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This paper reviews the most recent literature on the fertility of migrant populations in Europe. In a systematic review of 21 peer-reviewed journals, we found that the literature has focused almost exclusively on actual behaviours related to the quantum and timing of births; it primarily investigates the determinants of demographic behaviour related to the structural integration of migrants. Previous literature on the demographic behaviour of migrants in Europe used factors related to culture more as a residual explanation for group differences, but it barely addressed their role specifically. The aim of our Special Issue is to draw attention to the normative side of fertility and to include aspects of reproductive health and family planning in the picture – both aspects are related to culture. This paper includes a short introduction to the articles contained in this Special Issue and proposes recommendations for future research., Comparative Population Studies, Vol 43 (2018)

This paper examines the chances for immigrants on the European job market. The data represents a one percent sample of the German population of the Micro census for the years 1998, 2000 and 2003 and Eurostat Labour Force Survey data. The issue addressed is how the academic and occupational level of education (participation in education), labour participation, professional status, unemployment rate, income, female labour participation and atypical occupation (structure of employment) of the foreigners differ from the native population. We find that foreigners in EU countries are more likely to be unemployed and are often in lower segments of the labour market. European comparisons of the labour market situation shows that the acknowledgment of foreign degrees, discrimination, supporting measures and the labour market policy have to be taken into account, as well as the (country-specific) human capital, language skills and the immigrants’ participation in education. Mithilfe des Mikrozensus 1998, 2000 und 2000 und dem Eurostat Labour Force Survey werden die Möglichkeiten für Immigranten auf dem europäischen Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Es wird das akademische und berufliche Ausbildungsniveau (Bildungsbeteiligung), die Erwerbsbeteiligung, die Stellung im Beruf, die Arbeitslosenrate, das Einkommen, die Frauenerwerbsquote und atypische Beschäftigung (Beschäftigungsstruktur) von Einheimischen und Migranten verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass EU Ausländer eher arbeitslos sind und sich eher in niedrigeren Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts befinden. Der europäische Vergleich der Arbeitsmarktsituation Mithilfe des Mikrozensus 1998, 2000 und 2000 und dem Eurostat Labour Force Survey werden die Möglichkeiten für Immigranten auf dem europäischen Arbeitsmarkt untersucht. Es wird das akademische und berufliche Ausbildungsniveau (Bildungsbeteiligung), die Erwerbsbeteiligung, die Stellung im Beruf, die Arbeitslosenrate, das Einkommen, die Frauenerwerbsquote und atypische Beschäftigung (Beschäftigungsstruktur) von Einheimischen und Migranten verglichen. Es zeigt sich, dass EU Ausländer eher arbeitslos sind und sich eher in niedrigeren Segmenten des Arbeitsmarkts befinden. Der europäische Vergleich der Arbeitsmarktsituation zeigt, dass sowohl die Anerkennung ausländischer Bildungsabschlusse, Diskriminierung, die Hilfsmanahmen und die Arbeitsmarktpolitik als auch das (landesspezifische) Humankapital, Sprachkenntnisse und die Bildungsbeteiligung zu berücksichtigen sind, zeigt, dass sowohl die Anerkennung ausländischer Bildungsabschlüsse, Diskriminierung, die Hilfsmanahmen und die Arbeitsmarktpolitik als auch das (landesspezifische) Humankapital, Sprachkenntnisse und die Bildungsbeteiligung zu berücksichtigen sind.

Este escrito reflexiona sobre la forma cómo la migración impacta en las mujeres, detallando algunos datos que permitan visibilizar a las mujeres como sujetos activos de la migración, pero sin desconocer, al mismo tiempo, el grado de vulnerabilidad en el que están expuestas. Para dicho estudio se contextualizará el escenario europeo, específicamente España, puntualizando su estrecha relación con el escenario latinoamericano, ya que son dos contextos ligados entre sí por razones históricas que convocan a reflexionar sobre el papel de las mujeres, sin desmeritar el papel de los hombres, en estos fenómenos migratorios. This paper reflects on how migration impacts on women, detailing some data that make women visible as active subjects of migration, but without ignoring, at the same time, the degree of vulnerability in which they are exposed. This study will contextualize the European scenario, specifically Spain, highlighting its close relationship with the Latin American context, since they are two contexts linked together for historical reasons that call for reflection on the role of women without demeaning the role of men, in these migratory phenomena.

