45 results
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2. Fine-scale mapping of residential land price using machine-learning: An experimental study in the city dominated by informal land markets.
- Author
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Gideon Tumainiel Marandu, Beatrice Tarimo, and Vianey Mushi
- Subjects
residential land price ,land markets ,sub-saharan africa ,ensemble machine-learning ,urban ,mapping ,Mathematical geography. Cartography ,GA1-1776 ,Land use ,HD101-1395.5 - Abstract
Context and backgound Fine-scale mapping of residential land price (RLP) is essential to the understanding of residential land market dynamics and improving urban planning. However, such cartographic resources and experimental studies to map RLP at fine-scale in Sub-Saharan African cities are limited as a result of informal land market dominance in shaping the growth and expansion of most of the cities in the region. Goal and Objectives: The study seeks to establish an optimized ensemble machine-learning method for mapping RLP at grid-level in Dar-es-Salaam City, Tanzania. Methodology: The study utilizes RLPs collected at the sub-ward level via the survey method and uses open data such as Nighttime Lights (NTL), and amenities coordinates points from OpenStreetMap. This paper explores the ability of two (2) ensemble machine learning methods (ie. Random Forest Regression (RF-R) and XGBoost Regression) for mapping RLP at grid-level. Results: Results found that RF-R was slightly superior to XGBoost Regression and was used to map RLP at fine-scale. The relative importance of explanatory variables in the RF-R model demonstrated that NTL was by far the most important determinant for the RLP spatial distribution in Dar-es-Salaam. NTL literature presents it as a proxy for socioeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and population, hence describing typical characteristics of informal land markets. Contrary to global-north urban studies with formal land markets whereby variables such as commercial and educational amenities are found to be very important in estimating RLPs. The paper presents a cost-effective methodological approach for mapping land prices at fine-scale in Dar-es-Salaam city and other cities with similar characteristics in the region, hence improving urban decision-making and policies.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Restructuration scalaire et néolibéralisation des politiques publiques de logement au Cameroun : éprouver la théorie du réétalonnage scalaire dans un contexte autoritaire
- Author
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Mathilde Jourdam-Boutin
- Subjects
neoliberalization ,housing ,urban theory ,Sub-saharan Africa ,Camerounian cities ,Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying ,NA9000-9428 ,Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology ,HT101-395 - Abstract
In this paper, I discuss the urban rescaling theory by questioning the forms of public action of Yaoundé and Douala’s urban governments, the political and the economic capital of Cameroon. Indeed, to respond to the challenges related to the housing crisis, the Cameroonian State has carried out reforms giving a larger place to private actors in the real estate development sector and transferred part of its competences to the urban scale. These dynamics seem to be part of qualitative transformation and scalar reorganization of public intervention known as neoliberalization. The legislative process of decentralization of competences related to housing production can be understood as a rescaling of public action. Thus, analysis of the real estate programs conducted by the two urban government attest that Yaoundé and Douala are indeed scales of diffusion of neoliberal practices forged in the local governance arenas. We thus underline the variegated form of neoliberalization of real estate in Cameroon. In this paper, I discuss the urban rescaling theory by questioning the forms of public action of the urban governments of Yaoundé and Douala, respectively the political and economic capitals of Cameroon. Indeed, to respond to the challenges related to the housing crisis, the Cameroonian State has carried out reforms giving a larger place to private actors in the real estate development sector and has transferred part of its competences to the urban scale. These dynamics seem to be part of the qualitative transformation and scalar reorganization of public intervention known as neoliberalization. The legislative process of the decentralization of competences related to housing production can be understood as a rescaling of public action. Thus, analysis of the real estate programmes conducted by the two urban governments attest that Yaoundé and Douala are indeed scales of diffusion of neoliberal practices forged in the local governance arenas. However, because Cameroonian cities and housing remain key issues both for the construction of the Cameroonian State and for the legitimacy of Paul Biya's regime, the rescaling of public action appears unfulfilled. We thus underline the variegated form of the neoliberalization of real estate in Cameroon.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. L’isolement social au Sénégal rural : contribution à l’approche des réseaux sociaux en démographie
- Author
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Deslauriers, Véronique, Bignami, Simona, and Sandberg, John F.
- Subjects
isolement social ,méthodes mixtes ,Social isolation ,Mixed methods ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Afrique sub-saharienne ,Loneliness ,Solidarity society ,Social networks ,Sereer Siin ,Social support ,solitude ,Sénégal ,réseaux sociaux ,société de solidarités ,soutien social - Abstract
En Afrique subsaharienne, d’importantes mutations sociales, économiques et démographiques sont en cours. Leurs conséquences sur les formes et la force des solidarités familiales posent des défis à la procuration de soutien social. Malgré ces transformations, l’isolement social y demeure peu abordé. L’objectif principal de la thèse est de proposer un approche démographique ancrée dans le paradigme des réseaux sociaux pour étudier le phénomène de l’isolement social chez les Siin Sereer de Niakhar, un groupe ethnique du bassin arachidier au Sénégal rural. Le premier article de cette thèse vise à identifier un cadre théorique pour étudier l’isolement social en Afrique subsaharienne rurale et décrire les formes de cet isolement ainsi que les évènements à son origine. Des entretiens qualitatifs individuels ont permis d’identifier le niveau d’intégration au sein du système d’assurance informelle et la (mauvaise) qualité des relations sociales comme dimensions principales de l’isolement social. Le cadre théorique des sociétés de solidarités et des principes de l’économie morale permettent de cerner l’organisation sociale ainsi que le système de protection sociale prévalant dans ce contexte. Ce faisant, les motifs de l’isolement social sont compris de manière contextuelle. À partir des résultats de l’analyse qualitative, le deuxième article de la thèse vise à développer une typologie des réseaux sociaux capable de rendre compte de l'isolement social et décrire les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des individus dans les différents types de réseaux sociaux identifiés. Cette approche par méthodes mixtes permet de développer une classification sensible aux spécificités culturelles, fondée sur l'expérience locale de la sociabilité et de l'isolement social. En plus des groupes intégrés localement et élites locales, les résultats suggèrent l’existence de deux réseaux dépourvus socialement (isolés localement et relations contraintes) qui représentent près de la moitié des résidents du village. Cette distribution suggère que la vulnérabilité socialeest un enjeu important dans ce contexte. La description socio-démographique des réseaux indique que les femmes sont surreprésentées dans les deux types de réseaux sociaux dépourvus socialement. Le dernier article de la thèse étudie les déterminants de la dimension subjective de l’isolement social, la solitude. Nous incluons dans nos analyses les caractéristiques socio-démographiques des répondants ainsi que leur niveau d’intégration sociale, opérationnalisée à travers notre typologie des réseaux sociaux qui est capable de rendre compte de l'isolement social. Nos analyses révèlent qu’à Niakhar, certains déterminants de la solitude sont spécifiques aux hommes ou aux femmes, et d’autres leur sont communs. Aussi, l’étude suggère que l’effet du niveau d’intégration sociale sur la solitude varie selon l’âge et le sexe. Comparativement aux hommes, pour les femmes, un niveau élevé d’intégration sociale n’est pas garant d’une absence de solitude et de déprime. Pour elles, les enjeux autour de ces sentiments négatifs résident plus fortement dans la proximité avec leurs enfants. Les résultats de cette thèse contribuent à la fois à une meilleure compréhension et une mesure plus adéquate de l’isolement social dans un contexte différent des sociétés industrialisées où, face aux changements sociaux en cours, l’effritement des solidarités sociales risque d’entraîner un agrandissement des inégalités sociales et de vulnérabiliser une proportion croissante de résidents des milieux ruraux., In sub-Saharan Africa, major social, economic, and demographic changes are underway. Their consequences on the forms and strength of family solidarities challenge the provision of social support. Despite these transformations, social isolation remains little studied and understood. This dissertation aims to propose a demographic approach anchored in the social network paradigm to study social isolation among the Siin Sereer, an ethnic group in the groundnut basin of rural Senegal. The first article aims to identify a theoretical framework for studying social isolation in rural sub-Saharan Africa and to describe the forms as well as the events leading to social isolation. Individual qualitative interviews were used to identify the level of integration within the informal insurance system and the quality of social relations as the main dimensions of social isolation. The theoretical framework of solidarity societies and the principles of the moral economy are used to identify the social organization and the social protection system prevailing in this context. In this way, social isolation is understood in a contextual way. Based on the findings of the qualitative analysis, the second paper aims to develop a typology of social networks capable of accounting for social isolation and to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals in the different types of social networks identified. This mixed-methods approach allows for the development of a culturally sensitive classification based on the local experience of sociability and social isolation. In addition to the locally integrated and local elite groups, the results suggest the existence of two socially deprived networks (locally isolated and constrained relationships) that account for almost half of of the village residents. This distribution suggests that social vulnerability is an important issue in this context. The socio-demographic description of the networks indicates that women are over-represented in both types of socially deprived networks. The last paper investigates the determinants of the subjective dimension of social isolation, loneliness. We include in our analyses the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents as well as their level of social integration, operationalized through our typology of social networks which can capture social isolation. Our analyses reveal that in Niakhar, some determinants of loneliness are specific to men or women, and others are common to both sexes. Also, the study suggests that the effect of the level of social integration on loneliness varies with age and sex. Compared to men, for women, a high level of social integration does not guarantee an absence of loneliness and depression. For them, the issues surrounding these negative feelings lie more strongly in the proximity to their children. This dissertation contributes to both a better understanding and a more adequate measurement of social isolation in a context different from that of industrialized societies where, in the face of ongoing social change, the erosion of social solidarities risks leading to an increase in social inequalities and the vulnerability of a growing proportion of rural residents.
