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Forschung zu'Rechtsräumen'markiert eine Schnittstelle zwischen Rechtsgeschichte und Kulturwissenschaften. Es werden die dynamischen Veränderungen von rechtlichen Vorschriften und Praktiken, aber auch von religiösen, weltlichen oder technischen und ökonomischen Handlungsweisen analysiert, denen sie bei ihrer räumlichen, sprachlichen sowie kulturellen Übertragung ausgesetzt sind.'Forschungsbibliographie Rechtsräume (Research Bibliography ‘Legal Spaces') (October 23, 2019)'in Max Planck Institute for European Legal History Research Paper Series No. 2019-25: subsidia et instrumenta. Jetzt zugänglich unter SSRN: URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3493150

Angesichts einer fortschreitenden Urbanisierung und der ungeheuren Erfolgsgeschichte der Siedlungsform „Stadt'wird selten die paradoxe Kehrseite dieser Geschichte in den Blick genommen. Seit 5000 Jahren steht der Entstehung von Städten ihr Untergang gegenüber. Verlassene Städte sind ein geradezu allgegenwärtiges Phänomen aller Zeiten und Regionen. Die in den Band versammelten Aufsätze unterschiedlicher Disziplinen beschreiben, wie von der Antike bis in die aktuelle Zeitgeschichte Stadtruinen wahrgenommen wurden. Ihre Interpretation, Instrumentalisierung und symbolische wie inhaltliche Aufladung verrät sehr viel über die Kulturen, in denen diese Prozesse zu beobachten sind. In einem faszinierenden Spektrum, das vom antiken Nahen Osten, Kleinasien und Italien über das präkolumbianische Nordamerika und Europa des 19. Jahrhunderts bis in den heutigen Oman, Palästina, die Mongolei, die USA oder nach Osteuropa reicht, wird die vielfältige Deutung von Ruinen und ihre Rolle in politischen, kulturellen und sozialen Verständigungen und Kontroversen thematisiert. Verlassene Städte erweisen sich auf diese Weise als ein zentrales und äußerst fruchtbares Thema der Kultur-, Kunst- und politischen Geschichte.

Bringing to light the largely overlooked female participation in domestic and international art worlds, this book offers the first comprehensive study of how women embroiderers, traditionalist calligraphers and painters, including Shen Shou, Wu Xingfen, Jin Taotao, and members of Chinese Women's Society of Calligraphy and Painting, shaped the terrain of the modern art world and gender positioning during China's important moments of social-cultural transformation from empire to republic. Drawing on a wealth of previously unexhibited artworks, rare artist's monographs, women's journals, personal narratives, diaries, and catalogs of international expositions, Doris Sung not only affirms women's significant roles as guardian and innovator of traditionalist art forms for a modern nation, but she also reveals their contribution to cultural diplomacy and revaluation of Chinese artistic heritage on the international stage in the early twentieth century.

Zu den wesentlichen Charakteristika der Geschichte des Fernhandels gehört die Tatsache, dass sich Warenströme häufig auf bestimmte (maritime und kontinentale) Handelswege bzw. Wegenetze konzentrierten. Klimatische und geographische Gegebenheiten - Windverhältnisse, Meeresströmungen, Passstraßen usw. - trugen dazu ebenso bei wie das Vorhandensein von Infrastrukturen (Häfen, Kaufmannsniederlassungen, Transportmöglichkeiten, Karawansereien etc.). Trotz einer enormen Zunahme des globalen Güterverkehrs in den letzten beiden Jahrhunderten hat sich daran bis heute grundsätzlich nichts geändert: Auch in der Gegenwart läuft ein großer Teil des Warentransports über mehr oder minder feste Routen, und neuralgische Punkte wie der Panamakanal, der Suezkanal oder die Straße von Malakka haben für die reibungslose Abwicklung des Welthandels enorme Bedeutung. Das Handbuch gibt vor diesem Hintergrund erstmals in deutscher Sprache einen Gesamtüberblick. Damit bietet es zugleich eine Synthese der selbst für Fachleute kaum noch überschaubaren internationalen Spezialforschung zu Großräumen wie dem Mittelmeer, dem Atlantik und dem Indischen Ozean.

Empfehlungsschreiben beeinfl ussen die Lebenswege der empfohlenen Personen maßgeblich und unterliegen dabei den Einfl üssen ihrer historischen Umgebung. Ausgehend von der Frage, wie Empfehlungsschreiben im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert geschichtsmächtig und geschichtsträchtig wurden und wie sie sich im Laufe der Zeit veränderten, werden vier Fallstudien aus dem Bereich der deutsch-jüdischen Geschichte des späten 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts untersucht. Hierzu gehören Schreiben von und an Bankier Gerson von Bleichröder, das Bankhaus Arnhold, die Hebräische Universität und die Hilfsorganisation AFSC. Durch die Kombination von semantischer Analyse und Netzwerkanalyse zeigt die Arbeit die Bedeutung von Formulierungen, die unter anderem Freundschaft, Vertrauen und/oder Machtverhältnisse beschreiben und abbilden. Zwischenmenschliche Verbindungen, die sich in Empfehlungsschreiben manifestierten, werden so sichtbar. Es wird nachvollziehbar, wie Empfehlungen sozialen Aufstieg, gesellschaftliche Etablierung und Institutionalisierung ermöglichten und humanitäre Hilfe nachhaltig prägten.

