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Of the 604,485 bridges in the United States, approximately 21% are culverts having a span of 6 m (20 ft) or greater. The load rating of typical bridges presents numerous challenges. Developing load ratings for non-typical structures, such as buried arch-shaped culverts is more complex because of the culverts' unique geometric configuration and their interaction with soil media. This paper proposes an alternative analytical method for load rating in-service reinforced concrete (RC) arch culverts that overcomes the limitations of the widely used elastic frame concept while being straightforward to implement. The proposed analytical method uses two-dimensional finite element models of the arch structure and surrounding soil media. The finite element model was first validated against experimental tests on a full-scale RC arch culvert, subjected to simulated live loads. The validated FE model was used in load rating analysis of 21 RC arch culverts with large fills. It was found that for arch culverts with fills exceeding 2.43 m (8 ft.), the controlling actions are bending moments at the crown and haunch. For culverts with fills greater than 3.05 m (10 ft.), live load effects become negligible. A revised rating formula is proposed for culverts with this characteristic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An overview of determination of fracture toughness from small punch test is given. • A micro-mechanical model given by Gurson is introduced to predict fracture toughness from small punch test. • Verifications are summarized from three high level institutes. The predicted J IC with that from standard fracture toughness tests are in a good agreement. The main tasks of the small punch (SP) technique are to derive standard material properties from a limited amount of material, including strength/toughness, creep and fatigue behaviour etc. The complicated problem of determining fracture toughness poses significant difficulties. Although many methods have been put forward to increase the prediction accuracy, no satisfactory methods are available yet. Recently, the so-called "Local approach" has been introduced to determine ductile fracture from the small punch test by means of a micro-mechanical model introduced by Gurson and modified by Needleman and Tvergaard. By using the observed load-deflection curve from the small punch test, reverse finite element analysis is performed to identify both the material plastic property (σ-ε curve) and the damage parameters of the Gurson model. With these material parameters known, a standard fracture toughness (CT) specimen is simulated by finite element analyses, from which the J- integral and the crack extension can be estimated. A J-R resistance curve can be created by multiple specimens with different load-line-displacements, and the fracture toughness J IC can be determined according to ASTM E 1820-17. In order to verify this new approach, the standard uniaxial test, the small punch tests and the standard fracture toughness tests are needed with the same material. Up to now, only a few of these kinds of experimental verification are available. In this paper, an overview on the existing methods of determination of fracture toughness from small punch test is given, and the "Local approach" for small punch test is addressed. Verifications are summarized from three high level institutes, including MMT in the Czech Republic, JRC Petten in the Netherlands and EPRI in the USA. The predicted J IC with that from standard fracture toughness tests are compared. A good agreement is found and shows that the "Local approach" is capable of predicting fracture toughness from small punch tests. The prediction accuracy by "Local approach" is better than existing methods. Further work is needed as available tests are still limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A splitting resistance equation was proposed for highly prestressed UHPC girders. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has gained popularity gradually because of its superior mechanical properties, including high compressive and tensile strengths, and exceptional durability. Many researchers have explored the possibility of using long, precast prestressed UHPC girders in buildings and bridges. To do so, the girders generally require a large number of prestressing strands, which causes concern about potential cracking in the end zones at prestress release. Currently, there are no specifications or codes on end zone designs for precast prestressed UHPC girders in the United States. Thus, this paper presents an analytical study that explores highly prestressed UHPC girders' end zone behavior. Finite element analyses were conducted to analyze the end zones of a series of UHPC girders, including one 889-mm-deep and two 813-mm-deep I-girders, and the analysis results were validated with test data. Additional finite element models were developed for other girders with heights of 1,829 mm and 2,743 mm using various reinforcement details. Bursting stress variations in the reinforcement and UHPC were reported based upon the analytical and test results. An equation for splitting resistance attributable to the reinforcement and UHPC was proposed for highly prestressed girders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design, fabrication and erection of industrial steel storage rack systems can nowadays take place at different locations, potentially separated by thousands of kilometers. Consequently, manufacturing engineers