- Published
- 2023
5. Métropolisations en Afrique subsaharienne : au menu ou à la carte ?
- Author
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Sylvy Jaglin, Sophie Didier, and Alain Dubresson
- Subjects
Sub-Saharan Africa ,metropolization ,metropolises ,urban theory ,production of the urban ,Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying ,NA9000-9428 ,Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology ,HT101-395 - Abstract
This paper presents and discusses some of the issues regarding research on large African cities. At first excluded from literature on the urban dimension of globalization due to the hegemony granted to the command and control functions of so-called Global Cities, they have been reintegrated for a decade into international comparisons and debates. This reintegration can be viewed at times as purely opportunistic, justifying the idea of an ’à la carte’ process of metropolization. Today, in tune with postcolonial positionings, a reconceptualization of the metropolization and of the metropolises of sub-Saharan Africa is taking place to capture the ambivalence of the processes currently developing. In the paper, we first examine the ways in which these large cities have been apprehended, recalling the evolution of the terminology over time and what it reveals in terms of the research priorities and the visions that drive them. Then we focus on urban forms and policies, questioning the existence of a specifically metropolitan urbanism in a context of major heterogeneity of the sub-Saharan metropolitan socio-systems. The central idea defended here is that of a necessary conceptualization of the composite and ambivalent character, both formal and informal, of the production, the functioning and the origins of the growth of large cities in sub-Saharan Africa. Lastly, this broad issue acknowledges the core problem that no existing urban theory allows us to properly understand the totality of the processes and forms at stake.
- Published
- 2018
6. A importância do sector informal na economia urbana em países da África Subsariana
- Author
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Ilidio do Amaral
- Subjects
Sub-Saharan Africa ,Developing countries ,Urban economy ,Formal and informal sector ,Informality ,Multi-segmented activities ,Small trades and businesses ,Employment and income ,Poverty ,Livelihoods ,Geography. Anthropology. Recreation - Abstract
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN THE URBAN ECONOMY OF THE SUB-SAHARIAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES’. In this paper, presented as a tribute to CARLOS ALBERTO MEDEIROS, the author begins by evoking some of the most important moments in the brilliant academic career of his former student and collaborator, as well as the feelings of mutual friendship and respect that bind the two. The subject of the importance of the informal sector in the urban economy of Sub-Saharan African countries is then addressed in two parts – 1. On the informal nature and informality of the urban economy; and 2. On the multi-segmentation of the informal sector –, which are followed by a Conclusion. The result of many years of careful reflection and analysis, based on field observation, countless literature surveys and exchanges of knowledge with other specialists from the social sciences, this paper is actually an early version of part of a book currently under preparation, and is offered as such as a gift accompanying this tribute. The first part of the paper begins with a reflection on the expression ‘informal sector’ (for long in current usage) and others still being used, as well on the validity of the formal/informal dicotomy as an analytical instrument, and proceeds by presenting examples of the differences between these two sectors (Table I), their inter-relationships, the existence of hybrid forms and some data on the importance and expansion of the informal sector, which is responsible for ensuring the livelihood of most city inhabitants. The second part focuses on the myriad activities and small-scale individual, family and even ‘firm-like’ businesses and trades that bring the streets and markets to life. Street hawkers and producers, among whom the women play a central role, predominate, many of whom are newcomers to the city that have just arrived from the countryside, or from abroad in the case of the immigrants (Table II). According to another author (Table III), it is particularly difficult to create a taxonomy of these multiple micro-activities, and to draw a clear-cut distinction between formal and informal activities. In the concluding remarks, attention is drawn to the unquestionable reality, complexity, expansion and importance of the informal sector of the urban economy. Hence the need to study it in the field while bearing in mind its wider context and to regard it as a structural feature rather than a marginal or marginalized phenomenon.
- Published
- 2005
7. Sustainability and Scalability of Digital Tools for Learning: ABRACADABRA in Kenya
- Author
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Larysa Lysenko, Philip C. Abrami, and C. Anne Wade
- Subjects
educational technology ,sustainability factors ,scaling ,sub-saharan Africa ,Education - Abstract
This paper explores factors to increase the likelihood that the implementation of ABRACADABRA, a technology-based approach to teaching and learning literacy, endures and expands beyond the initial research. Started as a pilot study in 12 classrooms, the implementation spread to more than 500 primary classrooms over six years in five areas of Kenya. Drawing from research about scalability and sustainability of educational interventions and value-expectancy-cost theory, an exploratory survey was designed to interview a range of actors involved in the software implementation. We used a combination of an a priori and data-driven coding approaches to analyse the narratives. We then built a model exploring the relationship between expectancy-value-cost beliefs and the factors associated with implementation and sustainability. The model explained an important portion of variance in the self-reported intent to use the software with the most significant contributions from policies, professional development, and students. These findings may be useful in the context of low- and medium-income countries where no research-proven principles exist to building sustainable and scalable educational interventions.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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8. The Refugee Resettlement Scheme is the Golden Ticket but Very Scarce for Many in Africa: Prospects and Challenges During COVID-19
- Author
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John Bosco Nizeimana, Wesli Holt Turner, Solomon Tejada Brown, and Glory Goneka
- Subjects
Refugee Resettlement ,Displacement ,Durable Solutions ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,COVID-19 ,Social Sciences ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
The refugee resettlement scheme is a window of hope for millions of refugees across the globe. It is an opportunity that grants refugees a durable solution, especially those who cannot voluntarily return to their countries of origin due to fear of persecution. The golden ticket, as seen by many, is resettlement to Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. COVID-19, the reluctance by western countries to commit to responsibility-sharing, along with other constraints confronting the process of granting settlement to refugees generated barriers to resettlement in 2020. Resettlement opportunities have been scarce for many refugees in Africa, particularly those refugees with protracted cases. The consequences are reflected in an increase in the use of irregular migration routes to Europe rather than relying on the established resettlement scheme. This paper aims to provide an overview of the options for a durable solution, exploring and discussing the prospects and challenges during the era of COVID-19. In conclusion, the data derived from the literature review and 12 key informant interviews suggests that the impact of COVID-19 on the resettlement scheme and the implementation of Africa’s first free trade area that promises to increase human mobility provides an opportunity for the international community to reimagine the golden ticket. Supported by the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) and the Global Compact on Refugees, local integration and resettlement within Africa should be the new achievable gold standard.
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- 2022
- Full Text
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9. Consent to Research in Madagascar: Challenges, Strategies, and Priorities for Future Research
- Author
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Elysee Nouvet, Simon Grandjean Lapierre, Astrid Knoblauch, Laurence Baril, Andry Andriamiadanarivo, Mihaja Raberahona, Chiarella Mattern, Lorie Donelle, and Jean Rubis Andriantsoa
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Research Ethics ,Consent ,Madagascar ,Global Health ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,research on research ,Ethics ,BJ1-1725 - Abstract
The ethical conduct of research in any setting hinges on the voluntary and informed consent of research participants. Working towards consent that is truly voluntary and informed, however, is far from straightforward, and requires attention to contextual factors that may complicate achievement of this ideal in specific research settings. This paper is based on Madagascar’s first “Consent complexities in health research in Madagascar” workshop, held in Antananarivo, Madagascar, in October 2018. It identifies a number of challenges encountered by individuals responsible for the conduct or oversight of health research in Madagascar related to informed and voluntary consent. Key challenges identified included: adaptation of consent tools into local dialects and for limited literacy populations; perceived acquiescence of potential participants regardless of actual preference based on cultural norms; perceived time pressures within tight project timelines to collect data as quickly as possible, limited time for consent processes; fears and taboos related to specific research procedures or topics; and, uncertainty about how best to approach and verify the validity of individual consent in contexts where traditional leaders’ influence is conventionally sought out and respected. Potential strategies for responding to each of these challenges are proposed, as are key questions meriting further study.
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- 2022
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10. ÉCONOMIE POLITIQUE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT MINIER À MADAGASCAR : l'analyse du projet QMM à Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin).
- Author
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Sarrasin, Bruno
- Subjects
INDUSTRIALIZATION ,MINERAL industries ,SOCIAL impact - Abstract
Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2006
11. Metropolization in sub-Saharan Africa: on the menu or 'à la carte'?
- Author
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Alain Dubresson, Sylvy Jaglin, Sophie Didier, Laboratoire Techniques, Territoires et Sociétés (LATTS), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), LAB'URBA (LAB'URBA), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Mosaïques, Laboratoire Architecture, Ville, Urbanisme, Environnement (LAVUE), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette (ENSAPLV), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris Val-de-Seine (ENSA PVDS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette (ENSAPLV), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris Val-de-Seine (ENSA PVDS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), Réseaux, Institutions, Territoires (RIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris Val-de-Seine (ENSA PVDS)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette (ENSAPLV)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris Val-de-Seine (ENSA PVDS)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette (ENSAPLV), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette (ENSAPLV)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris Val-de-Seine (ENSA PVDS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette (ENSAPLV)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris Val-de-Seine (ENSA PVDS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture (MC), École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette (ENSAPLV)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris Val-de-Seine (ENSA PVDS)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris-La Villette (ENSAPLV)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Paris Val-de-Seine (ENSA PVDS)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Ministère de la Culture (MC)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Jaglin, Sylvy
- Subjects
fabrique urbaine ,lcsh:NA9000-9428 ,production of the urban ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,Afrique subsaharienne ,lcsh:Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology ,métropoles ,Political science ,lcsh:HT101-395 ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,General Environmental Science ,metropolization ,[SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,théories urbaines ,métropolisation ,métropolisation ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,métropoles ,lcsh:Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying ,metropolises ,théories urbaines ,urban theory ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,[SHS.ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,Humanities - Abstract
This paper presents and discusses some of the issues regarding research on large African cities. At first excluded from literature on the urban dimension of globalization due to the hegemony granted to the command and control functions of so-called Global Cities, they have been reintegrated for a decade into international comparisons and debates. This reintegration can be viewed at times as purely opportunistic, justifying the idea of an ’à la carte’ process of metropolization. Today, in tune with postcolonial positionings, a reconceptualization of the metropolization and of the metropolises of sub-Saharan Africa is taking place to capture the ambivalence of the processes currently developing. In the paper, we first examine the ways in which these large cities have been apprehended, recalling the evolution of the terminology over time and what it reveals in terms of the research priorities and the visions that drive them. Then we focus on urban forms and policies, questioning the existence of a specifically metropolitan urbanism in a context of major heterogeneity of the sub-Saharan metropolitan socio-systems. The central idea defended here is that of a necessary conceptualization of the composite and ambivalent character, both formal and informal, of the production, the functioning and the origins of the growth of large cities in sub-Saharan Africa. Lastly, this broad issue acknowledges the core problem that no existing urban theory allows us to properly understand the totality of the processes and forms at stake., Cet article présente et discute certains enjeux de la recherche sur les grandes villes africaines. D’abord exclues, dans la littérature sur la mondialisation urbaine, par l’hégémonie accordée aux fonctions de commandement et de contrôle des villes dites globales, elles ont été réintégrées, depuis une décennie, dans les comparaisons et les débats au prix d’un opportunisme d’usage justifiant l’idée de métropolisation « à la carte ». Aujourd’hui, en résonance avec les courants dits postcoloniaux, un travail de reconceptualisation de la métropolisation et des métropoles d’Afrique subsaharienne, prenant en compte l’ambivalence des processus en cours, est amorcé. Nous interrogeons d’abord la manière dont ces grandes villes ont été appréhendées, en rappelant l’évolution des usages terminologiques dans le temps et ce qu’elle révèle des priorités de la recherche et des visions qui les animent. Puis nous mettons l’accent sur les formes et politiques urbaines en questionnant l’existence d’un urbanisme métropolitain dans un contexte d’hétérogénéité des socio-systèmes métropolitains subsahariens. L’idée centrale ici défendue est celle d’une nécessaire conceptualisation du caractère composite et ambivalent, à la fois formel et informel, de la production, du fonctionnement et des ressorts de croissance des grandes villes d’Afrique subsaharienne, dont aucune théorie urbaine existante issue des Nords ne permet de comprendre l’ensemble des processus et des formes.