In the early twentieth century, Chinese intellectuals came to realize that Westerners surpassed them not only in knowledge of the world, but also in knowledge of China itself. A rising generation of Chinese scientists, engineers, and administrators was eager to address this state of affairs and began to retrace the footsteps of Western explorers who had crisscrossed China during the preceding century. The nine case studies assembled in this book show how a new cohort of professional Chinese explorers traveled, studied, appropriated, and reshaped national space from the 1920s to the 1950s. In some instances, the explorers drew directly from the fieldwork practices of their Western predecessors. In others, they trained compilers to collect and systematize local knowledge that could be passed up the administrative hierarchy to government and national institutions. Their projects helped to claim natural resources, prepare for infrastructural development, and create new institutionalized knowledge and public engagement with textual representations of China's geobody. This book elucidates the ways in which knowledge production in early twentieth-century China centered on space and contributed to China's transformation into a modern nation-state.

What role has football (and sport in general) played in Hungarian foreign policy? Was there a continuity between the inter-war period and communism? Are foreign politics and sporting diplomacy synonyms? This book tries to provide answers to these questions through a careful examination of documents of the Hungarian Foreign Ministry and Hungarian newspapers, supplemented by documentation from several European countries. Through Hungarian football, the author traces a history of Hungary during the Age of Extremes with a special focus on the period during which sport played a particular role in Hungarian foreign policy: from 1924, the date of the Paris Olympics, the first time the country competed after World War I, to 1960, date of the Olympics of Rome. The result is a study from a particularly original perspective, highlighting, first and foremost, the transnational dimension of Hungarian football.

World history suffers from a paucity of clearly articulated, convincing explanations. While the rise of postmodernism and challenges to Eurocentrism did lead to some important correctives, the pendulum has swung too far the other direction, with a corresponding danger of ‘throwing the baby out with the bathwater'. We need careful, theoretically informed debates about ways of organizing world history. What constitutes a good historical explanation? What should guide historians to choose relevant facts? Which theoretical schools could be made useful, and to what ends? These questions are especially relevant to the main topic of this book: the ‘great divergence'between the west and the rest of the world, and how this historical rupture is to be explained. The book provides extensive critical analyses of some of the key claims in world history, analyzing their strengths as well as their major weaknesses—too often rooted in insufficient familiarity of historians with theories they discard. It also historicizes the field and the debates to partly account for what caused some theories to become more influential and others to fall into oblivion—despite the fact that the more influential frameworks are seriously flawed and some of the more marginalized ideas are more coherent and plausible. The book offers insights regarding the theoretical and political relevance of older debates about the transition to capitalism and historical materialism. Three major schools of thought in world history are critically examined through an in-depth theoretical and comparative analysis that has not been undertaken elsewhere: the so-called ‘California School', World Systems Analysis, and Marxist theories of history, capitalism, and the transition from feudalism to capitalism. Murphy argues that, despite some of the more recent criticisms of older approaches to world history, the older theories remain indispensable for the writing of world history and for coming to terms with issues of global poverty, inequality and eco-catastrophe.

Von Tante Emma zur Schlecker-Frau und schließlich zur menschenleeren Computer-Kasse im Supermarkt des 21. Jahrhunderts – empirisch dicht und mit einem neuartigen methodischen Zugriff zeichnet Manuela Rienks die Entwicklungen im deutschen Einzelhandel seit den 1950er Jahren nach. Durch den praxeologischen Zugang auf Phänomene wie Selbstbedienung, Computerisierung der Kassen, Rationalisierung, Teilzeitarbeit und Ladenschluss gelingt es, die komplexen Arbeitszusammenhänge und Hierarchien im Einzelhandel zu erklären. Die Verkäuferinnen spielen in dieser Geschichte die Hauptrolle. Sie dienen als weibliche Arbeitskräfte allen außer sich selbst: den oft gehetzten Kundinnen und Kunden im Laden, den Unternehmen, die sie tagtäglich repräsentieren, und ihren Familien mit ihrem Zuverdienst und ihrer Care-Arbeit. Individuelle Beispiele von jungen Filialleiterinnen und altehrwürdigen Kassiererinnen können die Diskriminierung der weiblichen Angestellten im Einzelhandel und der gesamten Dienstleistungsbranche nicht aufwiegen. Diese zeithistorische Studie zeigt, wie die Arbeitswelt des 20. Jahrhunderts die geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheit in der Gesellschaft stets aufs Neue hervorbrachte und verfestigte.

This book advances a local, regional, and comparative analysis of the history of the sixty-eighters from Hungary and Romania between 1956 and 1975. The aim of the book is to answer to the following research question: to what extent does ‘the long 1968'mark and change protest history? Another axis of my research, equally important, is: how can one genuinely distinguish between a protest, an opposition, and a pastime? Where did radicalisation truly begin, and when was it solely an auto-perception as a dissident? In other words, how can one truly distinguish between a leisure activity like listening to Radio Free Europe or exploring an altered state of consciousness, and an explicit political activity like organising a protest or writing subversive texts? Among other aims, the books's scope is to understand where a leisure activity ends, and a protest starts. By ‘practicing counterculture,'did the youth wish to contest the system or simply express themselves? As method, oral history plays a crucial part. On a superficial level, the interviews helped to fill in the archival gap. However, oral testimonies proved to reveal much more than essential factual information. Oral history clarified how political and social events influenced the subjects'memory formation.

The mobility regimes in which migratory careers of highly educated women are embedded have a high impact on the invisible sway between privileges and vulnerabilities in situated socio-political contexts. Between 1960s and 1990s, highly educated women began moving on their own, but, despite their qualifications, they nonetheless faced big challenges, some of which have not completely disappeared. Are highly educated migrant women really privileged? This book explores the empirical dilemma between privileges and vulnerability in the framework of conceptual transformations of the highly skilled migration and human mobility in history from the post-industrial era to the present. The book's subject matter shows an existing sway between privileges and vulnerability in the construction process of the “migratory careers” of highly educated women, which depends on the articulation of macro, meso and micro factors and driving women historically to shape heterogeneous readaptation responses in different geo-political contexts. The case study of the Basque Country in Spain is presented as emblematic reflection of the global economy conformation. The history explored from a gender perspective shows that a critical understanding of the structures of opportunities and constraints influencing women's mobility is relevant to overcome stereotypes and generate gender-sensitive policies for the socio-economic inclusion of more vulnerable groups.

