el español de América, que se revela especialmente rico en la creación de nuevas construcciones perifrásticas.

With more than two thousand languages spread over its territory, multilingualism is a common reality in Africa. The main official languages of most African countries are Indo-European, in many instances Romance. As they were primarily brought to Africa in the era of colonization, the areas discussed in this volume are thirty-five states that were once ruled by Belgium, France, Italy, Portugal, or Spain, and the African regions still belonging to three of them. Twenty-six states are presented in relation to French, four to Italian, six to Portuguese, and two to Spanish. They are considered in separate chapters according to their sociolinguistic situation, linguistic history, external language policy, linguistic characteristics, and internal language policy. The result is a comprehensive overview of the Romance languages in modern-day Africa. It follows a coherent structure, offers linguistic and sociolinguistic information, and illustrates language contact situations, power relations, as well as the cross-fertilization and mutual enrichment emerging from the interplay of languages and cultures in Africa.

The present volume is dedicated to the phenomenon of pragmaticalization in the context of the theory of grammaticalization. While, in recent decades, the growing interest in the analysis of pragmatic phenomena within grammaticalization research was triggered, amongst others, by studies in the field of subjectivity and intersubjectivity in language, we still lack a model for a broad understanding of how changes on the discourse level come about and face a lack of information which provides a conclusive theoretical framework to systematically record the emergence of an entire layer of discourse units in language. The book is one of the first comprehensive collections contributed to the topic of pragmaticalization, and includes empirical studies on a wide range of languages from diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Aiming to refine our understanding of pragmatic shifts which can be observed by several linguistic units, the contributions discuss such issues as pros and cons of the concept of pragmaticalization, the parameters of pragmaticalization, the emergence of discourse markers and constructions with various pragmatic functions, pathways of change, including the influence of language contact.

This book is a progressive exposition on Halliday's academic thought and its origins by the renowned linguist Hu Zhuanglin, based on 30 years of research. The first part,'Chinese Origin,'introduces readers to the author's gradual understanding that Halliday's academic thought mainly came from Chinese scholars such as Wang Li, Luo Changpei, and Gao Mingkai. In 1980s, Halliday and his students introduced the theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics into the foreign language and linguistics circles in China; thus, Halliday's academic thought returned to where it originated. The second part,'A Discussion of Theories,'mainly addresses the author's experience and further discussions after learning Halliday's theory. The theme of the third part is'Discourse Analysis'and focuses on the greatest difference between Systemic Functional Linguistics and traditional grammar—sentence grammar. Halliday emphasizes the study of'discourse,'and sentences are only the embodiment of discourse atthe next level. The fourth part,'The Study of Chinese,'applies Halliday's linguistic theory to the evolution of the research of the Chinese language in China, which can better explain the theme of'return'and is of great significance for Chinese scholars'understanding and application of Halliday's academic thought.

This book is a collection of innovative studies on language contact. It contains novel works on unexplored issues related to language contact in different settings and aims to contribute multi-perspective insights to the current state of the art on language contact. Novel approaches to contact-related change, variation, attrition, and emergence of new varieties are explored from the lens of sociolinguistic, typological, synchronic, and diachronic perspectives. The contact settings vary from official and majority languages to minority, endangered and/or non-official varieties in different parts of the world.

The History of English: An Introduction provides a chronological analysis of the linguistic, social, and cultural development of the English language from before its establishment in Britain around the year 450 to the present. Each chapter represents a new stage in the evolution of the language, all illustrated with a rich and diverse selection of primary texts. The book also explores the wider global course of the language, including a historical review of English in its pidgin and creole varieties and as a native and/or second language in the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and Australasia.The third edition, carefully revised and updated throughout, includes:● chapter introductions and conclusions to assist in orientation plus additional marginal references throughout;● the addition of 21 timelines often running from Old English to Present-Day English and focusing on a variety of features;● a new focus on the relevance of change for and in Present-Day English;● discussions on the role and image of women, the (in-)visibility of social classes, and regional variation in English;● material on bilingualism, code-switching, and borrowing, and on the effects of the social media on language use;● over 90 textual examples demonstrating linguistic change and over 100 figures, tables, and maps, including 31 colour images, to support and illuminate the text;● updated online support material including brief introductions to Old and to Middle English, further articles on linguistic, historical, and cultural phenomena which go beyond the scope of the book, additional sample texts, exercises, and audio clips.With study questions as well as recommendations for further reading and topics for further study, The History of English is essential reading for any student of the English language and will be of relevance to any course addressing the origins and development of the English language.

