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Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context and backgound Fine-scale mapping of residential land price (RLP) is essential to the understanding of residential land market dynamics and improving urban planning. However, such cartographic resources and experimental studies to map RLP at fine-scale in Sub-Saharan African cities are limited as a result of informal land market dominance in shaping the growth and expansion of most of the cities in the region. Goal and Objectives: The study seeks to establish an optimized ensemble machine-learning method for mapping RLP at grid-level in Dar-es-Salaam City, Tanzania. Methodology: The study utilizes RLPs collected at the sub-ward level via the survey method and uses open data such as Nighttime Lights (NTL), and amenities coordinates points from OpenStreetMap. This paper explores the ability of two (2) ensemble machine learning methods (ie. Random Forest Regression (RF-R) and XGBoost Regression) for mapping RLP at grid-level. Results: Results found that RF-R was slightly superior to XGBoost Regression and was used to map RLP at fine-scale. The relative importance of explanatory variables in the RF-R model demonstrated that NTL was by far the most important determinant for the RLP spatial distribution in Dar-es-Salaam. NTL literature presents it as a proxy for socioeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and population, hence describing typical characteristics of informal land markets. Contrary to global-north urban studies with formal land markets whereby variables such as commercial and educational amenities are found to be very important in estimating RLPs. The paper presents a cost-effective methodological approach for mapping land prices at fine-scale in Dar-es-Salaam city and other cities with similar characteristics in the region, hence improving urban decision-making and policies.

Copyright of Afrika Focus is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Roa Iktissadia Review is the property of Roa Iktissadia Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, I discuss the urban rescaling theory by questioning the forms of public action of Yaoundé and Douala’s urban governments, the political and the economic capital of Cameroon. Indeed, to respond to the challenges related to the housing crisis, the Cameroonian State has carried out reforms giving a larger place to private actors in the real estate development sector and transferred part of its competences to the urban scale. These dynamics seem to be part of qualitative transformation and scalar reorganization of public intervention known as neoliberalization. The legislative process of decentralization of competences related to housing production can be understood as a rescaling of public action. Thus, analysis of the real estate programs conducted by the two urban government attest that Yaoundé and Douala are indeed scales of diffusion of neoliberal practices forged in the local governance arenas. We thus underline the variegated form of neoliberalization of real estate in Cameroon. In this paper, I discuss the urban rescaling theory by questioning the forms of public action of the urban governments of Yaoundé and Douala, respectively the political and economic capitals of Cameroon. Indeed, to respond to the challenges related to the housing crisis, the Cameroonian State has carried out reforms giving a larger place to private actors in the real estate development sector and has transferred part of its competences to the urban scale. These dynamics seem to be part of the qualitative transformation and scalar reorganization of public intervention known as neoliberalization. The legislative process of the decentralization of competences related to housing production can be understood as a rescaling of public action. Thus, analysis of the real estate programmes conducted by the two urban governments attest that Yaoundé and Douala are indeed scales of diffusion of neoliberal practices forged in the local governance arenas. However, because Cameroonian cities and housing remain key issues both for the construction of the Cameroonian State and for the legitimacy of Paul Biya's regime, the rescaling of public action appears unfulfilled. We thus underline the variegated form of the neoliberalization of real estate in Cameroon.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé Nous proposons dans cet article d’étudier la mondialisation des marchés à travers l’observation du travail de professionnels du marché dont l’activité consiste à organiser et animer des marchés internationaux. Nous étudions le cas de l’organisation d’un salon de distribution de programmes de télévision en Afrique sub-saharienne. Jusque dans les années 2000, les chaînes de télévision africaines obtenaient des programmes gratuitement par plusieurs canaux. De lentes évolutions réglementaires et infrastructurelles ont conduit ce secteur à adopter peu à peu un fonctionnement marchand. Ce salon participe à ce processus puisqu’il est le premier à regrouper des distributeurs internationaux et des chaînes africaines. Nous décrivons les tâches de l’organisateur du salon que nous présentons comme les ingrédients d’une recette de la mondialisation. Au-delà du travail d’organisation et de l’usage de dispositifs pour cadrer le marché, le cœur de son activité réside dans ce que nous appelons l’agencement culturel qui consiste à rendre compatibles les pratiques des acteurs locaux et internationaux. Étant dans une situation de marché biface, l’organisateur du salon considère les acheteurs du salon comme des produits qu’il faut vendre à des vendeurs. Ce travail d’agencement culturel est donc asymétrique et implique une adaptation des acheteurs africains aux pratiques des vendeurs internationaux. Nous montrons ainsi dans cet article que la mondialisation des marchés implique des coûts sociaux pour les acteurs les moins fortunés. In this paper we study the globalization process through the observation of ‘market professionals’ whose business is to organize international marketplaces. We focus on the case of a trade fair for the distribution of TV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa. Until the 2000s, African TV channels had several ways to acquire programmes for free. This industry slowly became a market after political and infrastructural changes. This trade fair follows this process and is the first event to bring together international TV programme distributors and African TV channels. We describe the activities of the trade fair organizer, which can be described as the ingredients in a recipe for globalization. Beyond the use of devices to organize the market, the core of his business lies in what we call cultural agency. The goal is to bring the practices of local and international actors into alignment. But this is an example of what economists call a two-sided market and the organizer considers buyers of the trade-fair as products to be sold to sellers. As a result, this process of cultural agency is asymmetrical and requires African buyers to adapt their practices to international sellers. We thus show in this paper that market globalization entails social costs for the poorer players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents and discusses some of the issues regarding research on large African cities. At first excluded from literature on the urban dimension of globalization due to the hegemony granted to the command and control functions of so-called Global Cities, they have been reintegrated for a decade into international comparisons and debates. This reintegration can be viewed at times as purely opportunistic, justifying the idea of an ’à la carte’ process of metropolization. Today, in tune with postcolonial positionings, a reconceptualization of the metropolization and of the metropolises of sub-Saharan Africa is taking place to capture the ambivalence of the processes currently developing. In the paper, we first examine the ways in which these large cities have been apprehended, recalling the evolution of the terminology over time and what it reveals in terms of the research priorities and the visions that drive them. Then we focus on urban forms and policies, questioning the existence of a specifically metropolitan urbanism in a context of major heterogeneity of the sub-Saharan metropolitan socio-systems. The central idea defended here is that of a necessary conceptualization of the composite and ambivalent character, both formal and informal, of the production, the functioning and the origins of the growth of large cities in sub-Saharan Africa. Lastly, this broad issue acknowledges the core problem that no existing urban theory allows us to properly understand the totality of the processes and forms at stake.