This book discusses the history of music warning labels, specifically the Parental Advisory Label (PAL), and the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC). It aims to answer these questions: How could the PMRC trigger a debate on music lyrics as a negative influence on children that led to the introduction of the PAL in the long run? What did the implementation of the PAL warning mean for musicians and how had the perception of music changed so that the advisory label was deemed necessary? The central thesis is that through the discourse on explicit lyrics, certain music was marked as an actual threat to children and society and consequently started to be perceived as such. By the way in which the discourse evolved, and how other actors conducted themselves in the debates, this understanding of certain music was repeatedly (re-)negotiated and connected to other current discourses, such as discourses on family values, sexuality, youth culture, generational conflicts and social problems. Through this, the understanding of certain music as a threat to children and society was constantly renewed.The book analyses the PMRC's campaign on explicit lyrics and provides insights into their strategy and success from a historical perspective.

RecordCovid19. Historicizing Experiences of the Pandemic provides insights into the experience of the Covid19 pandemic from an historical and sociological perspective. Using the first-hand testimonies submitted as part of the #RecordCovid19 project as its inspiration, the chapters in this edited collection explore and contextualise the initial responses to the Covid19 pandemic. The collection examines people's relationships with Covid19 as an historical event, including their own experiences of living through history; their relationship with their surroundings, including their relationships with family, the soundscapes and the emotional environments of a pandemic world; the impact and tone of political rhetoric, including the use (and misuse) of wartime myths and language in the United Kingdom; and finally, what lessons can be learnt from how people discuss their own personal stories and what lessons can we draw from previous examples of storytelling in moments of crisis. The result is a fascinating and rich discussion derived from an archive full of idiosyncratic experiences of life changing during the Covid19 pandemic.

Die im vorliegenden Band versammelten Beiträge dokumentieren den Ertrag des Workshops „Historische Biographik und kritische Prosopographie als Instrumente in den Geschichtswissenschaften', der 2021 an der TU Bergakademie Freiberg durchgeführt wurde. Die Autorinnen und Autoren loten die komplexen Problemlagen der historischen Biographik und der prosopographischen Forschung im Zeitalter der Digital Humanities aus. Das Themenspektrum reicht dabei von der individual-biographischen Forschung und Oral History über Erfahrungsberichte prosopographischer (Groß-)Vorhaben bis hin zu den Herausforderungen bei der Entwicklung und Nutzung multifunktionaler Prosopographiedatenbanken und ihrer Verfügbarmachung im Internet.

Until the end of the Cold War in 1990, building projects and architectural icons played an important role in the self-portrayal of the competing systems. However, as the current research shows, we also find a large variety of forms of cooperation between the East, the South, and the West, not to forget the manifold cross-border entanglements within the South or the East. This book explores the intersection of two strands of research. On the one hand, interaction in the field of architecture and construction between actors from socialist countries and from countries of the Global South have increasingly won interest amongst historians of architecture and planning. On the other hand, in the context of the strongly emerging Cold War Studies, scholars have explored cooperation and circulation across the Iron Curtain with a focus on economic and research planning. This book connects perspectives of planning, construction and architectural design with those on economic interests and conflicts in projects and networks. Furthermore, it opens the view to the hubs of communication and exchange, and on patterns of longterm transformation and appropriation of architecture.

Die Geschichte des Rechts im frühneuzeitlichen Hispanoamerika ist ein faszinierendes Feld rechtshistorischer Forschung. Im Zuge der europäischen Expansion seit dem späten 15. Jahrhundert etablierte die spanische Monarchie ihre Herrschaft in einem riesigen Gebiet in Nord-, Mittel- und Südamerika. Normen, Institutionen und Praktiken aus Europa wurden in die für die Spanier neue Welt übersetzt. Sie verdrängten und überlagerten oder sie vermischten sich mit den Rechten indigener Völker. Lange Zeit wurde diese Geschichte als Verlängerung der europäischen Rechtsgeschichte interpretiert. Dieser Band führt in die Forschungsgeschichte, deren Leistungen und Problematik ein. Er gibt eine Übersicht über wichtige Quellen und Literatur und zeigt Perspektiven der Forschung auf.

Football and Fascism. The Politics of Popular Culture in Portugal tells the hidden history of football and discusses its political, social and cultural foundations, during the longest running authoritarian regime in Europe. Theoretically grounded on Bourdieu's field theory, and using a multi-scalar methodology, this award-winning research explores the political tensions between the nationalization of sports envisaged by the Portuguese “New State” and the integration of national football in a globalized urban popular culture. Mobilizing unexplored archival sources, and a wide array of primary materials, this groundbreaking work offers new insight on the administrative structures of the corporativist state, the making of an authoritarian cultural program, and the relation between state institutions and civil society. Besides broadening the scope of existing transnational histories of football, this study also puts into question the conventional geographies and political chronologies adopted in sports history. For his oustanding research, Rahul Kumar won the 2015 “Mário Soares Award - EDP Foundation” for best work in Portuguese history by researchers under 35 and received an honourable mention, also in 2015, in the “CES Award for Young Portuguese speaking Social Scientists”, attributed by the Centre for Social Studies of Coimbra University.

