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Copyright of Activités is the property of ARPACT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'études Autochtones is the property of Recherches Amerindiennes au Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper investigates the ways in which schools can contribute to the prevention of bullying, by gaining insight into a multi-layered structure of school activities that contributes to the positive effects of educational work on the development of students’ personality and by pointing to the three levels of preventive action that can be carried out on an individual basis (universal, selective, and indicated prevention). Special emphasis is placed on universal prevention, given that science has proved that some school subjects (mother tongue and/or foreign language and literature, history, civic education, religious instruction, art and music lessons) and the extra-curricular activities related to them provide opportunities for this kind of bullying prevention. Focusing on literature instruction, we first look at its pedagogical role, linking the issue of bullying to humanistic and moral education. Literary texts that thematise this issue are very convenient for developing students’ socio-emotional competencies, the competencies that are (also) directly linked to attitudes towards bullying and other forms of violence. “Deca” (Children), a short story by Ivo Andrić, stands out among such works represented in the literature curriculum for primary school. By applaying the emphatic-ethical model of reading, we investigate the pedagogical potential of this literary text, trying to point out the key “action” segments in the text which are activated only by a teacher’s adequate methodological guidance of students during its collective interpretation.

Social workers are a part of the wider counter-terrorism efforts in many European countries, such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Belgium. While there are several theoretical and discursive studies on social workers’ involvement in preventing violent extremism, few studies have explored and analyzed how these prevention workers understand radicalization and the strategies and approaches they employ. This paper addresses this research gap with findings from a qualitative study that utilized data from 17 individual in-depth interviews and two focus-group interviews of experienced social workers doing indicated prevention work against violent extremism in Norway. Goffman’s frame analysis and Weber and Carter’s theory on the construction of trust are applied to the findings. A thematic analysis found that, first, the participants frame radicalization cases in the same way they do other cases—as a social problem. Second, a two-way process of trust was revealed, as a critical component in their work is creating openings for dialogue about values and ideology. Contrary to other studies, this paper finds that social workers manage this work as close to “business as usual.” Also, it reveals that well-established strategies in social work, such as client-directed practice, Socratic questioning, and motivational interviewing, potentially play an important role in face-to-face prevention work against radicalization and violent extremism.

In both France and abroad, musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) remain the most widespread occupational diseases. The scientific literature has established that links exist between the occurrence of MSD and the professional gesture. The aim of this paper is to show how biomechanical analysis helps to create intervention tools implemented in a methodological framework in clinical activity with a view to preventing MSD through analysis of the gesture. The aim of this paper is to analyse how an intervention was conducted within the general methodological framework of occupational psychology using activity-clinic research based on professional gesture analysis and it also benefited from interdisciplinary co-operation with biomechanics. The interdisciplinary methodology employed in relation to eight gravediggers consisted of different steps that included a detailed analysis of the muscular activity of the shoulder and back muscles. The results show that the interdisciplinary methodology makes it possible to widen the potential development zone of the gesture in the gravediggers’ activity by stimulating their professional discussions. The creation of visibility and discussion in the profession of inter- and intra-individual variability has opened up the professional world to new forms of action to prevent MSD.

This paper presents a development overview of prevention strategies in a federalist context. It builds on the results of the study on the backgrounds of jihadist radicali-sation and the prevention strategies adopted in Switzerland (Eser Davolio and Re-ther 2019) as well as the measures outlined in the Swiss National Action Plan to Prevent and Counter Radicalisation. The methodological approach comprises de-scriptive quantitative data analyses of the different backgrounds of radicalisation and qualitative analyses of the prevention agencies and their strategies. This paper examines three such prevention and intervention agencies: counselling services, which have been set up in various cities and cantons for the universal and selective prevention of extremism in general and jihadist radicalisation in particular; com-munity policing by the cantonal and municipal police; and, on the level of preven-tion, the Swiss penal system facing radicalised persons in legal procedures and in prison. The prevention and intervention measures implemented by these agencies will be analysed, assessing whether they are adequate in view of the findings on the backgrounds of radicalisation. Focussing on jihadist radicalisation in Switzerland – a problem area with relatively limited evidence but at the same time of national se-curity relevance – we have to consider the federalist context with its own challenges and aspects of interferences.