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores factors to increase the likelihood that the implementation of ABRACADABRA, a technology-based approach to teaching and learning literacy, endures and expands beyond the initial research. Started as a pilot study in 12 classrooms, the implementation spread to more than 500 primary classrooms over six years in five areas of Kenya. Drawing from research about scalability and sustainability of educational interventions and value-expectancy-cost theory, an exploratory survey was designed to interview a range of actors involved in the software implementation. We used a combination of an a priori and data-driven coding approaches to analyse the narratives. We then built a model exploring the relationship between expectancy-value-cost beliefs and the factors associated with implementation and sustainability. The model explained an important portion of variance in the self-reported intent to use the software with the most significant contributions from policies, professional development, and students. These findings may be useful in the context of low- and medium-income countries where no research-proven principles exist to building sustainable and scalable educational interventions.

The refugee resettlement scheme is a window of hope for millions of refugees across the globe. It is an opportunity that grants refugees a durable solution, especially those who cannot voluntarily return to their countries of origin due to fear of persecution. The golden ticket, as seen by many, is resettlement to Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. COVID-19, the reluctance by western countries to commit to responsibility-sharing, along with other constraints confronting the process of granting settlement to refugees generated barriers to resettlement in 2020. Resettlement opportunities have been scarce for many refugees in Africa, particularly those refugees with protracted cases. The consequences are reflected in an increase in the use of irregular migration routes to Europe rather than relying on the established resettlement scheme. This paper aims to provide an overview of the options for a durable solution, exploring and discussing the prospects and challenges during the era of COVID-19. In conclusion, the data derived from the literature review and 12 key informant interviews suggests that the impact of COVID-19 on the resettlement scheme and the implementation of Africa’s first free trade area that promises to increase human mobility provides an opportunity for the international community to reimagine the golden ticket. Supported by the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF) and the Global Compact on Refugees, local integration and resettlement within Africa should be the new achievable gold standard.

The ethical conduct of research in any setting hinges on the voluntary and informed consent of research participants. Working towards consent that is truly voluntary and informed, however, is far from straightforward, and requires attention to contextual factors that may complicate achievement of this ideal in specific research settings. This paper is based on Madagascar’s first “Consent complexities in health research in Madagascar” workshop, held in Antananarivo, Madagascar, in October 2018. It identifies a number of challenges encountered by individuals responsible for the conduct or oversight of health research in Madagascar related to informed and voluntary consent. Key challenges identified included: adaptation of consent tools into local dialects and for limited literacy populations; perceived acquiescence of potential participants regardless of actual preference based on cultural norms; perceived time pressures within tight project timelines to collect data as quickly as possible, limited time for consent processes; fears and taboos related to specific research procedures or topics; and, uncertainty about how best to approach and verify the validity of individual consent in contexts where traditional leaders’ influence is conventionally sought out and respected. Potential strategies for responding to each of these challenges are proposed, as are key questions meriting further study.