Ruanni Tupas presents rich insights into the inequalities of Englishes and the ways in which these inequalities shape and impact English and multilingual speakers from around the world.This edited volume gives a critical take on world Englishes, while showcasing for readers the various inequalities in treatment towards the people who speak English differently, as well as the injustice in that treatment. Research methodologies are explored, providing a glimpse into how data are collected and lending a more thorough look into each study and its conclusions. Chapters address the geopolitics of knowledge production in the teaching, learning and use of English, with strong representations from the peripheries of sociolinguistic studies of English. English is constructed as a language which enables socioeconomic mobility which is one factor that increases the importance of research into this issue, and this book enables researchers to widen their methods of research and apply them to their area of study.A valuable text for academic researchers, as well as postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students, to better understand the linguistic, sociopolitical and epistemic inequality in English communication. It also provides readers with alternative perspectives on lingua-cultural pluralism to unpack social inequalities and hierarchies that exist today.

Understanding the evolution of language within the context of deep human history requires interdisciplinary work between linguists and scientists from a wide range of academic disciplines (e. g. archaeology, molecular biology, anthropology, genetics, biochemistry, etc.). The book aims to calibrate work on human evolution with current linguistic theory in an attempt to trace out a scientific story of how human language emerged and developed that has plausibility while remaining open to change through new linguistic and non-linguistic research.

As the first volume of a two-volume set on Chinese ancient characters and newly unearthed literature, this book brings together the author's research articles that discuss the development of Chinese characters and the tradition of Chinese palaeography.The 23 chapters in this book focus on two aspects of Chinese characters. The first 13 chapters centre on the evolution of Chinese characters, analysing the composition system and its transformation, the motivation, and mechanisms behind its evolution, as well as the methodology of the study of ancient characters. The subsequent 10 chapters mainly revolve around Shuowen Jiezi, one of the oldest character dictionaries in China. The author offers a novel understanding of the core issues related to this most important philological work, such as the version of the dictionary, misunderstandings in previous scholarship, and its relations with other palaeographical materials.The title will appeal to students and scholars of Sinology, Chinese philology, and palaeography, as well as Chinese characters.

Bushnell and Moody present a rich investigation into the navigation of friendships, adopting discursive and ethnographic perspectives to examine Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and English interactional data. Since the definition of friendship is hard to pin down, most sociocultural anthropologists have tended to focus on issues of kinship and descent, while leaving friendship as a residual or interstitial issue. However, this book puts friendship as the central focus and offers unique perspectives from the participants themselves. The interactional work implicated in the accomplishment of making and being friends, and the trials and tribulations of friendship, are both explored through the many detailed analyses showing how the participants navigate the calm and rough waters of friendship in and through their everyday interactions. Researchers, undergraduates, and postgraduate students in the fields of conversation analysis, pragmatics, and other social sciences will benefit from the real-life examples in the book as well as the analysis.

This book comprises 20 chapters that have been divided into two distinct parts: language in educational contexts and language in cultural contexts. The contributions included in this book are the outcome of the conference Contacts and Contrasts that was held in Konin, Poland, in 2021 (C&C2021). The contributions featured in the first part of the part of the book focus on various issues in the field of applied linguistics, in particular language education, second and foreign language learning as well as translator training. The second part of this edited collection features chapters devoted to a range of issues at the intersection of semantics, historical and contact linguistics, as well as literature.

As the seventh volume of a multi-volume set on the Chinese language, this book studies the Mongolian influence on neologisms in Modern Chinese and innovations in word formation and lexical meanings during the period.Focusing on lexicons in Modern Chinese, the Chinese language used since the 13th century CE, this book first introduces new monosyllables and the entry of spoken idioms and dialects into the written language as well as the mingling of the Chinese language with the Mongolian and Manchu languages. It then focuses on the development and features of polysyllabic words in Modern Chinese, covering alliterative and rhyming compounds and trisyllabic and four-syllable words. The final chapter discusses the change of lexical meaning systems in Modern Chinese based on an analysis of monosyllables, disyllables and polysyllables.Illustrated with abundant examples, this comprehensive groundwork on Chinese lexical history will be a must read for scholars and students studying the modern Chinese language and linguistics and especially for beginning learners of the modern Chinese lexicon.