This paper presents the results of investigations carried out during the period September 2012-February 2013, on a group of 184 persons definitively convicted to the execution of custodial sentences for crimes of murder, in the Maximum Security Penitentiary of Craiova. Our goal is to analyze, from a socio-criminological point of view, the aetiology of murder crimes and the research questions involve the chronological type of approach to the aggressors' life in relation to family environment, school environment, group of friends, criminal history and context of the offense. It also presents features of the relationship between aggressor and victim, analyzed according to the theory of the transition to the act, forwarded by Étienne De Greef. In order to obtain relevant information, we used the sociological survey, analysis of social documents, interview and observation. The results obtained using these research methods, the statistical techniques and procedures are complemented by case studies, of which, in this paper, are presented excerpts from the theoretical elements which reveal the ecological model of violence, risk factors associated to delinquent behaviour or delinquency a life choice. Our investigations were carried out within a larger research project, which included lots of people who have committed crimes of murder, rape and robbery. The results are presented in the thesis entitled Violent crime in Romania. Evaluation, aetiology and social prevention and can be used to develop national strategies for the prevention of violent crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Française de Sociologie is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

P/CVE programs engaging in primary (prior to radicalization) or secondary (following exposure to radicalizing influences) prevention are often predicated on delivering interventions to individuals or groups at-risk of engaging in violent extremism. Preventative actions must take place before the potential negative outcome; however, additional research is still required to identify and empirically validate the factors that distinguish violent from non-violent extremists. In the interim, P/CVE programs have instead targeted all individuals within a community or those deemed “at-risk” of adhering to extremist belief systems or movements. Due to resource limitations, this approach dilutes the allocation of resources to individuals and/or communities with higher propensities for extremist violence and may incidentally increase the likelihood of violence. This paper argues that empirical and theoretical insights from criminological theories of social control can enhance the understanding of violent extremism and can be used to tailor P/CVE programs. Unlike most criminological theories, social control theories focus on why people do not commit these acts, giving it a unique perspective on identifying how to prevent violent extremism. Drawing on 70 years of research, we explore how variation in various forms of control can explain differences in extremist offending. We hypothesize how the antecedents to low social control may be connected to violent extremism and propose a research agenda to test these hypotheses. Finally, we examine how existing measures of self-control can be incorporated by P/CVE programming to better distribute services to their target population and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes.

This paper reviews the experience and actions carried out by Asociación para la Igualdad On:Giz to promote active involvement of men in tackling gender-based violence. On:Giz is a small organisation of women and men committed to gender equality. This is not a usual academic paper, but rather a reflection on two case study examples of how to work with men in confronting gender-based violence and a call to the need of involving them in such actions because achieving women’s and men’s equality is everybody’s work. Este texto da cuenta de las experiencias que se están llevando a cabo desde la Asociación para la Igualdad On:Giz para que los hombres sean parte activa de la solución al problema de la violencia de género. On:Giz es una organización mixta pequeña, con mucho compromiso con la igualdad entre mujeres y hombres. La intencionalidad de este texto no es académica, sino dar a conocer un par de experiencias que sirvan como ejemplo de cómo se puede trabajar también con los hombres contra la violencia de género y de la necesidad de involucrar a estos, ya que la igualdad real entre mujeres y hombres se conseguirá con el trabajo de todas y todos. DOWNLOAD THIS PAPER FROM SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2612127