- Published
- 2018
12. Metropolization in sub-Saharan Africa: on the menu or 'à la carte'?
- Author
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Sylvy Jaglin, Sophie DIDIER, Alain Dubresson, and Jaglin, Sylvy
- Subjects
fabrique urbaine ,métropoles ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,théories urbaines ,production of the urban ,[SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,urban theory ,métropolisation ,[SHS.ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management ,Afrique subsaharienne ,metropolization ,metropolises - Abstract
This paper presents and discusses some of the issues regarding research on large African cities. At first excluded from literature on the urban dimension of globalization due to the hegemony granted to the command and control functions of so-called Global Cities, they have been reintegrated for a decade into international comparisons and debates. This reintegration can be viewed at times as purely opportunistic, justifying the idea of an ’à la carte’ process of metropolization. Today, in tune with postcolonial positionings, a reconceptualization of the metropolization and of the metropolises of sub-Saharan Africa is taking place to capture the ambivalence of the processes currently developing. In the paper, we first examine the ways in which these large cities have been apprehended, recalling the evolution of the terminology over time and what it reveals in terms of the research priorities and the visions that drive them. Then we focus on urban forms and policies, questioning the existence of a specifically metropolitan urbanism in a context of major heterogeneity of the sub-Saharan metropolitan socio-systems. The central idea defended here is that of a necessary conceptualization of the composite and ambivalent character, both formal and informal, of the production, the functioning and the origins of the growth of large cities in sub-Saharan Africa. Lastly, this broad issue acknowledges the core problem that no existing urban theory allows us to properly understand the totality of the processes and forms at stake., Cet article présente et discute certains enjeux de la recherche sur les grandes villes africaines. D’abord exclues, dans la littérature sur la mondialisation urbaine, par l’hégémonie accordée aux fonctions de commandement et de contrôle des villes dites globales, elles ont été réintégrées, depuis une décennie, dans les comparaisons et les débats au prix d’un opportunisme d’usage justifiant l’idée de métropolisation « à la carte ». Aujourd’hui, en résonance avec les courants dits postcoloniaux, un travail de reconceptualisation de la métropolisation et des métropoles d’Afrique subsaharienne, prenant en compte l’ambivalence des processus en cours, est amorcé. Nous interrogeons d’abord la manière dont ces grandes villes ont été appréhendées, en rappelant l’évolution des usages terminologiques dans le temps et ce qu’elle révèle des priorités de la recherche et des visions qui les animent. Puis nous mettons l’accent sur les formes et politiques urbaines en questionnant l’existence d’un urbanisme métropolitain dans un contexte d’hétérogénéité des socio-systèmes métropolitains subsahariens. L’idée centrale ici défendue est celle d’une nécessaire conceptualisation du caractère composite et ambivalent, à la fois formel et informel, de la production, du fonctionnement et des ressorts de croissance des grandes villes d’Afrique subsaharienne, dont aucune théorie urbaine existante issue des Nords ne permet de comprendre l’ensemble des processus et des formes.
- Published
- 2018
13. Challenges in healthcare financing for surgery in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Juliet Siena Okoroh and Robert Riviello
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health expenditures ,healthcare financing ,global health ,sub-saharan africa ,health care economics and organization ,catastrophic illness ,Medicine - Abstract
One-third of the global burden of disease is attributed to surgical conditions yet, 5 billion people globally, lack access to surgery. The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery, Obstetrics, and Anesthesia (LCOGS) published guidelines for improving access by reducing catastrophic health expenditures (CHEs) by 2030. This is especially important in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where 90% of the extreme poor reside. In this paper, we provide a narrative review of four studies on CHEs for surgical care in SSA published since 2015. We discuss healthcare financing in the countries and summarize the authors’ key findings of out of pocket payments (OOP) and CHEs. Briefly, the studies enrolled 130 to 300 patients and collected direct OOPs via chart review of health costs or patient interviews. Indirect costs were calculated from lost wages and transportation costs. CHEs were defined as health costs exceeding 10% of the GDP per capita or the household income. Despite healthcare being reported as free in all studies, 60%-90% of surgical patients had CHEs with all costs considered. OOPs persists for medicines and anesthesia that should be covered under any health insurance scheme. In some cases, Indirect costs associated with transportation and wages were major drivers of CHEs for surgery. Without addressing these gaps in coverage more people will risk impoverishment in seeking surgical care in SSA.
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- 2021
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14. Development of a simplified data acquisition kit for PV systems in Africa
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Nguimfack Ndongmo Jean de Dieu and Kentsa Zana Kevin
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microcontroller ,data storage ,fuzzy logic ,pv systems ,sub-saharan africa ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
Renewable resources have made consistent progress in satisfying the increasing world energy demand and are today an important fraction of power generation in many African countries. However, the running of photovoltaic systems involves a large quantity of data to be collected in real time and to process in order to ensure monitoring and an optimal control of photovoltaic plants. In recent years, a number of data-logging devices have been developed using conventional electronics or based on microcontroller data acquisition system. Most of these devices are commercially available and their cost is quite high and unaffordable in the African context of poverty. In this paper, a low-cost kit microcontroller-based, suitable for Sub-Saharan Africa is developed to collect and store significant and quality data of temperature, irradiance, voltage and current for control and maintenance purposes. The experimental setup based on fuzzy logic algorithm modelled for maximum power point control of a buck converter has been carried out to store data in removable memory cards. The data acquisition kit proposed is suitable for statistic usages; for the maintenance and improvement system’s parameters through analysis of data harvested.
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- 2022
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15. Progress in climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in sub-Saharan Africa farming systems
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Afokpe Pamela M.K., Phiri Austin T., Lamore Alemayehu Abebe, Toure Howele M.A.C., Traore Rokiatou, and Kipkogei Oliver
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farming system ,innovations ,policy ,climate ,agriculture ,sub-saharan africa ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
This paper reviews the progress in climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in sub-Saharan Africa farming systems. Farmers, organizations and Governments in the region have developed policies and innovations to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change. It appears that the developed and implemented innovative adaptive farming systems and technologies have culminated into resultant overall productivity improvement in farming systems, necessitating scaling up in order to widely strengthen the resilience and adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to the impacts of climate change. Additionally, climate governance instruments that are aligned to the ratified international treaties have been developed and related programs have been rolled out in different countries. This offers hope for well-coordinated efforts and interventions for the mitigation and adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change on the environment and livelihoods. Observably, there is a pressing need to scale up climate smart innovations sustainably through creation of an enabling policy environment, capacity building, and conducting climate change related research and outreach, and effective dissemination of climate technologies and information, especially in remote areas in the region. Since climate change is a global issue, local initiatives and actions for mitigating and adapting to the adverse impacts ought to be well integrated into the broader international context.
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- 2022
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16. Radiology practice in sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 outbreak: points to consider
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Timothy Musila Mutala, Callen Kwamboka Onyambu, and Angeline Anyona Aywak
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covid-19 ,radiology practice ,sub-saharan africa ,Medicine - Abstract
COVID-19 is a rapidly growing pandemic that has grown from a few cases in Wuhan, China to millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide within a few months. Sub-Saharan Africa is not spared. Radiology has a key role to play in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 as literature from Wuhan and Italy demonstrates. We therefore share some critical knowledge and practice areas for radiological suspicion and diagnosis. In addition, emphasis on how guarding against healthcare acquired infections (HAIs) by applying “red” and “green” principle is addressed. Given that pandemics such as COVID-19 can worsen the strain on the scantily available radiological resources in this region, we share some practical points that can be applied to manage these precious resources also needed for other essential services. We have noted that radiology does not feature in many main COVID-19 guidelines, regionally and internationally. This paper therefore suggests areas of collaboration for radiology with other clinical and management teams. We note from our local experience that radiology can play a role in COVID-19 surveillance.
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- 2020
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17. Aide internationale et grands projets urbains en Afrique sub-saharienne. Le cas de la Ville du rail à Nairobi
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Bérénice Bon
- Subjects
governance ,international relations ,railway ,abandoned sites ,urban project ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
Sub-Saharan African cities are characterized by a diversification of international urban cooperation with the intervention of multiple foreign donors, and a significant increase of the markets for urban expertise. Between 2018 and 2019, $148 million was invested in the capital city of Kenya, Nairobi. Through the case study of the Railway City in Nairobi, this article questions the negotiation and decision-making processes of megaprojects in sub-Saharan African cities, in the context of a high dependency on external funding. We take a dive into the institutional mechanisms, discursive registers, and avoidance plays through which national and international actors legitimize their actions in the instruction phase of a megaproject. This paper shows that these international cooperations represent resources for local action, but also stir up competition and can have disruptive effects for urban governance.
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- 2020
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18. Agricultural entrepreneurship and informality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Insights from Benin
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Lokonon Kounagbè Odilon Boris
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agricultural entrepreneurship ,benin ,informality ,structural transformation ,sub-saharan africa ,Commerce ,HF1-6182 ,Office management ,HF5546-5548.6 - Abstract
This paper investigates the degree of informality of agricultural entrepreneurship in Benin, using data from the follow up survey of 2011 of the General Census of Enterprises. Considering informality as a continuum, the enterprises are classified as completely informal (98.24%), mostly informal (0.95%), mostly formal (0.68%), and completely formal (0.14%). The characteristics of entrepreneurs and of businesses as well as institutional and structural environment related factors influence the degree of informality of the firms. Therefore, transforming structurally the agricultural sector could pass through better access to adequate formal education, sensitization on the benefits of entry the formal sector, and institutional reforms especially of judiciary and tax systems.