This book is the second volume of a two-volume set that synchronically and diachronically studies the Jin dialect of Northern Shaanxi Province in China, with a focus on six grammatical features of the dialect.The Jin dialect of Northern Shaanxi is one of the most ancient, complicated, and representative dialects of the Yellow River region and figures prominently in our understanding of the Jin dialect and northern Chinese dialects as a whole. The book looks into the following six aspects of the dialect: subjunctive mood, expressions of complex sentence relationships, embedded sentence patterns, complex interrogative sentences, the formation of imperative modal particle “zhe”, and the phonetic variation of grammatical constituents. In the final chapter, the author discusses the significance of diachronic comparison as the research method for studying Chinese dialectal grammar.The book will be a useful reference for scholars and students interested in Jin dialects, Chinese dialects, and Chinese linguistics.

The third edition of this successful textbook has been fully revised and updated.Essentials of Early English is a practical and highly accessible introduction to the early stages of the English language: Old English, Middle English, and Early Modern English.Designed specifically as a handbook for students beginning the study of Early English language, whether for linguistic or literary purposes, it presumes little or no prior knowledge of the history of English.Features of this new edition include: Comprehensive updating of the contents to take account of new developments in the subject Newly added sample texts and accompanying notes Links to images of many of the illustrative texts An updated annotated bibliography. A contextual introduction of the history of English is provided, which includes an outline of English in relation to its origins. A deeper analysis is then given on each of the key stages of Early English, using the language of King Alfred, Chaucer, and Shakespeare respectively to illustrate points. Thus, the essential characteristics of each stage of the language are provided to create the ideal course book for History of English courses and to give the student a firm foundation of basic linguistic knowledge which can be applied to further study.

The first attempt at a restrictive theory of the linear order of sentences and phrases of the world's languages, by one of the founders of cartographic syntax.Linearization, or the typical sequence of words in a sentence, varies tremendously from language to language. Why, for example, does the English phrase “a white table” need a different word order from the French phrase “une table blanche,” even though both refer to the same object? Guglielmo Cinque challenges the current understanding of word order variation, which assumes that word order can be dealt with simply by putting a head either before or after its complements and modifiers. The subtle variations in word order, he says, can provide a window into understanding the deeper structure of language and are in need of a sophisticated explanation.The bewildering variation in word order among the languages of the world, says Cinque, should not dissuade us from researching what, if anything, determines which orders are possible (and attested/attestable) and which orders are impossible (and not attested/nonattestable), both when they maximally conform to the “head-final” or “head-initial” types and when they depart from them to varying degrees. His aim is to develop a restrictive theory of word order variation—not just a way to derive the ideal head-initial and head-final word orders but also the mixed cases.In the absence of an explicit theory of linearization, Cinque provides a general approach to derive linear order from a hierarchical arrangement of constituents, specifically, by assuming a restrictive movement analysis that creates structures that can then be linearized by Richard S. Kayne's Linear Correspondence Axiom.

This edited book examines the multilingual culture of medieval England, exploring its impact on the development of English and its textual manifestations from a multi-disciplinary perspective. The book offers overviews of the state of the art of research and case studies on this subject in (sub)disciplines of linguistics including historical linguistics, onomastics, lexicology and lexicography, sociolinguistics, code-switching and language contact, and also includes contributions from literary and socio-cultural studies, material culture, and palaeography. The authors focus on the variety of languages in use in medieval Britain, including English, Old Norse, Norn, Dutch, Welsh, French, and Latin, making the argument that understanding the impact of medieval multilingualism on the development of English requires multidisiplinarity and the bringing together of different frameworks in linguistics and cultural studies toachieve more nuanced answers. This book will be of interest to academics and students of historical linguistics and medieval textual culture.