At the interface of the geography of health and environmental geography, this paper aims to balance an exclusively positive point of view of the forest by focusing on a vector-borne disease transmitted by ticks found in temperate forests. The transformation of our way of life, promoting free-time and leisure activities, have enhanced the attractiveness of spending time in forested areas. For that reason, they are the most popular recreation areas attended by the French, with more than a billion annual visits. For city dwellers in search of nature, forests, especially near cities, are now seen as sources of relaxation and well-being where people draw the energy for their everyday urban life. To better understand the links that these citizens have with the forest, the French National Forestry Office (ONF) led an extensive study of the practices and representations of the forest. Upon completion of the study, two types of representations stand out clearly: the forest as breakout space outside the city, and as a space of sociability and sharing. But this stereotyped or frozen representation of the forest, which revolves around the concepts of wellness and pleasure, maintains a distorted perception of the potential risks incurred by forest users. If users know only the idyllic picture of the forest, it is our responsibility to inform them of these risks. The presence of suitable vector habitats, especially ticks, whose role is significant in the spread of a broad spectrum disease (Lyme borreliosis or Lyme disease), is in fact largely underestimated by forest users who neglect preventive measures to avoid their bite. A main pathology transmitted by ticks, Lyme borreliosis, is transmitted tens of thousands of times each year. Meanwhile, it remains largely unknown to the general public that this disease is becoming more common and widespread in our latitudes, as evidenced by the numerous instances in the literature. In France, some 27 000 new cases are identified each year by the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), an average annual incidence rate estimated at 43 cases per 100 000 inhabitants. This number has almost tripled in ten years, from about 10 000 to 27 000 new cases per year between 2003 and 2013 (InVS, 2013). Well known in rural areas, Lyme borreliosis is an endemic disease in the regions of eastern and central France (figure 1). However, in recent years, the disease tends to be urbanized by approaching large cities (Amat-Roze, 2004). A survey conducted in 2010 in the suburban forest of Senart (25 km south-east of Paris, Île-de-France) has allowed us to know the level of knowledge of forest visitors on Lyme borreliosis and tick populations. It turns out that more than half of respondents have never heard of this disease and that only fifty were able to describe and name its vector. If the majority of people do not associate the disease to the meeting with a tick, many people neglect the basic preventive measures. When an activity brings a user into contact with an infectious tick – that means a tick has bitten him/her and s/he got a disease – the image of the forest changes as a result, in practices and behaviors, as a risk avoidance strategy. The welcoming image of the forest is thus replaced by a risky and insecurity picture. This confirms the findings of a previous study. Indeed, Aurélien Ponce (2011) had collected testimonies from people with Lyme borreliosis (or healed from Lyme borreliosis) to analyze their perceptions and practices of the forest. It appears that all respondents had an idyllic vision of the forest before being bitten by an infective tick. He identifies two types of behavior depending on the severity and persistence of symptoms of the disease. A) persons whose behavior has not (or almost not) changed: these people continue their outings in the forest as before but however are more attentive, especially ride back. It is cured persons or people whose health condition has improved since the first symptoms of the disease; B) persons whose behavior has changed: this translates into a fear of returning to forest and go as before. These findings show the importance of the memory of the risk in the construction process of representation. No improvement in health and security can dispense with these representations, for it is through them that users’ resistance to preventive measures intended for them is expressed. If these elements enable better targeting of policy instruments to promote effective information to the population, this paper opens a reflection on communication strategies for a particular public: the forest users.

This paper aims to highlight the importance of developing the capacity of Health, Safety and Working Conditions Committees (“CHSCT” in France) to act for a better integration of primary prevention in the context of change projects. After identifying certain obstacles regularly encountered by these Committees during the mandatory consultation process when implementing a change, our objective is to demonstrate how external expertise can help to develop the empowerment of staff representatives within the Committees. This argumentation is based on a case study of a “resizing” project in a bank. The results suggest a failure to take full account of the future work likely to be required in the design of projects and the importance for the HSCT Committee to adopt a preventive stance. This analysis helps identify possible solutions for taking better account of primary prevention in projects. It also aims to examine how ergonomics can help develop the power to act of HSCT Committees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the paper there were examined the main provisions of the European legislative act framework in the domain of protecting children victims of human trafficking offenses, with some critical remarks. The paper can be useful to the European and Romanian legislator, practitioners and academics in the field. The novelty consists of analyzing the provisions of the European legislative act, focusing on the practical ways provided for the protection of children victims of this kind of crime, and the formulated critical remarks.