Erzähl- und Lebenswelten bedingen einander. Erzählungen erschaffen Welten, die auf die reale Lebenswelt Bezug nehmen, wie auch diese ihrerseits von den in Erzählungen vermittelten Welten geprägt ist. Das Baltikum – aus historischer Sicht seit der frühen Neuzeit die ehemaligen Ostseeprovinzen Livland, Estland und Kurland bzw. aus heutiger Perspektive die drei Staaten Estland, Lettland und Litauen – bietet für die Erforschung von Erzähl- und Lebenswelten eine besonders reichhaltige Basis. Die gelebte Mehrsprachigkeit, die häufigen Herrschaftswechsel, die historischen Umwälzungen und der Kampf um die politische Geltung, die sich auch in der Kultur manifestierte, geben der Region eine besondere Prägung. Die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes stammen von Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern aus den baltischen Ländern und Deutschland, aber auch aus Italien und Großbritannien. Vertreten sind Beiträge aus der germanistischen Literatur- und Sprachwissenschaft, aber auch der Kunstgeschichte, Translationswissenschaft und Soziolinguistik.

Clashes over the American family and its values have always implicitly or explicitly addressed issues of gender and highlighted the significance of present and future families to American society. This is the insight underpinning Isabel Heinemann's groundbreaking study, which traces, over the course of the twentieth century, debates on the family and its role; the relationship between the individual and society; and individual decision-making rights as well as their denial or curtailment. Unpacking these issues in a vivid and innovative analysis, the book recounts the prehistory of current conflicts over the family and gender while illuminating the relationship between social change, normative shifts, and the counter-movements spawned in response to them.

In welchem Verhältnis standen Selbstverständnis und Praxis institutionalisierter nichtkonfessioneller sowie katholischer Eheberatungsstellen? In ihrer an der Schnittstelle von Sozialgeschichte, Geschichte der Sozialen Arbeit und Kirchengeschichte angesetzten Studie blickt Vera-Maria Giehler auch auf der Mikroebene in die Beratungssituation selbst. Mit den zum ersten Mal ausgewerteten Briefwechseln, Protokollen und Berichten aus Beratungsstellen soll so eine Forschungslücke zu einem zeitgenössisch viel diskutierten Themenfeld geschlossen werden. Eheberatung diente den Ratsuchenden, jedoch auch gesellschaftlichen Ordnungsvorstellungen. Die Autorin arbeitet verschiedene Aspekte der Beratungen heraus: individuelle Hilfe, soziale Kontrolle, Institutionalisierung, Professionalisierung sowie Beratende und auch Ratsuchende als die Situation beeinflussende Akteure. Dabei wird eine starke Ambivalenz aufgezeigt – zurückzuführen auf miteinander verwobene institutionelle Ebenen, denen unabhängig agierende Beratende gegenüberstanden. Selbstverständnis und Zielsetzung vorgesetzter Ebene spiegelten sich nur selten in der Praxis, die sich eher an den Bedürfnissen der Ratsuchenden orientierte. Darüber hinaus werden insbesondere die Kontinuität eugenischen Denkens in der nichtkonfessionellen Eheberatung und die weibliche Laienarbeit mit personalem Ehe- und Liebesverständnis in der katholischen Beratung verdeutlicht.

Juristen entwickelten in der Vormoderne eine eigenes Berufswissen, das geheim war und in einem komplizierten Kommunikationsprozess entstand. Entscheidend hierfür war die alltägliche Routine. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes wollen herauszufinden, wie Juristen in Europa Wissen generierten und es in der Praxis umsetzten. Dies geschieht beispielhaft anhand von Diskussionen zur Pest und über Wirtschaftsfragen. Aber auch Institutionen wie der Reichshofrat, der Große Rat von Mechelen und die Tübinger Juristenfakultät werden untersucht. Hinzu kommen Aufsätze über die Möglichkeiten der Wissensgenerierung durch Wunderkammern und über die Verwendung von juristischer Literatur. Eine besondere Rolle spielt der Straßburger Georg Obrechts (1547-1612).

The Gay Girl in Damascus Hoax explores the vulnerability of educated and politically engaged Westerners to Progressive Orientalism, a form of Orientalism embedded within otherwise egalitarian and anti-imperialist Western thought. Early in the Arab Spring, the Gay Girl in Damascus blog appeared. Its author claimed to be Amina Arraf, a Syrian American lesbian Muslim woman living in Damascus. After the blog's went viral in April 2011, Western journalists electronically interviewed Amina, magnifying the blog's claim that the Syrian uprising was an ethnically and religiously pluralist movement anchored in an expansive sense of social solidarity. However, after a post announced that the secret police had kidnapped Amina, journalists and activists belatedly realized that Amina did not exist and Thomas “Tom” MacMaster, a forty-year-old straight white American man and peace activist living and studying medieval history in Scotland was the blog's true author. MacMaster's hoax succeeded by melding his and his audience's shared political and cultural beliefs into a falsified version of the Syrian Revolution that validated their views of themselves as anti-racist and anti-imperialist progressives by erasing real Syrians. Watch our book talk with the author Andrew Orr here: https://youtu.be/MnaaxlO6Vuw

This multi-disciplinary volume is one of the few collections about social change covering various cases of mass violence and genocide. In life under persecution, social relations and social structures were not absent and not simply replaced by an ethno-racial order. The studies in this book show the influence of social structures like gender, age and class on life under persecution. Exploring practices in family and labor relations and of collective action, they counter claims of an atomization of society or total uprootedness of victims. Despite being exposed to poverty and want and under the permanent threat of political violence, persecuted people tried to develop their own agency. Case studies are about the Jewish and Armenian persecutions, Rwanda, the war of decolonization in Mozambique and civilian refuges in Belarus during World War II. The authors are a mix of experienced scholars and young researchers.