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- 2017
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19. A Recipe for Globalization: Sociology of a Trade Fair Organizer
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Guillaume Favre, Julien Brailly, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires (LISST), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Sciences Sociales (IRISSO), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Université Paris Dauphine-PSL-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
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Television Programs ,050402 sociology ,Télévision ,[SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology ,Sociology and Political Science ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Sociologie économique ,Afrique sub-saharienne ,05 social sciences ,Salons de professionnels ,Economic Sociology ,Agencement culturel ,Programmes de télévision ,Cultural Agency ,Professionnels du marché ,0504 sociology ,0502 economics and business ,Industrial relations ,Market Professionals ,050207 economics ,Trade Fairs - Abstract
International audience; In this paper we study the globalization process through the observation of ‘market professionals’ whose business is to organize international marketplaces. We focus on the case of a trade fair for the distribution of TV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Until the 2000s, African TV channels had several ways to acquire programmes for free. This industry slowly became a market after political and infrastructural changes. This trade fair follows this process and is the first event to bring together international TV programme distributors and African TV channels. We describe the activities of the trade fair organizer, which can be described as the ingredients in a recipe for globalization. Beyond the use of devices to organize the market, the core of his business lies in what we call cultural agency. The goal is to bring the practices of local and international actors into alignment. But this is an example of what economists call a two-sided market and the organizer considers buyers of the trade-fair as products to be sold to sellers. As a result, this process of cultural agency is asymmetrical and requires African buyers to adapt their practices to international sellers. We thus show in this paper that market globalization entails social costs for the poorer players.; Nous proposons dans cet article d’étudier la mondialisation des marchés à travers l’observation du travail de professionnels du marché dont l’activité consiste à organiser et animer des marchés internationaux. Nous étudions le cas de l’organisation d’un salon de distribution de programmes de télévision en Afrique sub-saharienne. Jusque dans les années 2000, les chaînes de télévision africaines obtenaient des programmes gratuitement par plusieurs canaux. De lentes évolutions réglementaires et infrastructurelles ont conduit ce secteur à adopter peu à peu un fonctionnement marchand. Ce salon participe à ce processus puisqu’il est le premier à regrouper des distributeurs internationaux et des chaînes africaines. Nous décrivons les tâches de l’organisateur du salon que nous présentons comme les ingrédients d’une recette de la mondialisation. Au-delà du travail d’organisation et de l’usage de dispositifs pour cadrer le marché, le cœur de son activité réside dans ce que nous appelons l’agencement culturel qui consiste à rendre compatibles les pratiques des acteurs locaux et internationaux. Étant dans une situation de marché biface, l’organisateur du salon considère les acheteurs du salon comme des produits qu’il faut vendre à des vendeurs. Ce travail d’agencement culturel est donc asymétrique et implique une adaptation des acheteurs africains aux pratiques des vendeurs internationaux. Nous montrons ainsi dans cet article que la mondialisation des marchés implique des coûts sociaux pour les acteurs les moins fortunés.
- Published
- 2016
20. La recette de la mondialisation. Sociologie du travail d’un organisateur de salon
- Author
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Guillaume Favre, Julien Brailly, Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), and Swinburne University
- Subjects
Television Programs ,Télévision ,050402 sociology ,Sociology and Political Science ,Afrique sub-saharienne ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Economic Sociology ,Professionnels du marché ,Cultural Agency ,0504 sociology ,télévision ,Market Professionals ,salons de professionnels ,programmes de télévision ,agencement culturel ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Sociologie économique ,sociologie économique ,05 social sciences ,Salons de professionnels ,Agencement culturel ,Programmes de télévision ,afrique sub-saharienne ,professionnels du marché ,050903 gender studies ,Industrial relations ,Television ,Trade Fairs ,0509 other social sciences - Abstract
Nous proposons dans cet article d’étudier la mondialisation des marchés à travers l’observation du travail de professionnels du marché dont l’activité consiste à organiser et animer des marchés internationaux. Nous étudions le cas de l’organisation d’un salon de distribution de programmes de télévision en Afrique sub-saharienne. Jusque dans les années 2000, les chaînes de télévision africaines obtenaient des programmes gratuitement par plusieurs canaux. De lentes évolutions réglementaires et infrastructurelles ont conduit ce secteur à adopter peu à peu un fonctionnement marchand. Ce salon participe à ce processus puisqu’il est le premier à regrouper des distributeurs internationaux et des chaînes africaines. Nous décrivons les tâches de l’organisateur du salon que nous présentons comme les ingrédients d’une recette de la mondialisation. Au-delà du travail d’organisation et de l’usage de dispositifs pour cadrer le marché, le cœur de son activité réside dans ce que nous appelons l’agencement culturel qui consiste à rendre compatibles les pratiques des acteurs locaux et internationaux. Étant dans une situation de marché biface, l’organisateur du salon considère les acheteurs du salon comme des produits qu’il faut vendre à des vendeurs. Ce travail d’agencement culturel est donc asymétrique et implique une adaptation des acheteurs africains aux pratiques des vendeurs internationaux. Nous montrons ainsi dans cet article que la mondialisation des marchés implique des coûts sociaux pour les acteurs les moins fortunés. In this paper we study the globalization process through the observation of ‘market professionals’ whose business is to organize international marketplaces. We focus on the case of a trade fair for the distribution of TV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Until the 2000s, African TV channels had several ways to acquire programmes for free. This industry slowly became a market after political and infrastructural changes. This trade fair follows this process and is the first event to bring together international TV programme distributors and African TV channels. We describe the activities of the trade fair organizer, which can be described as the ingredients in a recipe for globalization. Beyond the use of devices to organize the market, the core of his business lies in what we call cultural agency. The goal is to bring the practices of local and international actors into alignment. But this is an example of what economists call a two-sided market and the organizer considers buyers of the trade-fair as products to be sold to sellers. As a result, this process of cultural agency is asymmetrical and requires African buyers to adapt their practices to international sellers. We thus show in this paper that market globalization entails social costs for the poorer players.
- Published
- 2016
21. Le droit à la ville aux Suds. Appropriations et déclinaisons africaines
- Author
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Marianne Morange and Amandine Spire
- Subjects
urban ,critical geography ,informal ,right to the city ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
This paper addresses the mobilization in the global South of the notion of the right to the city, reflecting the debates on the “southern turn”. It analyses the complexities surrounding the incorporation, in the post-colonial contexts, of certain elements of the debates, posed on the one hand by the neo-Marxist authors of the North who have reactivated the notion since the early 2000s, and on the other hand in developmental approaches. It re-explores the contribution of so-called southern cities, specifically those in sub-Saharan Africa, to the debates on the right to the city and the place they occupy in it. The aim is to shed light on the way in which contemporary discussions on the right to the city has been elaborated in order to question the limits of the North/South analytical nexus, whether the latter aims to denounce the theoretical domination of the North over the South or whether it reinforces the specificity of the South and the need for theorization by the South.
- Published
- 2019
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22. Arrangements résidentiels, transferts familiaux et santé des personnes âgées en Afrique subsaharienne : cas du Sénégal
- Author
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Yakam Yemtchoua, Willy Adrien, Carrière, Yves, and LeGrand, Thomas
- Subjects
Inter-household family transfers ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Family support ,Vieillissement ,Afrique subsaharienne ,Senegal ,Ageing ,Sénégal ,Living arrangements ,Soutien familial ,État de santé perçue ,Arrangement résidentiel ,Transferts familiaux inter-ménages ,Personnes âgées ,Self-reported health ,Older people ,Inter-household transfers - Abstract
Alors que la question du vieillissement de la population dans les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne ne semble pas être particulièrement préoccupante pour l’instant, les conditions de vie des personnes âgées s’imposent graduellement comme un enjeu majeur de prise en charge sociale au regard de la croissance rapide de leur effectif. Les systèmes formels de retraite, d'assurance maladie et de protection sociale destinés aux personnes âgées vivant dans la plupart de ces pays demeurent quasiment inexistants, malgré la ratification et l’adoption de plusieurs conventions et recommandations internationales visant l’amélioration de leurs conditions de vie. Compte tenu de ces faiblesses, la famille est très souvent présentée comme la principale source de soutien des personnes âgées dans le besoin à travers leurs arrangements résidentiels, notamment la cohabitation avec d’autres personnes (conjoint, enfants adultes ou autres parentés), mais aussi par le biais des transferts financiers ou matériels qu’elles reçoivent en provenance de la famille qui vit en dehors de leur ménage. L’objectif principal de la présente thèse est de contribuer aux connaissances actuelles sur les conditions de vie et de santé des personnes âgées en examinant leurs modes de cohabitation, les transferts de ressources qu’elles pourraient recevoir du réseau familial externe au ménage, les liens entre ces deux formes de soutien et leurs corrélations avec l’état de santé des personnes âgées vivant en contexte d’Afrique subsaharienne (le Sénégal). Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, trois articles scientifiques empiriques ont été rédigés en utilisant d’une part les données des trois derniers recensements de la population du Sénégal (1988, 2002 et 2013) et d’autre part, la deuxième Enquête Pauvreté et Structure Familiale au Sénégal réalisée en 2011. Le premier article propose un portrait des arrangements résidentiels des personnes âgées notamment les situations où elles vivent avec/sans leur conjoint et/ou leurs enfants adultes selon le sexe et examine leur évolution à travers le temps. Les résultats suggèrent que la réalité du vieillissement est très différente pour les hommes et pour les femmes. Les hommes sont plus susceptibles de vivre accompagnés par leur conjointe et au moins un enfant adulte tandis que les femmes âgées sont beaucoup plus susceptibles de vivre sans conjoint mais avec un enfant adulte pour des raisons de veuvage, de séparation ou de divorce. En revanche, vivre seul tout comme vivre à la fois sans conjoint et sans autre adulte demeure un mode de cohabitation très marginal chez les personnes âgées au Sénégal, quel que soit leur sexe. Par ailleurs, les résultats ont aussi permis de constater qu’au fil des récentes décennies, il n’y a pas eu de changements majeurs dans les modes de cohabitation des personnes âgées, bien qu’on note des prémices d’une augmentation de la proportion des hommes qui vivent seuls ou sans conjoint ni adulte notamment chez les générations plus récentes. Le second article vise à améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes de soutien familial dans le contexte des pays en développement en examinant dans quelle mesure les modes de cohabitation des personnes âgées sont associées à la réception de transferts financiers ou matériels provenant de la famille qui vit en dehors de leur ménage. Les résultats mettent en évidence un avantage net des femmes à recevoir des transferts familiaux nets positifs par rapport aux hommes pour certains arrangements résidentiels. Il ressort également que le fait de vivre sans mari ni enfant adulte augmente significativement la probabilité pour les femmes âgées de recevoir un soutien de la part de membres de la famille non-cohabitants, comparativement à celles