need to understand the main code provisions adopted in the country where the rack will be in-service. Frequently, design is carried out in accordance with the European (EU) or United States (US) rack codes, which are the most commonly adopted standards for industrial storage systems. As appraisal of the key differences on structural performance associated with the different code provisions in term of storage performance, a previous study of the Authors was focused on storage pallet racks comprised of bi-symmetric cross-section uprights (vertical members). Now, attention is paid to racks with mono-symmetric uprights, typically influenced by relevant warping effects, which are traditionally neglected by rack provisions and, as a consequence, by manufacturing engineers. The design approaches already considered and compared for bi-symmetric uprights now appear to be inadequate and have been necessarily improved, as suggested by the Authors, including at least the contribution due to the bimoment acting along mono-symmetric uprights. Research outcomes, which are discussed in the paper, are related to a parametric analysis on several racks differing for configurations, geometry of components and degree of rotational stiffness of joints. The associated results regarding the four EU and two US considered alternatives are presented and compared directly to each other to allow for a concrete appraisal of the most relevant differences between the admitted design approaches. In order to highlight the importance of warping effects, which can be evaluated only by means of refined finite element (FE) analysis software, design has been undertaken using also the more traditional FE beam formulation implemented in the commercial analysis packages most frequently used in manufacturing offices. Finally, Appendix A presents a complete design example to be used as benchmark, where all the discussed design options are applied and compared to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to provide a modeling and analysis guide that can be used in determining the stress and displacement behaviors of an aircraft nose gear during landing. The paper outlines the modeling and analysis of the nose gear of an aircraft using finite element analysis. The nose gear was first modeled using computer-aided design software and then imported into finite element software. The external forces were determined analytically and the interactions between components were carefully modeled using contact analysis. The tire was modeled using the eye-bar theory. The results obtained in this work are consistent with the Federal Aviation Administration's recommendations for physical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates a procedure to calculate the response of a tethered spherical aerostat to gusts, including the effect of structural nonlinearity and accounting for some of the fluid-structure interaction between the aerostat and tether line. The procedure developed and presented here is based on a full three-dimensional dynamic finite element model, with aerodynamic loads calculated from the relative velocity between a time-varying input airflow and resulting structural velocities. Exact solutions for the static response and a simplified dynamic model, both developed to validate the results of the procedure illustrated in this paper, are also derived and described in detail. The dynamic responses to gusts are compared with the equivalent steady-state solution to assess the approximations of the static solutions. Particular emphasis is placed on the output rotation of the aerostats to quantify disturbances on the pointing stability produced by gusts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: High strength woven fabrics are ideal candidate materials for use in structural systems where high energy absorption is required. One of the more widely used applications for woven fabrics is in propulsion engine containment systems. In this first part of a two-part paper, details of the experiments to characterize the behavior of dry fabrics including Kevlar® and Zylon® are presented. The experimental program to characterize the behavior of 1420 Denier Kevlar® 49 17×17, 500 Denier Zylon® AS 35×35, and 1500 Denier Zylon® 17×17 are discussed. The primary objective is to use the experimental results in the development of a constitutive model that can be used in an explicit finite element analysis program. These include Tension Tests in both the warp and fill directions of the fabric, Trellising Shear Tests and Friction Tests between fabric layers. The results from these tests provide the basis for development of the constitutive model – relating stresses to strains, characterizing failure and interaction between fabric layers. In addition to these basic material tests, tests on systems built with fabric wraps were also conducted. Ballistic tests of containment wraps subjected to a high velocity projectile were carried out at NASA-Glenn Research Center. While these tests provide a comparison between the energy absorbing characteristics of the three fabrics, they also provide benchmark results to validate the developed finite element methodology discussed in the second part of this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a procedure for the evaluation of the seismic damage in steel moment frame buildings. The rotational capacities, of typical connections of a building in the Los Angeles area, which suffered extensive damage during the Northridge earthquake, were determined using stress triaxiality as