This book is the first systematic study of the genealogy, discursive structures, and political implications of the concept of ‘Greater India', implying a Hindu colonization of Southeast Asia, and used by extension to argue for a past Indian greatness as a colonial power, reproducible in the present and future. From the 1880s to the 1960s, protagonists of the Greater India theme attempted to make a case for the importance of an expansionist Indian civilisation in civilizing Southeast Asia. The argument was extended to include Central Asia, Africa, North and South America, and other regions where Indian migrants were to be found. The advocates of this Indocentric and Hindu revivalist approach, with Hindu and Indian often taken to be synonymous, were involved in a quintessentially parochial project, despite its apparently international dimensions: to justify an Indian expansionist imagination that viewed India's past as a colonizer and civilizer of other lands as a model for the restoration of that past greatness in the future. Zabarskaite shows that the crucial ideologues and elements used for the formation of the construct of Greater India can be traced to the svadeśī movement of the turn of the century, and that Greater India moved easily between the domains of the scholarly and the popular as it sought to establish itself as a form of nationalist self-assertion.

In his book 21 Lessons for the 21st Century the historian Yuval Noah Harrari wrote that man had the possibility to conquer the world precisely because he could create fictional stories and believe in them. People created more and more complex stories about themselves that served and continue to serve, according to the professor of the University of Jerusalem, building unity, social harmony and gaining power. A narrative about past, in which memory fragmentation and victimisation play a large role, may be a temptation to instrumentalise the past. This is especially true in relation to the events of the twentieth century, when a series of bloody war conflicts occurred. As shown in the following post-conference volume, today the wars of the past (World War I and World War II, Indian-Pakistani war) and current conflicts (Russo-Ukrainian war, war in Sudan or Nagorno-Karabakh) are also a catalyst for the process of instrumentalisation. This process can be analysed both at the level of the evolution of the language of conflict, including the erosion of the values of democratic dialogue, and the use of specific means of commemorating the past (monuments, museums, the Internet).

Der Band behandelt die Zeit vom Herrschaftsantritt Alexanders des Großen (336 v. Chr.) bis zum Tod Kleopatras VII. (30 v. Chr.). Die Eroberung des Perserreiches durch Alexander markierte eine Zäsur mit weitreichenden Folgen für die Gebiete des ehemaligen Perserreiches und weitere Teile des Mittelmeerraumes. Die Herrschaftszeit Alexanders, der Charakter der nach seinem Tod neu entstandenen Königreiche, die politischen, gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen und kulturellen Entwicklungen sowie sein Nachwirken bilden wichtige Schwerpunkte. Der Band führt in die Forschungsdebatten ein und enthält eine ausführliche Bibliographie.

In 1974, the Brazilian sports official João Havelange was elected FIFA's president in a two-round election, defeating the incumbent Stanley Rous. The story told by Havelange himself describes a private odyssey in which the protagonist crisscrosses two thirds of the world canvassing for votes and challenging the institutional status quo. For many scholars, Havelange's triumph changed FIFA's (International Federation of Football Association) identity, gradually turning it into a global and immensely wealthy institution. Conversely, the election can be analyzed as a historical event. It can be thought of as a political window by means of which the international dynamic of a specific moment in the Cold War can be perceived. In this regard, this book seeks to understand which actors were involved in the election, how the networks were shaped, and which political agents were directly engaged in the campaign.

Performing Peace and Friendship tells the story of how the Soviet Union succeeded in utilizing the World Festival of Youth and Students in its cultural diplomacy from late Stalinism through the early Khrushchev period. Pia Koivunen discusses the evolution of the youth gathering into a Soviet cultural product starting from the first festival held in Prague in 1947 and ending with the Moscow 1957 gathering, the latter becoming one of the most frequently referred moments of Khrushchev's Thaw. By combining both institutional and grass-roots'perspectives, the book widens our understanding of what Soviet cultural diplomacy was in practice, re-evaluates the agency of young people and provides new insights into the Soviet role in the cultural Cold War. Koivunen argues that rather than simply being orchestrated rallies by the Kremlin bureaucrats, the World Youth Festivals also became significant spaces of transnational encounters for young people, who found ways to employ the event for overcoming the various restrictions and boundaries of the Cold War world.

The fundamental idea of this book is to show – based on the example of Oswald Menghin, Minister of Education of the National Socialist Austrian “Anschluss”-government, and the networks surrounding him – how science and politics were interwoven in Austria in the first half of the 20th century and how the ideas and networks created in that milieu outlasted the alleged caesurae of this period and found continuation in post-war South America. As Menghin traversed an astonishing number of political upheavals and changes – time after time in exalted positions –, his biography may be considered as paradigmatic for the Age of Extremes. The following aspects form the core interest of this book: (1) Menghin's position in the political and scientific field, as well as the interconnection between these spheres. (2) The transnational entanglement between the two central areas of Menghin's geographic spheres of action. (3) Continuities and changes both in Menghin's biography and in a broader political and scientific context in Austria and Argentina. (4) Menghin's scope of action and the extent of his responsibility for crucial and often dire developments in all these facets.

This study analyzes the establishment of an iron foundry in the interior 18th-century of Angola. It was a fruit of the Portuguese Enlightenment, which encouraged investment in manufacturing, particularly of iron, a metal indispensable for military and technological purposes. However, the plans faced the resistance of African blacksmiths and founders who refused to learn foreign techniques and work processes. By emphasizing Central African agency, the book highlights the successful strategies of historical actors who scholars have largely ignored. Based upon a wide variety of sources from Brazilian, Portuguese, and Angolan archives, the book reconstructs how Africans were taken to work at the foundry and the important role they played in developing the form of production employed there. By emphasizing continuities with African technology and the quality of the iron produced, it counters interpretations of the project as an example of the failure of the Portuguese Enlightenment. The analysis demonstrates the circulation of knowledge about iron production, thus revitalizing debates that have posited knowledge transmission as unidirectional. It also highlights the relationship between local political leaders and the colonial government, in addition to elucidating the processes by which workers were organized.