qui vivent à la fois avec un conjoint et un enfant adulte plus jeune. Toutefois, ces différences ne se sont pas révélées significatives chez les hommes âgés. Dans le cadre du troisième article de la thèse, nous avons examiné dans quelle mesure la composition du ménage des personnes âgées et les transferts qu’elles reçoivent de la famille hors ménage sont associés à leur état de santé. L’utilisation d’une stratégie analytique prenant en compte des potentiels biais d’endogénéité a permis de constater que les femmes âgées qui vivent sans conjoint et sans adulte ont une probabilité plus élevée de déclarer une moins bonne santé que celles qui vivent avec l’un ou l’autre, ou les deux. En revanche, les différences en matière de santé perçue selon les types d’arrangements résidentiels ne se sont pas révélées significatives chez les hommes. Par ailleurs, il existe un désavantage en matière de perception de la santé chez les femmes qui n’ont pas reçu de transferts de la famille hors ménage, mais chez les hommes le rôle de ces transferts reste mitigé. Globalement, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que les gouvernements devraient tenir compte des arrangements résidentiels des personnes âgées et du soutien du réseau familial externe à leur ménage afin d'optimiser l'impact des politiques et des interventions sur leur santé., While the issue of population aging in sub-Saharan African countries does not seem to be of particular concern at present, the living arrangements of the older people are gradually becoming a major social issue given the rapid growth of their numbers. Generalized formal pension, health insurance and social protection systems for the older people living in most of these countries remain almost non-existent, despite the ratification and adoption of several international conventions and recommendations aiming to improve their living conditions. Given these limitations, the family is most often presented as the main source of support for older people in need through their living arrangements, including cohabitation with others (spouse, adult children, or other relatives), but also through the financial or material transfers received from family living outside their household. The main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the current knowledge on the living and health conditions of the older people, by examining their living arrangements, the resource transfers they might receive from the family network outside their household, the links between these two forms of support and their correlations with the health status of older people living in a sub-Saharan African context (Senegal). To achieve this objective, three empirical scientific articles were written using data from the last three population censuses in Senegal (1988, 2002, and 2013) and from the second Poverty and Family Structure Survey in Senegal conducted in 2010-2011. The first article presents a description of the residential arrangements of older people, especially situations where they live with their spouse and/or adult children, according to gender, and examines their evolution over time. The results suggest that the reality of aging is very different for men and women. Men are more likely to live accompanied by their spouse and at least one adult child, while older women are much more likely to live without a spouse but with an adult child due to widowhood, separation, or divorce. On the other hand, living alone as well as living without a spouse and without another adult remains a very unusual for both older men and women in Senegal. The results also show that over recent decades, there have been no major changes in other cohabitation patterns among the older adults, although there are signs of an increase in the proportion of men living alone or without a spouse or adult, especially among the more recent generations. The second paper aims to improve our understanding of family support mechanisms in the context of developing countries by examining the extent to which older people's living arrangements are associated with the receipt of financial or material transfers from family living outside their household. The results show a net advantage of women over men in terms of receiving positive net family transfers for some residential arrangements. It also shows that living without a husband or adult child significantly increases the likelihood that older women will receive support from non-cohabiting family members, compared to those living with both a spouse and a younger adult child. This pattern, however, was not significant for older men. In the third article of the thesis, which examines the extent to which older adults' household composition and the transfers they receive from non-household family are associated with their health status, it was found that older women who live without a spouse or other adult have a higher likelihood of reporting poorer health than those who live with one or both. In contrast, differences in self-rated health by type of living arrangement were not found to be significant for men. In addition, there was a disadvantage in self-rated health for women who did not receive non-household family transfers, while for men the role of such support was less clear. Overall, the results of this thesis suggest that governments should take into account older adults' living arrangements and non-household family support in order to optimize the impact of policies and interventions on their health status.
- Published
- 2023
23. Production of Hegemony and Production of Space in Nairobi
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Ilaria Boniburini
- Subjects
urban politic ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,urban planning ,critical discourse analysis ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
The high profile attributed to African urban economies in the global market, the promise of the evergreen ‘development project’ and the contradictions produced by the rapid urbanization process contribute to make African cities important domains for the affirmation and maintenance of hegemonic projects. The discourse about the city is a key terrain through which hegemony is fought.Nairobi is a point in case, where power and discourse have been interwoven with the production of the city. Since independence, the World Bank and United Nations have largely influenced urban policies. Nowadays, new players and interests are engaged in this battle for ideas.Four urban projects initiated in the last decade by actors operating at multiple political and geographic scales are analysed in the paper. The main objective is to reveal the imaginaries they embed and explain why they have become hegemonic.
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- 2017
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24. Winning the battle and losing the war? Where public health is getting it wrong in the current fight against HIV-AIDS and tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Bain, Luchuo Engelbert and Clovis, Nkeh Charles
- Subjects
- *
TUBERCULOSIS prevention , *AIDS , *PUBLIC health , *PREVENTION - Abstract
Despite the enormous victory that has been recorded in decreasing significantly HIV-TB related mortality and morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa, enormous challenges continue to obstruct proper and enviable control of these conditions. These range from prioritization, ethics, funding, drug resistance and research gaps. Resistance to these diseases could constitute key treatment and prevention challenges to health care systems and the international community if not handled appropriately and promptly. This paper presents key shortcomings of the current funding, management and research policies and highlights possible action areas to remedy this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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25. Cervical cancer in Zimbabwe: a situation analysis
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Oppah Kuguyo, Alice Matimba, Nomsa Tsikai, Thulani Magwali, Mugove Madziyire, Muchabayiwa Gidiri, Collet Dandara, and Charles Nhachi
- Subjects
cervical cancer ,screening ,treatment ,hpv testing ,pap smear ,viac ,zimbabwe ,lmic ,sub-saharan africa ,hpv vaccine ,Medicine - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Despite the wide-spread availability of cervical cancer prevention and screening programs in developed countries, the morbidity and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Zimbabwe are still very high. Limited resources as well as the high HIV prevalence are contributors to the high burden of cervical cancer. This paper aims to analyse the policies, frameworks and current practices in the management of cervical cancer in Zimbabwe.
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- 2017
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26. L’école primaire au Sénégal : éducation pour tous, qualité pour certains
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Fatou Niang
- Subjects
Primary school ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Senegal ,Access to education ,Democratization of education ,Massification of education ,Education - Abstract
Since the 1990’s (Jomtien Conference), there is a broad international consensus on the need to add to the goal of quantitative expansion of education, the imperative of quality improvement. However, combining these two objectives can be difficult in countries under severe financial and human constraints. In the case of Senegal, the article shows that educational authorities tend to arbitrate in favour of expanding access to education, an option that has affected the quality and created inequalities of quality of education between different sections of the society. The paper present the emergence of the concept of quality of education and its various representations through international conferences and scientific and technical literature as well as how the concept was taken into account in the Senegalese public policies. Then through qualitative survey data in urban and rural areas in Senegal, it examine the state of the quality of education in the schools surveyed beyond the discourse of public policy; and thus, show how the policies of recruitment of teachers, the use of special classes, the construction and maintenance of school infrastructures and the development of private schools, have increased enrolment while creating different norms in terms of quality standards for populations and disparities between schools and classes.
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- 2014
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27. Making Development Work in Africa : Our Common Interest
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Sir Nicholas Stern
- Subjects
intérêt commun ,HD Industries. Land use. Labor ,common interest ,Geography ,Economy ,Work (electrical) ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Afrique sub-saharienne ,Humanities ,development ,développement - Abstract
La conférence du 18 novembre 2005, présentée dans le cadre de l’IDEP, prenait appui sur le texte qui suit. Celui-ci ne reflète pas nécessairement les analyses du gouvernement britannique mais représente un point de vue personnel. Toutefois, nombre d’arguments et les figures proviennent du rapport “Our Common Interest : the Report of the Commission for Africa” publié en mars 2005 et disponible sur le site de la Commission pour l’Afrique www.commissionforafrica.org. Le terme“Afrique ” utilisé dans l’article fait référence aux pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne regroupant 48 pays différents, à l’exception des quelques cas où il se réfère explicitement à l’ensemble du continent africain. Ce texte est une version plus courte du document adressé à The African Economics Research Consortium pour être publié dans The Journal for African Economics. The “lecture” on 18th November 2005 at Université de la Méditerranée for IDEP was based on the extended text which follows. The paper is written in a personal capacity and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Cabinet Office, Her Majesty’s Treasury or Her Majesty’s Government more generally. Most of the arguments, including the figures and the data, are drawn from “Our Common Interest: the Report of the Commission for Africa” published in March 2005 and available on www.commissionforafrica.org. That source can also be consulted for further references. “Africa” here generally refers to sub-saharan Africa unless the broader context of Africa as a whole is indicated. For convenience, figure numbers in this text also contain their figure numbers from the Report of the Commission. For much of the time we shall speak of aggregates across Africa but throughout the discussion it must be remembered that sub-Saharan Africa is 48 countries which vary greatly on many dimensions, including policies and priorities. I am very grateful to the members and staff of thr Commission for extensive collaboration and discussion concerning most of the issues raised, to Rosemary Stevenson for comments on this paper, and to Daniel Ingram and Andrew Jowett for help in presentation and editing. The Commission consulted widely and benefited from comments, discussions and ideas both inside and outside Africa. The results have been presented and discussed in a number of for a. This text is a much-abbreviated version of a paper presented to the African Economics Research Consortium, to be published in the Journal for African Economics.