One-third of the global burden of disease is attributed to surgical conditions yet, 5 billion people globally, lack access to surgery. The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery, Obstetrics, and Anesthesia (LCOGS) published guidelines for improving access by reducing catastrophic health expenditures (CHEs) by 2030. This is especially important in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where 90% of the extreme poor reside. In this paper, we provide a narrative review of four studies on CHEs for surgical care in SSA published since 2015. We discuss healthcare financing in the countries and summarize the authors’ key findings of out of pocket payments (OOP) and CHEs. Briefly, the studies enrolled 130 to 300 patients and collected direct OOPs via chart review of health costs or patient interviews. Indirect costs were calculated from lost wages and transportation costs. CHEs were defined as health costs exceeding 10% of the GDP per capita or the household income. Despite healthcare being reported as free in all studies, 60%-90% of surgical patients had CHEs with all costs considered. OOPs persists for medicines and anesthesia that should be covered under any health insurance scheme. In some cases, Indirect costs associated with transportation and wages were major drivers of CHEs for surgery. Without addressing these gaps in coverage more people will risk impoverishment in seeking surgical care in SSA.

Renewable resources have made consistent progress in satisfying the increasing world energy demand and are today an important fraction of power generation in many African countries. However, the running of photovoltaic systems involves a large quantity of data to be collected in real time and to process in order to ensure monitoring and an optimal control of photovoltaic plants. In recent years, a number of data-logging devices have been developed using conventional electronics or based on microcontroller data acquisition system. Most of these devices are commercially available and their cost is quite high and unaffordable in the African context of poverty. In this paper, a low-cost kit microcontroller-based, suitable for Sub-Saharan Africa is developed to collect and store significant and quality data of temperature, irradiance, voltage and current for control and maintenance purposes. The experimental setup based on fuzzy logic algorithm modelled for maximum power point control of a buck converter has been carried out to store data in removable memory cards. The data acquisition kit proposed is suitable for statistic usages; for the maintenance and improvement system’s parameters through analysis of data harvested.

This paper reviews the progress in climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in sub-Saharan Africa farming systems. Farmers, organizations and Governments in the region have developed policies and innovations to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change. It appears that the developed and implemented innovative adaptive farming systems and technologies have culminated into resultant overall productivity improvement in farming systems, necessitating scaling up in order to widely strengthen the resilience and adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities to the impacts of climate change. Additionally, climate governance instruments that are aligned to the ratified international treaties have been developed and related programs have been rolled out in different countries. This offers hope for well-coordinated efforts and interventions for the mitigation and adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change on the environment and livelihoods. Observably, there is a pressing need to scale up climate smart innovations sustainably through creation of an enabling policy environment, capacity building, and conducting climate change related research and outreach, and effective dissemination of climate technologies and information, especially in remote areas in the region. Since climate change is a global issue, local initiatives and actions for mitigating and adapting to the adverse impacts ought to be well integrated into the broader international context.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

COVID-19 is a rapidly growing pandemic that has grown from a few cases in Wuhan, China to millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide within a few months. Sub-Saharan Africa is not spared. Radiology has a key role to play in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 as literature from Wuhan and Italy demonstrates. We therefore share some critical knowledge and practice areas for radiological suspicion and diagnosis. In addition, emphasis on how guarding against healthcare acquired infections (HAIs) by applying “red” and “green” principle is addressed. Given that pandemics such as COVID-19 can worsen the strain on the scantily available radiological resources in this region, we share some practical points that can be applied to manage these precious resources also needed for other essential services. We have noted that radiology does not feature in many main COVID-19 guidelines, regionally and internationally. This paper therefore suggests areas of collaboration for radiology with other clinical and management teams. We note from our local experience that radiology can play a role in COVID-19 surveillance.

Sub-Saharan African cities are characterized by a diversification of international urban cooperation with the intervention of multiple foreign donors, and a significant increase of the markets for urban expertise. Between 2018 and 2019, $148 million was invested in the capital city of Kenya, Nairobi. Through the case study of the Railway City in Nairobi, this article questions the negotiation and decision-making processes of megaprojects in sub-Saharan African cities, in the context of a high dependency on external funding. We take a dive into the institutional mechanisms, discursive registers, and avoidance plays through which national and international actors legitimize their actions in the instruction phase of a megaproject. This paper shows that these international cooperations represent resources for local action, but also stir up competition and can have disruptive effects for urban governance.