In this paper, I reflect on the significance of ritual activity directed towards COVID-19 in Timor-Leste. What, if anything, it tells us about East Timorese beliefs and attitudes regarding infectious disease and why understanding the cultural dimensions of infectious disease is critical to public health responses. Timor-Leste recorded its first COVID-19 case on March 21st, 2020. Over the course of the following weeks elders held ritual ceremonies across the country to mobilise the ancestors and ask for their assistance to keep COVID-19 at bay. These ceremonies circulated widely on social media within Timor-Leste and among the East Timorese diaspora. In parallel to this initial flourishing of ritual activity the government swiftly enacted legislation to declare a state of emergency, closing international borders and establishing quarantine centres across the country. In many ways the health authorities’ response to COVID-19 has been exemplary, with low case numbers and 0 deaths throughout 2020. However, since February 2021 COVID-19 cases have increased exponentially, exposing social cleavages based on education, language and socio-economic position. With limited resources, the health authorities, and in particular the Centre for Integrated Crisis Management, have focused on prevention, contact tracing and testing, adhering to WHO guidelines and emphasising ‘best practices. Yet, the response has been criticized for being top-down and heavy handed. For example, certain public health measures, such as mandatory testing and burial protocols, have been poorly communicated to the broader community. The use of bio-medical language and introduction of new terms and concepts has been excessively didactic and lacks local contextualization. For the majority of the population of Timor-Leste, especially those living in rural areas, lived experiences of illness and disease are interpreted primarily through and by customary beliefs and practices. The rituals directed towards COVID-19 demonstrate a clear understanding of the nature of infection, contamination, disease, models of causality and fears around infection. They also reveal local capacities to contain epidemics and the ability to learn with the bio-medical response. The levels of participation observed in COVID-19 rituals online and local support for these initiatives expressed on social media suggests at the very least that health authorities should engage with local communities in a two-way dialogue to discuss beliefs and existing prevention strategies that can assist and support public health objectives and measures.

This paper aims to demonstrate the efficacy of a five-level homelessness prevention typology, encompassing universal, targeted, crisis, emergency, and recovery categories. We argue that this typology can be deployed to illuminate key comparisons in homelessness prevention policy and practice between different jurisdictions and over time. Meanwhile, it avoids the confusions and overlaps that occur in extant categorisations. Using the UK jurisdictions as an empirical testbed for this analytical framework, four key lessons emerge which we contend have resonance across much of the global north. First, though there is growing evidence of the importance of both universal prevention measures (particularly the delivery of affordable housing and poverty reduction), and targeted preventative interventions (focused on high risk groups and transitions), practical action on both fronts has been deeply deficient to date. Second, and more encouragingly, there is a nascent shift in homelessness practice from an overwhelming focus on basic, emergency interventions, towards more upstream attempts to avert the kind of crisis situations that can lead to homelessness arising in the first place. Third, and also welcome, is a trend within recovery interventions from treatment-led to more housing-led models, albeit that this shift has been frustratingly slow to materialise in many countries. Fourth, across all of these categories of homelessness prevention, there remain substantial evidence gaps, especially outside of the US.

This paper presents the results of investigations carried out during the period September 2012-February 2013, on a group of 184 persons definitively convicted to the execution of custodial sentences for crimes of murder, in the Maximum Security Penitentiary of Craiova. Our goal is to analyze, from a socio criminological point of view, the aetiology of murder crimes and the research questions involve the chronological type of approach to the aggressors' life in relation to family environment, school environment, group of friends, criminal history and context of the offense. It also presents features of the relationship between aggressor and victim, analyzed according to the theory of the transition to the act, forwarded by Étienne De Greef. In order to obtain relevant information, we used the sociological survey, analysis of social documents, interview and observation. The results obtained using these research methods, the statistical techniques and procedures are complemented by case studies, of which, in this paper, are presented excerpts from the theoretical elements which reveal the ecological model of violence, risk factors associated to delinquent behaviour or delinquency a life choice. Our investigations were carried out within a larger research project, which included lots of people who have committed crimes of murder, rape and robbery. The results are presented in the thesis entitled Violent crime in Romania. Evaluation, aetiology and social prevention and can be used to develop national strategies for the prevention of violent crime.