Covering a large portion of the period from the early seventeenth century to the contemporary era, the Kalmyk National Archive has particularly rich holdings from the pre-revolutionary period, which makes it an outstanding source for historical studies on Russia's ‘internal colonialism'at the Empire's southern frontiers. Unfortunately, most of this documentation was lost after the revolution and the civil war. Another part of the archive disappeared during WW II or was deliberately destroyed during the subsequent deportation of the Kalmyk people in 1942. Prior to this, the archival funds still numbered about 70,000 complete files. We know this because information about the pre-revolutionary holdings is well-documented in the inventories contained in the archival primary record books and their inspection lists which were created mainly in the late 1930s and early 1940s and still contained the titles of all documents with a special mark next to those that had been lost over time. These old inventories were revised in the late 1990s and became the subject of an updated edition. Unfortunately, in this case, too, all the lost documents were deleted from the new archival inventories. These previous records, which, given the loss of the documents themselves, provided the only historical record of much of Kalmyk and Russian imperial history, have now disappeared. However, in the mid-1990s I could take copies of the primary inventories, which already then were in a deplorable state. During my archival research in recent years, I began to work with these old archival books in order to describe, inventory and analyse this particular ‘colonial archive'. The results of this work are presented in this publication. Thus, we have a description of the metadata, including the titles of those documents that were either subjected to the horrendous waste campaign of the Soviet era, or were destroyed to erase inconvenient historical truth. In addition to such echoes from the distant and now inaccessible past, this publication presents an up-to-date inventory of pre-revolutionary documents stored to this day in the Kalmyk National Archive.

The socialist states of Eastern Europe closely and suspiciously observed the expellee organizations that had emerged in the Federal Republic since the late 1940s, including their political activities. This volume, for the first time, takes a look at this ‘enemy and foreign observation'by the intelligence services, using various case studies from the GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia. It examines what the secret services knew about the expellee functionaries and their past, and asks what information was collected and how it was used. In addition, the role of the Germans who remained in the socialist states and the Aussiedler, who came to the FRG and formed a link between the expellees and their ‘old homeland', is examined. The volume thus makes an important contribution to research on the perception of the expellee organizations in the socialist states, on the work of the security services, and on bilateral contacts during the ‘Cold War'.

While in the last twenty years perceptions of Europe have been subjected to detailed historical scrutiny, American images of the Old World have been almost wantonly neglected. As a response to this scholarly desideratum, this pioneering study analyzes neoconservative images of Europe since the 1970s on the basis of an extensive collection of sources. With fresh insight into the evolution of American images of Europe as well as into the history of U.S. neoconservatism, the book appeals to readers familiar and new to the subject matters alike. The study explores how, beginning in the early 1970s, ideas of the United States as an anti-Europe have permeated neoconservative writing and shaped their self-images and political agitation. The choice of periodization and investigated personnel enables the author to refute popular claims that widespread Euro-critical sentiment in the United Studies during the early 21st century – considerably ignited by neoconservatives – was a distinct post-Cold War phenomenon. Instead, the analysis reveals that the fiery rhetoric in the context of the Iraq War debates was merely the climax of a decade-old development.

Die Saar 1945-1955, das ist die Geschichte des dritten deutschen Teilstaates. Es lag nahe, die politik- und geschichtswissenschaftlichen Ansätze, wie sie bis 1989 gegenüber der DDR erprobt wurden, auch auf die Geschichte der Saar zu übertragen. Nur, der Komplexität der Saargeschichte wurde ein solcher Ansatz nicht gerecht. Das bewies vor allem die Öffnung der französischen Archive seit den 1980er Jahren. Doch wie muss (saarländische) Zeitgeschichte geschrieben werden? Einen ersten Vorschlag dazu machte eine Konferenz, die 1991 im saarländischen Landtag stattfand. Französischen und deutsche Zeitzeugen diskutierten damals die Befunde der Historiker•innen und konfrontierten ihren Erfahrungsschatz mit den Archivauswertungen. 30 Jahre nach der Konferenz von 1991 werden die damaligen Texte in der vorliegenden Neuausgabe noch einmal präsentiert und um neuere Beiträge ergänzt zu Themen, die damals noch nicht im Fokus der Forschung standen. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage nach dem methodischen Zugriff auf die Saargeschichte, nach der Bilanz der Forschung und den offenen Fragen.

In the Biden multipolar era, Western Democracies face a dilemma: Should they keep marching behind the free market band, or should they engage the Asia new powers in a collegial governance of the common goods? This book looks for precedents that may guide deliberation. When the first age of globalization collapsed into WWI, Carl Polanyi wrote:'While the various shades of anti-democrats each have their own story of the world catastrophe, the democrat has yet to produce his own'(Polanyi 2018, 177). The interwar period is described through the eyes of five witnesses: J.M. Keynes recalls the surreal Versailles conference; E. Canetti, K. Polanyi, and G. Ferrero reflect on the relationship among power, markets, and the people. In the opposite field, F. von Hayek argues for a supranational agency which may ensure global free trade, bypassing the distortions national democracies procure to global markets. For a few years in the 1990s the WTO embodied von Hayek's utopia. This book contends that globalization is an intermittent event. To support that position, two main episodes of globalization are compared: the English textile revolution and the Silicon Valley information age. Each moved through four similar phases: Industry cluster; global infrastructure; regional monopolies; transfer of global leadership. To prevent a repeat of the WWI collapse, Western democracies should promote a concerted governance of environmental issues and other common goods, rather than relying on the free market mechanism.

This is the first biography in English of a World War II heroine of the Greek resistance, who joined the British secret intelligence services (SIS) shortly after the German occupation of Athens and was betrayed, arrested and executed one month before the Germans'departure. She was a prosperous housewife with seven children, who had no experience in politics or military affairs, and yet she managed to build a formidable escape, espionage and sabotage organization that interacted with the highest levels of SIS agents in Occupied Greece.