- Published
- 2007
28. Feasibility and acceptability of oral cholera vaccine mass vaccination campaign in response to an outbreakand floods in Malawi
- Author
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Kelias Phiri Msyamboza, Maurice Mebang'ombe, Hannah Hausi, Alexander Chijuwa, Veronica Nkukumila, Hudson Wenji Kubwalo, Sachin Desai, Lorenzo Pezzoli, and Dominique Legros
- Subjects
cholera ,oral cholera vaccine ,sub-saharan africa ,malawi ,Medicine - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: despite some improvement in provision of safe drinking water, proper sanitation and hygiene promotion, cholera still remains a major public health problem in Malawi with outbreaks occurring almost every year since 1998. In response to 2014/2015 cholera outbreak, ministry of health and partners made a decision to assess the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a mass oral cholera vaccine (OCV) as an additional public health measure. This paper highlights the burden of the 2014/15 cholera outbreak, successes and challenges of OCV campaign conducted in March and April 2015. METHODS: this was a documentation of the first OCV campaign conducted in Malawi. The campaign targeted over 160,000 people aged one year or more living in 19 camps of people internally displaced by floods and their surrounding communities in Nsanje district. It was a reactive campaign as additional measure to improved water, sanitation and hygiene in response to the laboratory confirmed cholera outbreak. RESULTS: during the first round of the OCV campaign conducted from 30 March to 4 April 2015, a total of 156,592 (97.6%) people out of 160,482 target population received OCV. During the second round (20 to 25 April 2015), a total of 137,629 (85.8%) people received OCV. Of these, 108,247 (67.6%) people received their second dose while 29,382 (18.3%) were their first dose. Of the 134,836 people with known gender and sex who received 1 or 2 doses, 54.4% were females and over half (55.4%) were children under the age of 15 years. Among 108,237 people who received 2 doses (fully immunized), 54.4% were females and 51.9% were children under 15 years of age. No severe adverse event following immunization was reported. The main reason for non-vaccination or failure to take the 2 doses was absence during the period of the campaign. CONCLUSION: this documentation has demonstrated that it was feasible, acceptable by the community to conduct a large-scale mass OCV campaign in Malawi within five weeks. Of 320,000 OCV doses received, Malawi managed to administer at least 294,221 (91.9%) of the doses. OCV could therefore be considered to be introduced as additional measure in cholera hot spot areas in Malawi.
- Published
- 2016
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29. Les migrations en transit au Maroc. Attitudes et comportement de la société civile face au phénomène
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Laura Feliu Martínez
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Morocco ,civil society ,migration ,transit ,sub-Saharan Africa ,Political science ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
For thousands of migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, Morocco is the last step on the journey to Europe. This paper analyzes the attitudes of key Moroccan political and social actors. Responsiveness and variability on the part of Moroccan authorities highlight the double dependence of a management process focused on security issues yet influenced by external pressures, including the fragile compromise with the European Union and some member countries. For some years Moroccan associations interested in this phenomenon have been attending to their deficiencies in training, knowledge and the monitoring of in-transit sub-Saharan migrants.
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- 2009
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30. Marginalisation et dépendance aérienne de l’Afrique sub-saharienne
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Frédéric Dobruszkes and Hugo Mwanza Wa Mwanza
- Subjects
transport geography ,air transport ,Africa ,sub-Saharan Africa ,liberalization ,centre-periphery ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
The place of sub-Saharan Africa in the world air system and the question of domestic flights in Africa are addressed in this paper, which analyzes the problems raised by air operation on that continent and fuels the discussion on regulation / liberalization.Africa is clearly on the fringes of the world air system. Its internal and external air traffic does not carry much weight compared with the supply from the centre. Most of African airlines have a limited scope and are in a position of strength on the intra-African market only. Africa’s problems inevitably affect air transport, limiting supply, demand and possible State interventions, and make the operation of air supply extremely difficult. This is very concretely reflected by the case of Air Afrique, a multinational company belonging to eleven States, whose bankruptcy in 2002 led to the disappearance of intra- and extra-African air links which were not taken over by other air companies.The article examines the constraints of State regulation and the interest of liberalizing air transport in Africa. If the “rigidity” of regulation is real, its abolition would probably result in the bankruptcy of African airlines in view of the weight of Western airlines. Restrictions on the use of the 5th air freedom seem to only partly limit the connexity of the intra-African network. An analysis of the impacts of open-sky agreements between the USA and 59 other States shows they have seldom benefited the airlines of peripheral countries.Finally, the liberalization of intra-African air transport for the sole African airlines remains open.
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- 2007
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31. Winning the battle and losing the war? Where public health is getting it wrong in the current fight against HIV-AIDS and tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Luchuo Engelbert Bain and Nkeh Charles Clovis
- Subjects
hiv ,aids ,tb ,sub-saharan africa ,Medicine - Abstract
Despite the enormous victory that has been recorded in decreasing significantly HIV-TB related mortality and morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa, enormous challenges continue to obstruct proper and enviable control of these conditions. These range from prioritization, ethics, funding, drug resistance and research gaps. Resistance to these diseases could constitute key treatment and prevention challenges to health care systems and the international community if not handled appropriately and promptly. This paper presents key shortcomings of the current funding, management and research policies and highlights possible action areas to remedy this situation.
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- 2015
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32. Contribution and performance of female Community-Directed Distributors in the treatment of onchocerciasis with Ivermectin in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
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Marius Zambou Vouking, Violette Claire Tamo, and Carine Nouboudem Tadenfok
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systematic review ,contribution ,women ,community distributors ,onchocerciasis ,sub-saharan africa ,Medicine - Abstract
The African Program for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) was launched in 1995 with the main goal being to boost the fight against onchocerciasis in Africa. In 2011, over 80 million people benefited from this intervention thanks to the contribution of 268.718 Community-Directed Distributors (CDD). These significant results obscure the role of women CDD in this fight. Indeed, the insufficient involvement of female CDD has been identified as a concern by the APOC partners early in the program. The present study aims to assess the contribution and performance of women involved in a strategy to control onchocerciasis by community-directed treatment with ivermectin in sub Saharan Africa. We searched the following electronic databases from January 1995 to July 2013: Medline, Embase (Excerpta Medica Database), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), LILAS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences), International Bibliography of Social Sciences, Social Services Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts. Two research team members independently conducted data extraction from the final sample of articles by using a pre-established data extraction sheet. The primary outcome was the contribution of female CDD in the control of onchocerciasis by community-directed treatment with Ivermectin. Of 25 hits, 7 papers met the inclusion criteria. For the management of onchocerciasis, female CDDs are elected by the health committee from the communities they will serve. The significant proportion of those treated (about 61%) were women, although only 24% of CDDs were women. Many community members reported that women were more committed, persuasive and more patient than men in the distribution of ivermectin. Some studies have identified underutilization of female CDD as one reason for the limited effectiveness or, in some cases, pure failure related to the distribution of Ivermectin interventions in the fight against onchocerciasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence from this review suggests that female CDD contribute to the treatment of onchocerciasis with Ivermectine in sub-Saharan Africa. Large-scale rigorous studies including Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to compare Community-Directed intervention involving men and women CDDs.
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- 2015
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33. Quels marchés pour quel développement en Afrique subsaharienne ?
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Thierry Amougou and Martine Ngo Nyemb
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walrasian market ,popular market ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,real development ,associate ,Economic history and conditions ,HC10-1085 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
Since structural adjustment programs, the market is occupying the core of development politics promoted in sub-Saharan Africa. However, does the market conceptualized by the occidental political economy really exist in sub-Saharan Africa? The answer is negative. On one hand, this paper put it forward by confronting several approaches of the market (Smith, Hayek, Walras) to sub-Saharan-Africa anthropological, economical and historical singularities and, on the other hand, to field’s results from Yaoundé and Douala in Cameroon. Nevertheless, what kind of market do we find in Sub-Saharan Africa? The paper indicates that sub-Saharan market are mostly popular market. It gives their characteristics and their implications for development.
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34. Male involvement in family planning decision making in sub-Saharan Africa- what the evidence suggests
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Marius Zambou Vouking, Christine Danielle Evina, and Carine Nouboudem Tadenfok
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male involvement ,family planning decision making ,sub-saharan africa ,Medicine - Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in 2012 that 287,000 maternal deaths occurred in 2010; sub-Saharan Africa (56%) and Southern Asia (29%) accounted for the global burden of maternal deaths. Men are also recognized to be responsible for the large proportion of ill reproductive health suffered by their female partners. Male involvement helps not only in accepting a contraceptive but also in its effective use and continuation. The objectives were to assess men's knowledge, attitude, and practice of modern contraceptive methods; determine the level of spousal communication about family planning decision making; and investigate the correlates of men's opinion about their roles in family planning decision making. We searched the following electronic databases from January 1995 to December 2013: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, LILAS, International Bibliography of Social Sciences, Social Services Abstracts, and Sociological Abstracts. Along with MeSH terms and relevant keywords, we used the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for identifying reports of articles in PubMed. There were no restrictions to language or publication status. Of 137 hits, 7 papers met the inclusion criteria. The concept of family planning was well known to men. In the Nigerian study, almost (99 %) men were aware of the existence of modern contraceptives, and most of them were aware of at least two modern methods. Awareness of the condom was highest (98 %). In the Malawi study, all of the participants reported that they were not using contraception before the intervention. In Ethiopia, above 90% of male respondents have supported and approved using and choosing family planning methods, but none of them practiced terminal methods. Generally, more male respondents disagreed than agreed that men should make decisions about selected family planning issues in the family. Decision-making dynamics around method choice followed a slightly different pattern. According to female participants, decisions regarding method choice were equally made by women or jointly, with male-dominated decisions falling last. There are many challenges to increase male involvement in family planning services. So far very few interventions addressing these challenges have been evaluated scientifically. Health education campaigns to improve beliefs and attitudes of men are absolutely needed. Additionally, improving accessibility, affordability, availability, accommodation and acceptability of family planning service venues will make them more attractive for male partners.
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- 2014
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35. Justiça e Reconciliação Pós-Conflito em África
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Patrícia Magalhães Ferreira
- Subjects
conflict ,peace ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,reconciliation ,History of Africa ,DT1-3415 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
After a protracted conflict, societies have to cope with the need of promoting reconciliation and peace consolidation, in order to prevent the resurgence of violence. Several mechanisms have been developed to address human rights’ violations, which go far beyond the national judicial systems: specific international courts; truth and reconciliation commissions; programmes for reparation of victims and reintegration of ex-combatants and war crimes perpetrators; traditional and local mechanisms of conflict resolution. This paper addresses reconciliation and justice issues in three different post-conflict situations in sub-Saharan Africa (Rwanda, Mozambique and Sierra Leone) highlighting the approaches and responses adopted in each one of them.