Copyright of VertigO is the property of La Revue Electronique en Sciences de l'Environnement VertigO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Anxiety disorder, a severe global public health problem, has caused many adverse effects. Effectively preventing anxiety disorder is very important. This paper chose recreational fishing as an intervention measure to explore its effect on preventing anxiety disorder. Methods: The prevention effect of recreational fishing on anxiety disorder and the heterogeneity of this effect were analyzed through the ordinal logistic regression model. The robustness of the main results was tested through the multiple linear regression models. Results: “Fishing” significantly affected the anxiety level of residents. Compared with those who did not participate in outdoor recreational fishing, for those who participated there is a 3.494 decrease in the log odds of being in a higher severity of the anxiety level. With the increase in age, the negative effect of recreational fishing on anxiety levels was significantly lower. Conclusion: We focused on the preventive effect of outdoor recreational fishing on anxiety, contributing to add some evidence for non-medical measures to prevent anxiety disorder. Participation in outdoor recreational fishing has a significant prevention effect on anxiety disorder. Older people have less effect in preventing anxiety disorder by participating in fishing.

Our paper aims to analyze the conditions of effectiveness of prevention actions, in particular their limitations, and to propose new approaches for some of them. Generally speaking, these actions are restricted in their majority to messages drawn from epidemiologic reports. Beyond informing, some of these actions seek to reach people on an emotional basis, as on cigarette packages which "warn" smokers of smoking risks ("Smoking Kills") or TV ads showing the dramatic results of road accidents. However, the impact of such messages may unfortunately decrease over time. Other actions are based on a repressive approach which may be operative, as with the decrease in road deaths due to compulsory wearing of seat belts or the more recent introduction of radar detectors. However, a threshold of effectiveness is always reached after a certain time, which necessitates other strategies. With addictive behaviors for instance, repression, although necessary, cannot alone suppress behaviors due to identity related suffering. Approached from this angle, one aim of prevention might be to create the conditions for a form of questioning that would not judge people, but would concretely face them with their responsibility. To conclude, prevention is not an easy undertaking as the changes it seeks to promote require time and because people will really change only if they agree to do so. In Western societies characterized by mass culture and loss of symbolic references, adopting methods used in advertising to target personal behavior could offer a perspective. The aim would however be totally different since while advertising is designed to sell objects, prevention must propose material to build subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The background papers that underlie this report refer to a considerable body of evidence indicating the effectiveness of a number of interventions for falls prevention. These include strength and balance training, environmental modification and medical care aimed at removing or reducing specific risk factors by for example review of medications and reduction of polypharmacy. Falls prevention advice is often perceived as being for other ‘disabled or elderly people’. Programmes that are perceived to impact negatively on selfimage are likely to be unattractive while those, which are viewed as improving skills or characteristics valued by older people, are likely to be more popular. In interviews older people say that they would participate in falls-prevention initiatives to be proactive in managing their own health needs, maintain independence and improve confidence.

Abstract. This paper analyzes the homicide of young men in Mexico. it shows bothe victimization and responsability of men in this crime. Finally, some intersections around youth violence, crime and gender men are discussed

The goal of this paper is to examine whether family conflicts can predict aggression symptoms in adolescents and to provide guidance for intervention and prevention. The research was conducted on a sample of 1036 respondents/high school students (grades 1-4) from Banja Luka and Čelinac (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The 61.3% of the respondents were female. Instruments for assessing the family climate experience were used in the research, the Family Conflict subscale (FCI – Family Climate Inventory; Mihić et al. 2006), as well as the Questionnare for Assessing Agression Symptoms – BODTH (Dinić et al., 2014). The research tested the hypothesis that family conflicts can predit aggression in adolescents. The findings confirmed the hypothesis that family conflict is a statistically significant prediction method for: anger ((F (1,1034)=73,81, p