The book charts an extraordinary period in Danish history: the'Press Freedom Period'of 1770-73, in which King Christian 7's physician J.F. Struensee introduced a series of radical enlightenment reforms beginning with the total abolishment of censorship. The book investigates the sudden avalanche of pamphlets and debates, initiating the modern public sphere of Denmark-Norway. Publications show a surprising variety, from serious political, economic, and philosophical treatises over criticism, polemics, ridicule, entertainment, and to spin campaigns, obscenities, libel, threats. A successful coup against Struensee led to his subsequent public execution in Copenhagen, and the latter half of the period saw the gradual smothering of the new public sphere as well as an international pamphlet storm over what was happening in Denmark. Readers all over Europe proved curious to learn about the radical experiment with enlightened absolutism in Denmark; interest was heightened by the involvement of the Danish Queen, the English princess Caroline Matilda to whom Struensee had an intimate relation. The book is a detailed portrayal of a seminal event in the development of the public sphere in Europe.

Ever since W.E.B. du Bois conceptualized slaves'self-emancipation during the U.S. Civil War as a'general strike,'the language of labor history has informed scholarly understandings of slavery. While the analogy of the plantation to the factory has its obvious limitations, historians have understood slaves and slaveholders as engaged in recognizable struggles over the speed of work, the ownership of time and expertise, and the informal rights and privileges that governed the labor process. However, an older materialist history rooted in marxist categories has not always succeeded in capturing the dynamics of racial dominance and human commodification at the heart of the American slave system. A'new history of capitalism'has offered one remedy, namely to embed slavery firmly within a capitalist mode of production whose investment in'free'labor was always more rhetorical than real. A different response may now be emerging through what scholars call'the new materialism'—an approach organized around human/non-human entanglements and drawing on recent theoretical work on things, networks, and assemblages. This talk considers the implications of this'new materialism'for the history of slavery, and by extension, for the field of labor history more generally.

Die neuere Montangeschichte beschäftigt sich nach wie vor überwiegend mit archivalischen und schriftlich basierten Quellen. Das Potential der in musealen Sammlungen verfügbaren Objekte für die historische Forschung ist dennoch bislang kaum ausgelotet. Die Beiträge des vorliegenden Bandes stellen einzelne Objekte oder Objektgruppen in den Mittelpunkt der Diskussion. Dabei geht es um technische Modelle als Wissensobjekte ebenso wie um Bergbaukleidung als Alltagsobjekt oder Fahnen als Gedächtnisobjekte. Hinzu kommt die Reflexion über archäologische Funde und ihre Relevanz für eine Kontextualisierung von Bergbauobjekten jenseits überlieferter Schriftquellen. Das Buch richtet sich im engeren Sinne an Forschende auf dem Gebiet der Montan- und Technikgeschichte sowie allgemein an diejenigen, die sich mit einer materiell basierten Erinnerungskultur beschäftigen.

Boom – Crisis – Heritage, these terms aptly outline the history of global coal mining after 1945. The essays collected in this volume explore this history with different emphases and questions. The range of topics also reflects this broad approach. The first section contains contributions on political, social and economic history. They address the European energy system in the globalised world of the 20th and 21st centuries as well as specific social policies in mining regions. The second section then focuses on the medialisation of mining and its legacies, also paying attention to the environmental history of mining. The anthology, which goes back to a conference of the same name at the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, thus offers a multi-faceted insight into the research field of modern mining history.

Buy national propaganda has been booming again recently. But it also has a long history that clearly gained momentum in the 20th century as the moralisation of shopping seemed urgent in mass consumer societies. Not only did it serve the sale of'national'goods, but its aims extended beyond that. Buy national propaganda and the discourses linked to it constituted a hegemonic project. They inscribed shopping in a'national economy', in a triangle of state, nation and economy dominated by the propertied classes. The study analyses these relations on the basis of Switzerland and Austria from the 1910s to around 1980. The most important addressees of this propaganda were women, children and young people. Depending on gender, age and class, they were supposed to contribute to the national economy in different ways. Nationalising discourses and practices encompassed purchase and renunciation, consumption and production. The demands appeared in conservative or social democratic, austerity-oriented or Keynesian guise.

The main subjects of analysis in the present book are the stages of initiation in the grand scheme of Theosophical evolution. These initiatory steps are connected to an idea of evolutionary self-development by means of a set of virtues that are relative to the individual's position on the path of evolution. The central thesis is that these stages were translated from the “Hindu” tradition to the “Theosophical” tradition through multifaceted “hybridization processes” in which several Indian members of the Theosophical Society partook. Starting with Annie Besant's early Theosophy, the stages of initiation are traced through Blavatsky's work to Manilal Dvivedi and T. Subba Row, both Indian members of the Theosophical Society, and then on to the Sanâtana Dharma Text Books. In 1898, the English Theosophist Annie Besant and the Indian Theosophist Bhagavan Das together founded the Central Hindu College, Benares, which became the nucleus around which the Benares Hindu University was instituted in 1915. In this context the Sanâtana Dharma Text Books were published. Mühlematter shows that the stages of initiation were the blueprint for Annie Besant's pedagogy, which she implemented in the Central Hindu College in Benares. In doing so, he succeeds in making intelligible how “esoteric” knowledge was transferred to public institutions and how a broader public could be reached as a result. The dissertation has been awarded the ESSWE PhD Thesis prize 2022 by the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism.

Das Thema dieses Buches ist die Wechselwirkung zwischen der Wirtschaftsordnung und der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in den unterschiedlichen Wirtschaftssystemen Deutschlands seit 1945, der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft der alten Bundesrepublik Deutschland, der Staatssozialistischen Planwirtschaft der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft im vereinten Deutschland.