De los más de 5 millones de inmigrantes extranjeros que España recibió en los últimos años, el principal contingente lo componen los europeos, con más de 2,6 millones de residentes en 2011, de los cuales 1,2 millones pertenecen a antiguos países de la UE-15 y 1,4 millones al resto de países europeos. Este artículo analiza los cambios recientes en las dinámicas migratorias de los residentes extranjeros de nacionalidad europea en España, centrando la atención en las consecuencias territoriales derivadas de la actual crisis económica. Se analizan tanto la composición de los stocks, como la evolución de los flujos migratorios externos e internos. Para ello se utiliza la información del Padrón Continuo de población y de las Estadísticas de Variaciones Residenciales, cubriendo la última década. Los resultados muestran un descenso considerable de las entradas migratorias a España desde 2008, al mismo tiempo que se observan variaciones significativas en sus pautas de movilidad interna, tanto en su intensidad como en las provincias emisoras y receptoras de los flujos, especialmente en aquellas provincias donde el sector de la construcción era importante y el impacto de la crisis ha sido mayor., Europeans presently are the largest foreign population group. Around 2.6 million Europeans – 47% of 5.7 million foreigners registered in Spanish municipalities– are now (2011) living in Spain, 1.2 million of them are from the former EU-15 countries, and 1.4 million from other European countries (12 new member states and non-EU countries). This paper aims to study how Europeans’ migration patterns have changed during the present economic recession. Padrón continuo (Spain’s centralized local register) and Estadística de Variaciones Residenciales (residential mobility statistics) data are used. Results show that Europeans’ entry flows to Spain have substantially decreased since 2008 and that their internal mobility has also fallen. Geographical patterns have also changed, as some of the provinces where the construction sector was particularly dynamic, like Mediterranean ones, have strongly been hit by the crisis, and therefore have gone from attracting to expelling migrants.

BACKGROUND: Policy makers and health practitioners are in need of guidance to respond to the growing geographic mobility of Hispano-American migrants in Europe. Drawing from contributions from epidemiology, social sciences, demography, psychology, psychiatry and economy, this scoping review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis of studies addressing the health status and determinants of this population. We describe major research gaps and suggest specific avenues of further inquiry. METHODS: We identified systematically papers that addressed the concepts "health" and "Hispano Americans" indexed in five data bases from Jan 1990 to May 2014 with no language restrictions. We screened the 4,464 citations retrieved against exclusion criteria and classified 193 selected references in 12 thematic folders with the aid of the reference management software ENDNOTE X6. After reviewing the full text of all papers we extracted relevant data systematically into a table template to facilitate the synthesising process. RESULTS: Most studies focused on a particular disease, leaving unexplored the interlinkages between different health conditions and how these relate to legislative, health services, environmental, occupational, and other health determinants. We elucidated some consistent results but there were many heterogeneous findings and several popular beliefs were not fully supported by empirical evidence. Few studies adopted a trans-national perspective and many consisted of cross-sectional descriptions that considered "Hispano-Americans" as a homogeneous category, limiting our analysis. Our results are also constrained by the availability and varying quality of studies reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Burgeoning research has produced some consistent findings but there are huge gaps in knowledge. To prevent unhelpful generalisations we need a more holistic and nuanced understanding of how mobility, ethnicity, income, gender, legislative status, employment status, working conditions, neighbourhood characteristics and social status intersect with demographic variables and policy contexts to influence the health of the diverse Hispano-American populations present in Europe.

Predmet ovoga rada su veliki nemiri useljenika koji su se zbili u predgrađima francuskih gradova u jesen 2005. godine. Autori polaze od teorijskih koncepata promišljanja društvenoga položaja i nasilničkoga ponašanja useljenika, mladih i marginalnih skupina koje su osmislili istaknuti sociolozi i drugi znanstvenici. Na toj osnovi, oni ističu svoju osnovnu tezu kako je pobuna mladih useljenika druge generacije autohtona francuska, europska i zapadna pobuna. Autori ustvrđuju kako tu pobunu ne treba motriti kao izraz nekoga huntingtonovskoga sukoba civilizacija, odnosno političko-kulturnoga sraza Islama i Zapada. Kako bi obrazložili svoju osnovnu tezu, analiziraju različite pojavne oblike i raznovrsnu društvenu uvjetovanost nemira u Francuskoj. Razloge za izbijanje tih nemira oni ponajprije ustanovljuju u marginaliziranosti arapskih i afričkih useljenika druge generacije koji ne vide mogućnosti da institucionalnim i društveno poželjnim sredstvima ostvare najistaknutije kulturalne ciljeve zapadnoga društva, te u nerazmjeru između formalno-pravnog tretiranja useljenika kao ravnopravnih građana i njihova faktičkog statusa kao građana drugoga reda. Autori upozoravaju kako su mladi useljenici svojevrsni europski stranci. Unatoč tomu, oni su neodvojivi od Europe, osobito s obzirom na sve izraženiju potrebu brojnih europskih zemalja, pa i nekih tranzicijskih, za radnom snagom koja je izazvana procesima depopulacije i starenja stanovništva., The paper deals with the massive riots of the immigrants in French city suburbs in the autumn of 2005. First, the authors give an account of the immigrants’ social position and the violent behaviour of these young and marginal groups as identified by eminent sociologists and other experts. On this they build their hypothesis that the revolt of the second-generation young immigrants is an autochthonous French, European and Western revolt. It should not be viewed as a manifestation of some Huntingtonian clash of civilizations i.e. a political and cultural contest between Islam and the West. The authors prove this hypothesis by analyzing various manifestations and social underpinnings of the French riots. The causes of the riots are primarily the marginalization of the second-generation Arab and African immigrants who believe there are no institutional and socially desirable means to achieve the major cultural goals of the western society, and who see an enormous gap between the formal-legal treatment of immigrants as equal citizens and their real status as secondclass citizens. Although vital for Europe – particularly regarding the increasing demand of many Western European (and even some transitional) countries for labour due to the processes of depopulation and population ageing – these young immigrants are a sort of European aliens.