Nowadays, it is common for information and communication technologies to be available to children at the youngest age. The results of the research conducted globally and in our country indicate that there is an increase in the number of Internet users. The widespread use of the Internet began in the 90s of the previous century and very quickly turned into an enormous pool of information, the new ways of communication, social networks, and the like. As with any other medium, the Internet has so far influenced the changing of life-styles and the ways of communication. The advantages of the Internet for learning and development are reflected in the development of important intellectual competences, an easier access to information, the formation of attitudes and values about the interests and activities that connect them, a quick and easy communication, a more interesting way of learning, and in encouraging creativity. Young people are given an opportunity to attend e-learning academies, and they also have access to online education. However, with the increased and uncontrolled use of the Internet, the risk of the potential exposure of young people to various inappropriate contents, abuse and exploitation is also increasing. The more time children spend on the Internet, the higher the risk of their exposure to various contents that they are especially susceptible to, and that are often inappropriate for children’s age and their level of development. The extent of the harm caused by using the Internet, or whether there will be no harm at all, depends not only on the time spent on the Internet, but also on what it is used for. The aim of this paper is to look at the potential risks of using the Internet and the possibilities of preventing Internet addiction based on the review and analysis of the relevant literature. The concept of Internet addiction came into being in the 90s of the previous century, but there is still no agreement regarding the recognition of this concept, term and etiology, nor about the best methodological approach to it. As information and communication technologies are a part of our everyday life, the role of parents, pedagogues, teachers, and the entire community becomes more complex.

The paper discusses the role of teachers and school professional teams in prevention of digital violence in order to increase the safety of students while using the information and communication technology. The school as the center of the educational process can, with its continuous action, indicate the possible risks in the functioning and usage of information and communication technology, as well as other key factors in prevention of digital violent behavior and social intervention when violence occurs. The social reaction to digital violence implies the application of an active school education strategy that involves acquiring knowledge about the risks and risk behaviors and developing the responsibility of an individual when using digital technologies, then a strategy of action when an individual is exposed to some form of digital violence and sanctions for those who violate the rules. In recent years, scientists and experts have been involved in theoretical and empirical researches in the field of digital violence in order to gain knowledge and raise awareness about the dangers that threaten in the virtual environment. Such initiatives can significantly contribute to the intensification of the educational activities of the school (teachers and professional teams) by pointing to their indispensable role and importance in designing adequate preventive strategies for solving this significant social problem.

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the enormous victory that has been recorded in decreasing significantly HIV-TB related mortality and morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa, enormous challenges continue to obstruct proper and enviable control of these conditions. These range from prioritization, ethics, funding, drug resistance and research gaps. Resistance to these diseases could constitute key treatment and prevention challenges to health care systems and the international community if not handled appropriately and promptly. This paper presents key shortcomings of the current funding, management and research policies and highlights possible action areas to remedy this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper focuses on the optimization of flood risk prevention policies in Val d’Orléans. On that plain and in the whole Val de Loire, the consciousness of flood risk is not shared for most inhabitants and not even for some local actors. Nevertheless an impressive defense plan against the river flood, called levees, erected at the 16th century, testifies the initial recurrence of floods. These embankments also had the effect to slow down the communications between the river and the valley, to confine the river bed and to make its access more complex. This is an issue because the levees have often proven their unefficiency during the main floods, yet unusual and irregular. However, lull periods have made people wrongly think that they could overpower the risk. The last lull since 1907 has come with a large urban sprawl in the western part of the Val d’Orléans, such that 48 000 people are exposed to major floods. In this complex situation, vulnerability is here treated as a legacy that should be not only revealed but also asserted in order to revive a memory and even a local culture of flood risk. This work gives importance to longer time and hence resorts to historical geography and to geohistory to determine the flood mechanisms and the constructions of vulnerability of the Val d’Orléans.

The goal of this paper is to clarify the relation between work and health from the angle of the legal understanding of prevention. It also attempts to show the extent to which French law enables or promotes, by means of prevention, a debate about work. The field of criminal liability nonetheless remains impervious to debates on work organisation. The predetermined, detailed regulatory provisions are not conducive to discussions about work. At the same time, French law has been promoting, among worker representatives and health professionals, the conditions for internal company debates on prevention. That being said, this debate does not directly deal with the employers’ criminal or civil liability. However, in the field of civil liability, European case law’s recognition of the employer’s safety obligations has marked a decisive turning point. The employer’s obligation to analyse, reduce, and ultimately prevent occupational risks opens the door to discussions about the specific context of work.