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- 2005
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36. Aspectos estruturais e subjectivos dos espaços políticos em África: introdução a um debate
- Author
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Franz-Wilhelm Heimer
- Subjects
Sub-Saharan Africa ,political space ,History of Africa ,DT1-3415 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
The introduction by the editor of this issue informs about the international conference which originated the collection of papers presented here. It tries to locate these studies in the context of the international debate on the structure of, and changes in, politics in Africa. Distinguishing between the discussion on structure and that on the subjective dimension, it refers to what seems to be in this context the core contribution of each article. It points out the merits as well as the limitations of the collection and emphacises the importance of continuous and intensified empirical research articulated with a theoretical elaboration aimed at overcoming the present shortcomings in this field.
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- 2004
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37. HIV/AIDS, Population and Sustainable Development
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Victor Angelo
- Subjects
Sub-Saharan Africa ,sustainable development ,socio-economic impact ,AIDS ,History of Africa ,DT1-3415 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
The wide-ranging impact of HIV/AIDS on demographic trends and socio-economic development of African countries deserves renewed attention and additional research. HIV/AIDS severely undermines the development prospects of many African countries, most of which have recorded shockingly high prevalence rates of the epidemic. In the years to come, Sub-Saharan Africa is far more certain to experience further demographic changes that would continue to impact negatively on development trends. The epidemic is decimating human capital and institutions, perpetuating intergenerational poverty and inequality, and threatening the security of populations and countries. In this regard, it has become one of the most serious challenges facing African countries. This paper asserts that in high HIV prevalence countries, the majority of which are in Sub-Saharan Africa, the size, composition, structure and distribution of populations have experienced profound mutations. The new demographic structure has a direct and significant bearing on all facets of sustainable development. It is therefore essential to examine how these demographic modifications affect efforts towards socio-economic progress.
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- 2003
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38. A systematic review of missed opportunities for improving tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS control in Sub-saharan Africa: what is still missed by health experts?
- Author
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Basile Keugoung, Florent Ymele Fouelifack, Richard Fotsing, Jean Macq, Jean Meli, and Bart Criel
- Subjects
missed opportunities ,hiv/aids ,tuberculosis ,sub-saharan africa ,health systems ,Medicine - Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis are major public health problems. In 2010, 64% of the 34 million of people infected with HIV were reported to be living in sub-Saharan Africa. Only 41% of eligible HIV-positive people had access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Regarding tuberculosis, in 2010, the region had 12% of the world's population but reported 26% of the 8.8 million incident cases and 254000 tuberculosis-related deaths. This paper aims to review missed opportunities for improving HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis prevention and care. We conducted a systematic review in PubMed using the terms ''missed''(Title) AND ''opportunities''(Title). We included systematic review and original research articles done in sub-Saharan Africa on missed opportunities in HIV/AIDS and/or tuberculosis care. Missed opportunities for improving HIV/AIDS and/or tuberculosis care can be classified into five categories: i) patient and community; ii) health professional; iii) health facility; iv) local health system; and v) vertical programme (HIV/AIDS and/or tuberculosis control programmes). None of the reviewed studies identified any missed opportunities related to health system strengthening. Opportunities that are missed hamper tuberculosis and/or HIV/AIDS care in sub-Saharan Africa where health systems remain weak. What is still missing in the analysis of health experts is the acknowledgement that opportunities that are missed to strengthen health systems also undermine tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS prevention and care. Studying why these opportunities are missed will help to understand the rationales behind the missed opportunities, and customize adequate strategies to seize them and for effective diseases control.
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- 2014
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39. Étude de la mortalité aux grands âges à l’aide du Registre des décès d’Antananarivo (Madagascar)
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Quinquis, Anthony and Ouellette, Nadine
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Sub-Saharan Africa ,Mortality compression ,Old-age causes of death ,P-spline smoothing ,Dispersion des durées de vie ,Madagascar ,Compression de la mortalité ,Lissage par P-splines ,Âge modal au décès ,Causes de décès aux grands âges ,Modal age at death ,Afrique subsaharienne ,Lifespan dispersion - Abstract
Depuis 60 ans, la mortalité a fortement décliné à Madagascar, essentiellement aux jeunes âges. La baisse de la fécondité est également marquée depuis environ une vingtaine d’années. La population des 65 ans et plus, qui représente actuellement 3 % de la population totale, est ainsi amenée à occuper une proportion de plus en plus considérable dans les années futures. Sachant que près de 60 % de la population active travaille dans le secteur informel et n’aura pas accès au système de retraite, il devient impératif de mieux comprendre l’évolution récente de la mortalité aux âges avancés afin de pouvoir déterminer l’ampleur du phénomène à venir. Dans cette optique, la présente recherche analyse l’évolution de l’âge le plus fréquent au décès (M), indicateur particulièrement adapté pour rendre compte des changements en matière de longévité. Notre étude se focalise sur Antananarivo, capitale de Madagascar et ville pour laquelle nous disposons de données quasi exhaustives et détaillées sur les décès depuis 1976. En utilisant une méthode de lissage par P-splines, ces données, jumelées à des estimations de la population soumise au risque, nous permettent d’obtenir des estimations relativement précises de l’évolution de M et de la dispersion des décès au-delà de M, par sexe. Nos résultats montrent que d’importants progrès de longévité, en particulier chez les hommes, ont été réalisés dans la capitale malgache depuis le milieu des années 1980. L’augmentation de l’âge modal au décès a également été accompagnée d’une compression de la mortalité au-delà du mode. En d’autres termes, les inégalités devant la mort ont clairement diminué aux âges avancés. Ces avancées s’expliquent principalement par une réduction forte et continue de la mortalité liée aux maladies infectieuses. Cependant, de nouveaux progrès passeront désormais par des mesures visant à réduire la mortalité associée aux affections de l’appareil circulatoire (cardiovasculaire, cérébrovasculaire)., For 60 years now, mortality has been declining sharply in Madagascar, mainly at young ages. Fertility has also decreased significantly in the last two decades. Individuals aged 65 and over, which currently accounts for 3% of the total population, are to represent an increasing share of the population in future years. Given that around 60% of the workforce labors in the informal economy and as a consequence will not have access to a pension system, it becomes crucial to better understand old age mortality in order to determine the extent of the coming phenomenon. In this context, this research examines the evolution of the modal (i.e. most frequent) age at death (M), a suitable indicator for monitoring improvements in old-age survival. Our paper focuses on Antananarivo, the capital and a city for which detailed and virtually complete data on deaths since 1976 are available. From a nonparametric P-spline smoothing approach, and estimates of the population exposed to the risk of death for each year, we obtain relatively accurate estimates of M and the standard deviation of ages at death above the mode for both sexes. Our results show that great progress in longevity has been made in Antananarivo since the mid-1980’s, especially for men. This increase in modal age at death came with a mortality compression above the mode. In other words, inequalities in old age mortality noticeably narrowed. These positive developments are due primarily to a continued strong reduction in infectious-related mortality. However, further progress will now require efficient measures aimed at fighting circulatory system diseases (cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases).
- Published
- 2019
40. Political Economy of Reform for Service Delivery
- Author
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Floribert Ngaruko
- Subjects
political economy ,reform ,administration ,decentralization ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Language and Literature ,Social Sciences - Abstract
This article analyzes how administrative decentralization can improve the provision of social services in Africa. It uses political, economic, and historical approaches, to investigate the bureaucratic dysfunctions that administrative decentralization may reduce. It argues that administrative decentralization can overcome the all-time challenge for African central governments to broadcast authority over harsh and sparsely inhabited territories. Also, by tackling the use of public employment and wages to leverage distributive politics, it may reduce the distortions affecting the financing of public services, and which particularly undermine the quality of education. Administrative decentralization may also enhance merit-based appointments and promotions of bureaucrats by reducing the propensity to resort to public employment and wages as a means for political officials to reward loyalty and to recruit fellows. Finally, administrative decentralization may leverage effectively civil service reforms seeking to align central bureaucracies with the objective of poverty reduction through enhanced service delivery. Attention is drawn, however, to the conflicts that may arise, as administrative decentralization will come to threaten vested interests. The paper argues that for reformer international institutions, handling situations of political crises and learning how to use them to leverage reform will be critical for the success of administrative decentralization in Africa.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
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41. Documentation numérique en Afrique francophone subsaharienne : évaluation de l'offre et des usages en sciences humaines à l'Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar
- Author
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Kane, Khardiatou, Dispositifs d'Information et de Communication à l'Ère du Numérique - Paris Île-de-France (DICEN-IDF), Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université (HESAM)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), Conservatoire national des arts et metiers - CNAM, Ghislaine Chartron, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), STAR, ABES, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM), and HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)
- Subjects
Evaluation de l’offre documentaire ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,Evaluation of the documentary offer ,[SHS.INFO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences ,Documentation numérique ,University Library Dakar ,Usage evaluation ,Bibliothèque Universitaire de Dakar ,Afrique subsaharienne ,[SHS.INFO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Library and information sciences ,Open Access ,Documentation scientifique et technique ,Scientific and technical documentation ,Digital documentation ,Libre Accès ,Évaluation des usages - Abstract
University libraries in French-speaking African countries face a documentary supply challenge in a context of a lack of financial resources, an increase in the cost of documentation, and some inefficient organizational forms. This thesis aims at first, from surveys and collections of diverse data, to establish the state of the paper and digital documentary offer at the University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar, in SHS, highlighting points comparison with other Sub-Saharan Francophone Universities. The results are intended to quantify and qualify this offer, to point out new dynamics in the context of digital documentation with different types of actors. In addition, librarians seek to rely fully on Open Access, both in terms of access to resources and the value of local funds. Digital information is increasingly seen as the best way to meet the information needs of the university community at Dakar's Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD). Nevertheless, it is often confronted with problems of access to information but also of use of documentary resources. This research focuses, in a second part, to appreciate the uses of digital resources, in a comparative way between several disciplines at UCAD and between teachers and students. Recommendations are made to try to improve the documentary services in this University., Les bibliothèques universitaires des pays d’Afrique francophone sont confrontées à un défi en matière d’offre documentaire dans un contexte marqué par un manque de moyens financiers, une augmentation des coûts de la documentation, et certaines formes organisationnelles peu efficientes. Cette thèse vise dans un premier temps, à partir d’enquêtes et de recueils de données diversifiées, à dresser l’état de l’offre documentaire papier et numérique à l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, en Sciences humaines et sociales (SHS), tout en soulignant des points de comparaison avec d’autres universités francophones subsahariennes. Les résultats visent à quantifier et à qualifier cette offre, à pointer les nouvelles dynamiques dans le cadre de la documentation numérique avec différents types d’acteurs. Par ailleurs, les bibliothécaires cherchent à s’appuyer pleinement sur l’Open Access tant au niveau de l’accès à des ressources qu’au niveau de la valorisation des fonds locaux. L’information numérique est de plus en plus perçue comme le meilleur moyen de satisfaire les besoins en information de la communauté universitaire de l’Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD) de Dakar. Néanmoins, elle est souvent confrontée à des problèmes d’accès à l’information mais également d’usage des ressources documentaires. Cette recherche s’intéresse, dans une seconde partie, à l’appréciation de l’usage des ressources numériques, une appréciation qui se fera comparativement entre plusieurs disciplines de l’UCAD et entre enseignants et étudiants de ladite université. Des recommandations sont formulées dans la troisième partie pour tenter d’y améliorer les services documentaires.