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper investigates the degree of informality of agricultural entrepreneurship in Benin, using data from the follow up survey of 2011 of the General Census of Enterprises. Considering informality as a continuum, the enterprises are classified as completely informal (98.24%), mostly informal (0.95%), mostly formal (0.68%), and completely formal (0.14%). The characteristics of entrepreneurs and of businesses as well as institutional and structural environment related factors influence the degree of informality of the firms. Therefore, transforming structurally the agricultural sector could pass through better access to adequate formal education, sensitization on the benefits of entry the formal sector, and institutional reforms especially of judiciary and tax systems.

This paper addresses the mobilization in the global South of the notion of the right to the city, reflecting the debates on the “southern turn”. It analyses the complexities surrounding the incorporation, in the post-colonial contexts, of certain elements of the debates, posed on the one hand by the neo-Marxist authors of the North who have reactivated the notion since the early 2000s, and on the other hand in developmental approaches. It re-explores the contribution of so-called southern cities, specifically those in sub-Saharan Africa, to the debates on the right to the city and the place they occupy in it. The aim is to shed light on the way in which contemporary discussions on the right to the city has been elaborated in order to question the limits of the North/South analytical nexus, whether the latter aims to denounce the theoretical domination of the North over the South or whether it reinforces the specificity of the South and the need for theorization by the South.

The high profile attributed to African urban economies in the global market, the promise of the evergreen ‘development project’ and the contradictions produced by the rapid urbanization process contribute to make African cities important domains for the affirmation and maintenance of hegemonic projects. The discourse about the city is a key terrain through which hegemony is fought.Nairobi is a point in case, where power and discourse have been interwoven with the production of the city. Since independence, the World Bank and United Nations have largely influenced urban policies. Nowadays, new players and interests are engaged in this battle for ideas.Four urban projects initiated in the last decade by actors operating at multiple political and geographic scales are analysed in the paper. The main objective is to reveal the imaginaries they embed and explain why they have become hegemonic.

Copyright of African Journal of Agricultural & Resource Economics is the property of African Association of Agricultural Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the enormous victory that has been recorded in decreasing significantly HIV-TB related mortality and morbidity in Sub-Saharan Africa, enormous challenges continue to obstruct proper and enviable control of these conditions. These range from prioritization, ethics, funding, drug resistance and research gaps. Resistance to these diseases could constitute key treatment and prevention challenges to health care systems and the international community if not handled appropriately and promptly. This paper presents key shortcomings of the current funding, management and research policies and highlights possible action areas to remedy this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Despite the wide-spread availability of cervical cancer prevention and screening programs in developed countries, the morbidity and mortality rates of cervical cancer in Zimbabwe are still very high. Limited resources as well as the high HIV prevalence are contributors to the high burden of cervical cancer. This paper aims to analyse the policies, frameworks and current practices in the management of cervical cancer in Zimbabwe.

INTRODUCTION: despite some improvement in provision of safe drinking water, proper sanitation and hygiene promotion, cholera still remains a major public health problem in Malawi with outbreaks occurring almost every year since 1998. In response to 2014/2015 cholera outbreak, ministry of health and partners made a decision to assess the feasibility and acceptability of conducting a mass oral cholera vaccine (OCV) as an additional public health measure. This paper highlights the burden of the 2014/15 cholera outbreak, successes and challenges of OCV campaign conducted in March and April 2015. METHODS: this was a documentation of the first OCV campaign conducted in Malawi. The campaign targeted over 160,000 people aged one year or more living in 19 camps of people internally displaced by floods and their surrounding communities in Nsanje district. It was a reactive campaign as additional measure to improved water, sanitation and hygiene in response to the laboratory confirmed cholera outbreak. RESULTS: during the first round of the OCV campaign conducted from 30 March to 4 April 2015, a total of 156,592 (97.6%) people out of 160,482 target population received OCV. During the second round (20 to 25 April 2015), a total of 137,629 (85.8%) people received OCV. Of these, 108,247 (67.6%) people received their second dose while 29,382 (18.3%) were their first dose. Of the 134,836 people with known gender and sex who received 1 or 2 doses, 54.4% were females and over half (55.4%) were children under the age of 15 years. Among 108,237 people who received 2 doses (fully immunized), 54.4% were females and 51.9% were children under 15 years of age. No severe adverse event following immunization was reported. The main reason for non-vaccination or failure to take the 2 doses was absence during the period of the campaign. CONCLUSION: this documentation has demonstrated that it was feasible, acceptable by the community to conduct a large-scale mass OCV campaign in Malawi within five weeks. Of 320,000 OCV doses received, Malawi managed to administer at least 294,221 (91.9%) of the doses. OCV could therefore be considered to be introduced as additional measure in cholera hot spot areas in Malawi.