Life expectancy at birth has regularly increased decade after decade, especially since the beginning of the 20th century: 15 years have been gained over the past 50 years. Changes in living and dietary habits during this time period have been associated with the development of various pathologies which represent a growing socioeconomic burden. Among age-related disorders, ocular diseases are the second most prevalent ones after 65 years. Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of visual impairment after the age of 50 years. Age is the prominent risk factor for AMD and is accompanied with both endogenous (including genetics) and environmental factors, such as smoking habits and dietary factors (diet rich in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids). AMD is characterized by the loss of cells at the most central area of the retina, called macula. The neural retina is a highly structured neurosensory tissue that is responsible for the transduction pathway. The transduction pathway is initiated in photoreceptors where the light stimulus is coded into an electrical signal. This signal is transmitted to neighboured neurons and transferred to the brain via the optic nerve. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the cellular and metabolic interface between the neural retina and choriocapillaris through Bruch’s membrane. The close association between RPE and photoreceptors is one of the factors that promote the efficacy of RPE to, in the one hand, provide nutrients and oxygen to photoreceptors and, in the other hand, eliminate the metabolic debris originating from shedding of the outer segments. Epidemiological data suggest that dietary habits privileging the consumption of omega- 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids participate to prevent from the development of AMD (Sangiovanni et al., 2009). The mechanisms underlying the effects of omega-3 fatty acids remain unclear until now. The purpose of the present paper is to give a review on the role, metabolism and effects of omega 3 fatty acids in the retina.

Édifiées dans les stations de loisirs de montagne pour la production de neige de culture, les retenues d'altitude, comme tout ouvrage hydraulique, sont soumises aux aléas météorologiques qui peuvent générer des risques pour la sécurité publique. Les auteurs s'intéressent ici aux conséquences des vagues provoquées par le vent et les mouvements gravitaires rapides sur de tels ouvrages et étudient les moyens de protection à mettre en place.The load of the wind and the impact of rapid mass movements in a reservoir generate waves whose nature and properties depend on the magnitude of the load and the water depth in the reservoir. In this paper we summarized the main existing scaling laws allowing assessing the resulting hydrodynamic effects, focusing not only on the amplitude of the waves, but also on its nature. The wind and the slow movements produce sinusoidal waves while rapid mass movements produce steeper water waves such as tsunamis. Given the limited extension of the mountain lakes, the produced water waves rapidly meet the shores or the dam on which they generate a run-up whose amplitude depends on the characteristics of the incident wave and the slope of the shore. We have undertaken a theoretical analysis and collected several experimental data in order to show the similarities and the differences between the sinusoidal waves and the solitary waves in terms of run-up. We finally, choose simple formulas and produced a chart enabling any engineer to make a first diagnosis.

This paper explores three stages in society’s growing dependence on justice (a process called “judiciarisation”) over the last three decades, which feed into a sort of implicit philosophy of history : first, punishment, with the establishment of an international criminal justice system, starting with the Nuremberg trials ; then, more recently, liquidation, illustrated by the damages claimed for colonisation, slavery or deportation ; here, liquidation should be understood both as financial compensation and as termination (the past is “liquidated” as it is converted into a debt which must be settled, allowing – more or less consciously or successfully – for a debt-free future). The final stage in the judiciarisation process has been prevention, particularly the prevention of genocides. However, is it really possible for the justice system to compensate for injuries which belong to the past and to memory ? Is the judgement of history part of the historical understanding of events, or is it part of entirely different rationales (judicial or commercial ones for instance) ?

Marine ice melting topic is a repetitive phenomenon in alarmist speeches on climate change. The present positive evolution of air temperatures has in all probability many impacts on the environment and more or less directly on societies. Face to the temperature elevation, the ice pack is undergone to an important temporal variability of ice growth and melting. Human populations can be exposed to meteorological and ice hazards engendering a societal risk. The purpose of this paper is to better understand how ICT get integrated into the risk question through the example of the Bay of Bothnia in the northern extremity of the Baltic Sea. The study deals with the way that Finnish society, advanced in the ICT field, faces to new technology use in risk prevention and accident management on sea ice.