Predmet razmatranja rada jesu manjine, odnosno etničke manjine kojima se može pripisati središnje mjesto u okviru društvenih pojava i procesa vezanih uz multietničku i multikulturnu strukturu suvremenih društava. Polazeći od pretpostavke da je jasnoća pojmova preduvjet razumijevanja i rješavanja problema vezanih uz etničke manjine, autori problematiziraju definiranje i diferenciranje pojmova s obzirom na koje, u konkretnim društvima, na svojevrstan način uglavnom proizlaze i prava etničkih manjina. Problem se smješta u kontekst suvremenih društava, napose imigracijskih zemalja Europske unije, te se upozorava na njihovu etničku heterogenost, na deklarirani opći konsenzus o pravu na različitost i na važnost toga prava. Uspoređujući s jedne strane etničku strukturu petnaest zemalja Europske unije (temeljenu na popisu stanovništva i na procjenama), a s druge strane podatke o pravnoj reguliranosti zaštite manjina u tim zemljama, autori zaključuju da su na djelu različiti oblici selektivnog negiranja jednakosti prava na različitost. Suvremene podjele na nekad obespravljene tradicionalne manjine koje se nastoje revitalizirati i nove etničke manjine koje se oblikuju iz imigrantske populacije otvaraju mogućnosti za nove oblike diskriminacije. Stoga se također zaključuje da bi manjinska prava trebalo nastojati izjednačiti već i zato što hijerarhizacija prava, kako se kroz povijest pokazalo, može dovesti do frustracija s dalekosežnim posljedicama., The theme that this paper examines are minorities, or rather ethnic minorities, which are central within the framework of social phenomena and processes linked to the multiethnic and multicultural structure of contemporary societies. Proceeding from the assumption that clarity of concepts is a precondition for understanding and solving problems pertaining to ethnic minorities, the authors provide a critique of the definitions and differentiations of concepts from which, in concrete societies and in specific ways, the rights of ethnic minorities mainly derive. The problem is posed in the context of contemporary societies, especially the immigration societies of the European Union, and the authors note the ethnic heterogeneity of the latter and the declared general consensus on the right to difference and on the importance of this right. Comparing, on the one hand, the ethnic structures of fifteen countries of the European Union (based on census data and estimations), and on the other hand data pertaining to the legislative regulation of minority protection in these countries, the authors conclude that various forms of selective denial of equality of the right to difference are in action. Contemporary divisions distinguishing between formerly disprivileged traditional minorities that are striving towards their revitalisation, and new ethnic minorities that are being formed out of immigrant populations, open possibilities for new forms of discrimination. Therefore, the authors further conclude that an attempt should be made to make minority rights equal, also since establishing hierarchies of rights, as has been shown throughout history, may lead to frustrations with long-term consequences.

In this paper the author intends to give an overview of the European immigration In Peru aiming for a first balance of the studies about the subject. Starting from a review of the most important censal sources of the XIX and XX centuries, he tries to answer the following questions about immigrants: which were their insertion strategies in the Peruvian society? To which type of economic activities were dedicated those who decided to stay in the country? The author's analysis concludes, among other things, that the European immigrants in Peru were not an homogenous group and besides, that the majority of them carne on their own initiative in spite of the favorable immigration policies issued by the different republican governments., En el presente artículo el autor se propone dar una visión de conjunto de la inmigración europea en el Perú, buscando trazar un primer balance de los estudios realizados sobre el tema. A partir de una revisión de las fuentes censales más importantes de los siglos XIX y XX intenta responder a una serie de interrogantes: ¿Cuáles fueron sus estrategias de inserción en la sociedad peruana? ¿A qué tipo de actividades económicas se dedicaron aquellos que decidieron radicar en el país? El análisis del autor lleva a concluir, entre otros puntos, que los inmigrantes europeos en el Perú no constituyeron un núcleo homogéneo y que, además, en su gran mayoría llegaron al país por iniciativa propia pese a la favorable política inmigratoria formulada por los distintos gobiernos republicanos.