Linguistic variation, loosely defined as the wholesale processes whereby patterns of language structures exhibit divergent distributions within and across languages, has traditionally been the object of research of at least two branches of linguistics: variationist sociolinguistics and linguistic typology. In spite of their similar research agendas, the two approaches have only rarely converged in the description and interpretation of variation. While a number of studies attempting to address at least aspects of this relationship have appeared in recent years, a principled discussion on how the two disciplines may interact has not yet been carried out in a programmatic way. This volume aims to fill this gap and offers a cross-disciplinary venue for discussing the bridging between sociolinguistic and typological research from various angles, with the ultimate goal of laying out the methodological and conceptual foundations of an integrated research agenda for the study of linguistic variation.

Why do we have different accents and where do they come from? Why do you say ‘tomayto'and I say ‘tomahto'? And is one way of speaking better than another? In You're All Talk, linguist Rob Drummond explores the enormous diversity of our spoken language to reveal extraordinary insights into how humans operate: how we perceive (and judge) other people and how we would like ourselves to be perceived. He investigates how and why we automatically associate different accents with particular social characteristics — degrees of friendliness, authority, social class, level of education, race, and so on — and how we, consciously or subconsciously, change the way we speak in order to create different versions of ourselves to fit different environments. Ultimately, You're All Talk demonstrates the beauty of linguistic diversity and how embracing it can give us a better understanding of other people — and ourselves.

The book addresses some raging questions in linguistics today: What kind of variation do typologically related languages display? Do we expect to find the same variation in genealogically unrelated languages spoken in the same area? What makes dialects different? The current book answers these questions using data from languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent—an area known for its linguistic richness and diversity. Each chapter in the book presents a wealth of data collected through extensive fieldwork or controlled experimental setups. The chapters examine macro-variation in relative clauses, word order and negation found among Austro-Asiatic, Dravidian, Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman languages. It also investigates meso-level variation among related Eastern Indo-Aryan languages and intra-language and dialectal changes. It encourages scholars to probe deep into the mechanisms that underlie the immense intra- and inter-language variation in the area. It serves as a resource book for postgraduate and research scholars of linguistic typology, theoretical syntax, sociolinguistics, historical linguistics and for scholars interested in South Asian languages.

The grammatical category of (sentence) mood has been of central interest to many branches of linguistics, including linguistic typology and systemic functional linguistics. This book is a successful integration of the typological and systemic functional approaches to mood, aiming to investigate the commonalities and variations across languages in both mood system and mood structure. To this aim, it establishes a geographically, genetically and typologically representative sample of 60 languages and provides detailed systemic functional descriptions of the mood system and mood structure of these languages. Based on such descriptions, it makes cross-linguistic comparisons of the mood system and mood structure of the languages in the sample. Structurally, it explores the cross-linguistic commonalities and variations in (i) the realizations of some major functional elements in mood structure, (ii) the realizations of mood options and (iii) the realizations of mood system. Systemically,it investigates how languages resemble and vary from each other in (i) the subtypes of major mood types, (ii) the organization of mood system and (iii) the semantic dimensions along which mood system is elaborated further in delicacy. Moreover, building on the descriptions and comparisons, it makes some generalizations about the structural and systemic features of mood and proposes some tentative explanations for the commonalities and variations languages display in mood system and mood structure. This book is an empirical and holistic approach to the typology of mood and contributes to a deeper understanding of the grammatical category. It is of special interest to systemic functional linguists, typologists, grammarians and descriptive linguists.

This Handbook provides a comprehensive and cutting-edge overview of the field of linguistic prescriptivism. Mapping the current status quo of the field and marking its two-decade transformation into a serious field of study within linguistics, this volume addresses both the value and the methods of studying prescriptivism. It covers:• Theoretical and methodological approaches – from historical to experimental approaches and including corpus-based methods and attitudes research;• Contexts in which prescriptive efforts can be both observed and studied – including education, technology, the media, language planning and policies, and everyday grassroots practices;• Geographical contexts of prescriptivism – featuring chapters on inner- and outer-circle Englishes, English as a Lingua Franca, as well as prescriptivism in the context of other world languages including minority and endangered languages.With contributions from an international line-up of leading and rising-star scholars in the field, The Routledge Handbook of Linguistic Prescriptivism marks the evolution of linguistics as a fully self- aware discipline and will be an indispensable guide for students and researchers in this area.