Der Erste Weltkrieg darf nicht nur als die'Urkatastrophe des 20. Jahrhunderts'gesehen werden, sondern auch als eine fundamentale Grunderfahrung für die zukünftige Führungselite der DDR. Der Krieg hat ihren Leib und ihre Weltanschauung geprägt. Wie relevant war diese Erfahrung für die politischen Kämpfe der Weimarer Republik und den Widerstand unter dem Nationalsozialismus? Dieser Sammelband geht einerseits der Frage nach dem Verhältnis zwischen dem Ersten Weltkrieg als'Erfahrungsraum'und'Fronterlebnis'sowie andererseits der DDR als politischem Experiment in Deutschland nach 1945 nach. Wie wurde der Erste Weltkrieg zwischen 1949 und 1989 als Erinnerungsort tradiert? Welche Geschichtsschreibung, welcher Diskurs und welche Vektoren wurden dabei mobilisiert? Inwieweit und wie hat letztendlich dieser Krieg die DDR als Lebenswelt geprägt?

This volume focuses on the depiction of women in video games set in historical periods or archaeological contexts, explores the tension between historical and archaeological accuracy and authenticity, examines portrayals of women in historical periods or archaeological contexts, portrayals of female historians and archaeologists, and portrayals of women in fantastical historical and archaeological contexts. It includes both triple A and independent video games, incorporating genres such as turn-based strategy, action-adventure, survival horror, and a variety of different types of role-playing games. Its chronological and geographical scope ranges from late third century BCE China, to mid first century BCE Egypt, to Pictish and Viking Europe, to Medieval Germany, to twentieth century Taiwan, and into the contemporary world, but it also ventures beyond our universe and into the fantasy realm of Hyrule and the science fiction solar system of the Nebula.

For a long time agriculture and rural life were dismissed by many contemporaries as irrelevant or old-fashioned. Contrasted with cities as centers of intellectual debate and political decision-making, the countryside seemed to be becoming increasingly irrelevant. Today, politicians in many European countries are starting to understand that the neglect of the countryside has created grave problems. Similarly, historians are remembering that European history in the twentieth century was strongly influenced by problems connected to the production of food, access to natural resources, land rights, and the political representation and activism of rural populations. Hence, the handbook offers an overview of historical knowledge on a variety of topics related to the land. It does so through a distinctly activity-centric and genuinely European perspective. Rather than comparing different national approaches to living with the land, the different chapters focus on particular activities – from measuring to settling the land, from producing and selling food to improving agronomic knowledge, from organizing rural life to challenging political structures in the countryside. Furthermore, the handbook overcomes the traditional division between East and West, North and South, by embracing a transregional approach that allows readers to gain an understanding of similarities and differences across national and ideological borders in twentieth-century Europe.

The volumes in the series Werbung – Konsum – Geschichte investigate advertising, marketing, consumerism, and material culture both past and present by taking perspectives from the humanities, the social sciences, cultural studies, communication studies, and integrative scholarship. The series'editorial team aims to promote productive discursive and interdisciplinary exchange, and to provide fresh impetus for further research into these areas. Editorial board: Reinhild Kreis, Holger Schramm und Guido Zurstiege.

The book is a systematic study of the China-Britain relationship during the 1942–1949 period with a particular focus on the two countries'discussions over both the 1943 Sino-British treaty and the discarded Sino-British commercial treaty, the future of Hong Kong, and the political status of Tibet. These were dominated by two underlying themes: the elimination of the British imperialist position in China and the establishment of an equal and reciprocal bilateral relationship. The negotiations started promisingly in 1942–1943, but, by 1949, had failed to reach a satisfactory settlement. Behind the failure lay a complex set of domestic considerations and external factors, including the powerful infl uence of the United States. Even after seven decades, the failure still has a contemporary impact. Recent Sino-British disputes over the Hong Kong Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement and incessant Indo-Chinese confl icts and skirmishes over their unsettled borders all attest to the enduring legacy of the years 1942–1949 as setting the scene for subsequent Sino-British and Sino-Indian relations. From this perspective, the history has never left us.

Have the countries'internal boundaries played a role in the response to the Covid-19 epidemic? What does the coronavirus crisis tell us about the sometimes strained relationship between national and regional/federal governments? This collective loock at the short- and medium term impact of the COVID-19 crisis on relations between central and regional governments.

Die Frage nach Besitz und Nutzung des Ozeans birgt gewaltiges Konfliktpotential, ist doch das Meer nicht nur Nahrungsquelle, sondern auch Wirtschaftsfaktor und Gegenstand geopolitischer Ansprüche. Erstmalig untersucht die Autorin aus historischer Perspektive die Verhandlungen und Debatten während der dritten UN-Seerechtskonferenz, die sich innerhalb des Spannungsfelds gegensätzlicher Vorstellungen von Verteilungsgerechtigkeit und globalem Ressourcenmanagement bewegten. Sie verbindet die Analyse des Konferenzgeschehens mit einem akteurszentrierten Mehr-Ebenen-Ansatz, um die Bedeutung und Wirksamkeit der unterschiedlichen Wahrnehmungen mariner Ressourcen herauszuarbeiten, die den Umgang mit den Meeren und die Ocean Governance bis heute prägen. Als Akteure nimmt sie dabei insbesondere den Staatenverbund der Entwicklungsländer G77, die deutsche Hochseefischerei und die Meeresaktivistin Elisabeth Mann Borgese in den Blick. Die Seerechtskonferenz erscheint somit als ein Lehrstück für die Akteurs- und Interessenkonstellationen zwischen Staaten, Wirtschaft und Zivilgesellschaft auf internationalen Konferenzen. Zugleich unterstreicht die Studie das Potential maritimer Geschichte für umwelt-, wirtschafts- und globalhistorische Fragestellungen.