- Published
- 2018
42. DYNAMIQUE DES AGRICULTURES PERIURBAINES EN AFRIQUE SUB-SAHARIENNE ET STATUTS FONCIERS LE CAS DES VILLES D'ACCRA ET YAOUNDE
- Author
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Dauvergne, Sarah, Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Environnement Ville Société (EVS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Emilie COUDEL, Hubert DEVAUTOUR, Christophe-Toussaint SOULARD, Bernard HUBERT, Environnement, Ville, Société (EVS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon (ENSAL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Devautour, Hubert, and Emilie COUDEL, Hubert DEVAUTOUR, Christophe-Toussaint SOULARD, Bernard HUBERT
- Subjects
Agriculture périurbaine ,sub-Saharan Africa ,Zone urbaine ,Droit foncier ,Urbanisation ,Yaoundé ,Zone périurbaine ,urban agriculture ,Développement agricole ,intermediaries space ,Accra ,E50 - Sociologie rurale ,[SDV.SA.AEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics ,A01 - Agriculture - Considérations générales ,land use ,[SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics ,E11 - Économie et politique foncières ,Agriculture urbaine ,Gestion foncière ,land ownership - Abstract
Cette communication rend compte des premiers développements d'un travail de thèse engagé en 2008 sur le statut foncier des espaces urbains périphériques dans deux villes d'Afrique sub-saharienne, Yaoundé (Cameroun) et Accra (Ghana). Le contexte périurbain des villes d'Afrique subsaharienne est marqué par des transformations soudaines et brutales. L'urbanisation rapide des espaces périphériques pose un certain nombre de défis pour la sécurité alimentaire et la gouvernance urbaine. L'agriculture urbaine et périurbaine, si elle a toujours existé depuis la naissance de ces villes, pose aujourd'hui question : Quelles sont les conséquences de la permanence d'une activité agricole en périphérie urbaine sur l'aménagement urbain, l'environnement, l'approvisionnement des villes et les liens sociaux. Quelles formes prend cette agriculture ? Et comment sont traités les conflits qui émergent de la concurrence pour les ressources (eau, foncier...) entre les activités agricoles et non-agricoles et entre activités agricoles ? L'importance de l'urbanisation et de ses enjeux d'une part, et l'absence d'institutions spécifiques dans la gestion des ressources en jeu d'autre part suscitent l'intérêt de la recherche. En particulier, le statut foncier, déterminant dans l'évolution des systèmes agraires, concentre et révèle la diversité des enjeux qui se portent sur ces espaces de l'entre-deux, que l'on qualifiera d'espaces intermédiaires. Plusieurs aspects des enjeux fonciers sont à relever dans les deux villes étudiées : la concurrence entre activités agricoles et non-agricoles, le phénomène d'"exode rural" qui se cristallise autour des questions ethniques, la superposition de différents types de droits (écrits, oraux...), la monétarisation de la terre et la répartition de la rente ainsi crée, et le lien entre ce foncier en "transition" et le type d'agriculture qui se développe. Il s'agit d'interroger le lien entre le statut foncier et les systèmes agricoles dans les périphéries des villes d'Afrique subsaharienne, en utilisant le concept d'espaces intermédiaires, c'est-à-dire des espaces d'entre-deux, non déterminés, sur lesquels se rencontrent des dynamiques divergentes. Dans quelle mesure l'intermédiarité influe-t-elle sur le développement agricole et encourage-t-elle l'innovation, la permanence ou la destruction des systèmes agricoles ?
- Published
- 2010
43. Modèle d'explication de l'issue des réformes des politiques publiques en Afrique sub-saharienne : Illustration avec la politique des enseignants contractuels
- Author
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Nkengne Nkengne, Alain Patrick, Theurel, Bertille, Institut de recherche sur l'éducation : Sociologie et Economie de l'Education (IREDU), Université de Bourgogne (UB), Institut of Political Science, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Center for Comparative and Ineternational Studies (CIS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Institut de recherche sur l'éducation : Sociologie et Economie de l'Education ( IREDU ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ), Université de Zürich, Center for Comparative and Ineternational Studies ( CIS ), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule [Zürich] ( ETH Zürich ) -Université de Zürich
- Subjects
sub-Saharan Africa ,Politique publique ,Reform ,Public policy ,contractuel ,[SHS.EDU]Humanities and Social Sciences/Education ,[SHS.EDU] Humanities and Social Sciences/Education ,Policy making ,Contract teachers ,[ SHS.EDU ] Humanities and Social Sciences/Education ,Réforme ,Enseignant ,Afrique subsaharienne - Abstract
African countries' political arena is witnessing major changes due to the involvement of new political actors in the public policy making process (donors, political parties, civil society). In the past, the formulation of policies was a reflection of the central authority's will. Nowadays, governments are confronted with more resistance when adopting reforms. This paper laborates a model that describes the policy process in African countries and shows how new actors can influence the designing of the reform to their advantage. The model predicts that government success or failure in designing a reform according to its will is a function of the adoption pattern chosen and the ability of the opponents to the reform to influence the opinion of key actors in charge of the decision. Predictions of the model are confirmed by the analysis of the recently adopted contract teacher policy. It is a teacher recruitment reform that was highly contested, but spread in Francophone African countries in the last decade, under various formulations., La scène politique des pays africains est marquée depuis quelques années par l'apparition de nouveaux acteurs politiques (bailleurs de fonds, partis politiques, société civile). Si avant les dirigeants pouvaient définir les politiques publiques en ne tenant compte que de leurs intérêts propres, cette tâche est désormais plus compliquée car il faut prendre en compte de nouveaux intérêts. Le présent travail propose un modèle décrivant le processus de décision des politiques publiques et montre comment les nouveaux acteurs peuvent influencer la formulation des réformes à leur avantage. Le modèle stipule que le succès ou l'échec dans l'élaboration d'une réforme en lien avec l'objectif initialement visé par le gouvernement, dépendent d'une part du choix de la façon dont cette réforme sera adoptée et d'autre part, de la capacité des acteurs opposés à la réforme à influencer les opinions des acteurs clés impliqués dans la décision finale. Ce modèle est ensuite employé pour expliquer les différences de la politique des enseignants contractuels en Afrique francophone.
- Published
- 2010
44. Économie politique du développement minier à Madagascar : l’analyse du projet QMM à Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin)
- Author
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Bruno Sarrasin
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,mining sector ,sustainable development ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,QIT Madagascar Minerals ,économie politique ,secteur minier ,Afrique subsaharienne ,environnement ,political economy ,Environmental sciences ,Afrique ,impacts ,Africa ,développement durable ,Madagascar ,GE1-350 ,Madagascar development ,environment ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,développement - Abstract
L’article propose l’étude d’un cas de développement industriel dans une région du sud-est de Madagascar. Depuis 20 ans, la société QIT Madagascar Minerals S.A. (QMM) étudie la faisabilité d’un projet d’exploitation de sables minéralisés à forte teneur d’ilménite, près de Tolagnaro. Des réserves ont été émises quant aux effets économiques, environnementaux et sociaux de l’exploitation minière dans la région. Cependant, sans exploitation minière et sans les programmes d’infrastructure reliés à un tel projet, le potentiel de développement économique de la région est limité. Cet article propose d’explorer les enjeux politiques et économiques auxquels sont confrontés les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne en général et Madagascar en particulier. S’appuyant sur une approche hétérodoxe d’économie politique, notre analyse identifie non seulement les mécanismes qui ont permis au projet d’intégrer, en plus de la croissance économique, les dimensions de protection de l’environnement et de lutte contre la pauvreté, mais révèlent les blocages potentiels de sa mise en œuvre. This paper will analyse an industrial development project in the south eastern part of the Malagasy region. For the past twenty years, the QIT Madagascar Minerals S.A. (QMM) corporation has been studying the feasibility of mining high-grade ilmenite mineral sands close to Tolagnaro. Concerns have been expressed about the economic, environmental, and social impacts of mining in this area. However, without such mining project and related infrastructure programs, the scope of economic development in the Malagasy region is limited. This article will explore the policy and economic issues confronting Sub-Saharan African countries in general and the Malagasy in particular. Based on a heterodox political economy approach, the research will not only address how this project will succeed in including environmental protection and poverty alleviation criteria, but will also examine some of the project’s limitations and shortfalls.
- Published
- 2006
45. Économie politique du développement minier à Madagascar : l’analyse du projet QMM à Tolagnaro (Fort-Dauphin)
- Author
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Bruno Sarrasin
- Subjects
environment ,political economy ,Madagascar development ,Sub-Saharan Africa ,QIT Madagascar Minerals ,mining sector ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 - Abstract
This paper will analyse an industrial development project in the south eastern part of the Malagasy region. For the past twenty years, the QIT Madagascar Minerals S.A. (QMM) corporation has been studying the feasibility of mining high-grade ilmenite mineral sands close to Tolagnaro. Concerns have been expressed about the economic, environmental, and social impacts of mining in this area. However, without such mining project and related infrastructure programs, the scope of economic development in the Malagasy region is limited. This article will explore the policy and economic issues confronting Sub-Saharan African countries in general and the Malagasy in particular. Based on a heterodox political economy approach, the research will not only address how this project will succeed in including environmental protection and poverty alleviation criteria, but will also examine some of the project’s limitations and shortfalls.
- Full Text
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