an indicator for fracture. The rotational demands of the same connections were obtained from a three-dimensional finite element analysis of the building model. Comparisons of the rotational demands at several locations in the building to the rotational capacities determined by the stress triaxiality analysis showed that fracture of steel moment connections of the building are governed by the triaxiality of stresses. Based on a number of moment connections analyzed, the paper suggests a moment capacity equation for the pre-Northridge welded steel moment connections taking into account the fracture incidence due to stress triaxiality effect. The moment capacity of such connections as dictated by stress triaxiality compared favorably to FEMA-350 requirements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Approximately 11% of bridges in the United States are categorized as structurally deficient and there is a marked need of more accurately evaluating true structural capacity. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems can provide a timely indication of the need for maintenance, repair, rehabilitation and replacement of bridges and can greatly improve the apportionment and management of limited resources. This paper presents an Automated Ambient Traffic (AAT) approach for determining load rating of bridges monitored by the BECAS SHM system under ambient traffic. The AAT approach was developed through a process integration of truck detection, bridge model calibration, and bridge load rating: (1) the quasi-static bridge strain response and the characteristics of associated trucks are collected; (2) multiple trucks are randomly sampled from a historic Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) database; and (3) for each combination of strain response and truck selection, an Finite Element (FE) model is calibrated and used to calculate a load rating. Sampling strategies were discussed for appropriately quantifying the influence of uncertainties of truck characteristics on the calibration and load rating results. To demonstrate this approach, a sample three-span, five-girder, and two-lane steel girder/concrete deck (I-80) bridge was utilized. A load rating of the I-80 Bridge using the Traditional Known Truck (TKT) approach was performed to provide benchmark results. The results of the calibration and load rating using the AAT approach were derived using three different sampling strategies and compared to those using the TKT approach. The sampling strategy, selecting strain response with a spectrum of higher peak girder strains, associated trucks with a spectrum of higher gross vehicle weights, and two truck events on south and north lanes respectively for a calibration, resulted in the best calibration and load rating results. It was concluded that the AAT approach using the BECAS SHM system is a reliable method for continuously estimating the load carrying capacity of bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Breakup model is the key area of space debris environment modeling. NASA standard breakup model is currently the most widely used for general-purpose. It is a statistical model found based on space surveillance data and a few ground-based test data. NASA model takes the mass, impact velocity magnitude for input and provides the fragment size, area-to-mass ratio, velocity magnitude distributions for output. A more precise approach for spacecraft disintegration fragment analysis is presented in this paper. This approach is based on hypervelocity impact dynamics and takes the shape, material, internal structure and impact location etc. of spacecraft and impactor, which might greatly affect the fragment distribution, into consideration. The approach is a combination of finite element and particle methods, entitled finite element reconstruction (FER). By reconstructing elements from the particle debris cloud, reliable individual fragments are identified. Fragment distribution is generated with undirected graph conversion and connected component analysis. Ground-based test from literature is introduced for verification. In the simulation satellite targets and impactors are modeled in detail including the shape, material, internal structure and so on. FER output includes the total number of fragments and the mass, size and velocity vector of each fragment. The reported fragment distribution of FER shows good agreement with the test, and has good accuracy for small fragments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recently, a new suite of twelve benchmark problems for adaptive finite element methods (FEM) was published at the US National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). These benchmark problems come with exact solutions, and they exhibit all typical difficulties associated with elliptic problems including singularities, steep internal layers, anisotropy, and oscillations. In this paper we solve these benchmark problems using the open source library Hermes (http://hpfem.org). All these results are reproducible—they are part of the Git repository of the open source Hermes project, and the reader can experiment with them by himself/herself. Instructions for this are provided. We hope that authors of other adaptive FEM codes will make their results for these test problems available in a reproducible fashion as well. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we present a highly efficient approach for numerically solving the Black–Scholes equation in order to price European and American basket options. Therefore, hardware features of contemporary high performance computer architectures such as non-uniform memory access and hardware-threading are exploited by a hybrid parallelization using MPI and OpenMP which is able to drastically reduce the computing time. In this way, we achieve very good speed-ups and are able to price baskets with up to six underlyings. Our approach is based on a sparse grid discretization with finite elements and makes use of a sophisticated adaption. The resulting linear system is solved by a conjugate gradient method that uses a parallel operator for applying the system matrix implicitly. Since we exploit all levels of the operator's parallelism, we are able to benefit from the compute power of more than 100 cores. Several numerical examples as well as an analysis of the performance for different computer architectures are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper deals with the efficient valuation of American options. We adopt Heston's approach for a model of stochastic volatility, leading to a generalized Black–Scholes equation called Heston's equation. Together with appropriate boundary conditions, this can be formulated as a parabolic boundary value problem with a free boundary, the optimal exercise price of the option. For its efficient numerical solution, we employ, among other multiscale methods, a monotone multigrid method based on linear finite elements in space and display corresponding numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

American option problems under regime-switching model are considered in this paper. The conjectures in [H. Yang, A numerical analysis of American options with regime switching, J. Sci. Comput. 44 (2010), pp. 69–91] about the position of early exercise prices are proved, which generalize the results in [F. Yi, American put option with regime-switching volatility (finite time horizon) – Variational inequality approach, Math. Methods. Appl. Sci. 31 (2008), pp. 1461–1477] by allowing the interest rates to be different in two states. A front-fixing finite element method for the free boundary problems is proposed and implemented. Its stability is established under reasonable assumptions. Numerical results are given to examine the rate of convergence of our method and compare it with the usual finite element method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The United States ITER Project Office (USIPO) is responsible for fabrication of the Central Solenoid (CS) for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). The CS Insert (CSI) project should provide verification of the conductor performance in relevant conditions of temperature, field, currents and mechanical strain. The USIPO will build the CSI that will be tested at the Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC) Test Facility at JAEA, Naka, Japan. This paper presents three-dimensional mathematical model of CSI based on the design. Simulations were performed in order to verify structural integrity and compliance with the Japanese High Gas Pressure Safety Law. Numerical simulations lead to the design of the CSI that produced a required strain levels during operation on the superconductor cable, while simultaneously satisfy the ITER magnet structural design criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

With the use of probabilistic and risk-based methods by industry it is often necessary to estimate and input values for the reliability of inspection methods typically in terms of probability of detection (POD). In many cases this has been based on expert judgement. In recent years a more structured approach has developed using multi-parameter POD models. POD models have been around since the early 1990s. Inspection reliability has featured recently in a number of important legal cases, which has focused attention on the factors affecting reliability and approaches used to estimate reliability in practical circumstances. This paper will review the development of models for POD in Europe and the USA in the last decade and the current state-of-the-art in inspection reliability modelling by ESR Technology and others. Examples will include models for composite inspection developed for the European Space Agency and a specific model-based and simulator ‘POD Generator’ approach developed in the offshore industry through the HOIS joint industry project. This allows the POD for corrosion mapping and radiography inspections to be estimated and parametric studies undertaken to estimate the reliability of commercial inspection equipment in real situations. Other model-based approaches will be assessed. These include model-assisted POD approaches developed in the US aerospace industry, use of transfer functions to extend hit/miss and â versus a POD trial data to new applications, simulated POD trials, the addition of POD modules to established 3D and CAD inspection models and the use of NDT simulators. There are analogies now for POD modelling for NDT methods to the use of finite element analysis for stress analysis. In the early 1990s, FE analysis was treated with some suspicion and normal practice was to carry out expensive large-scale component tests. Nowadays, FE analysis is widely accepted and large-scale testing is carried out as the exception to validate the FE models. The use of model-assisted and model-derived methods to derive POD data has gained significant acceptance and arguably is becoming the preferred method to generate POD values, with POD trials providing model validation. Empirical methods developed in NNDTC to correct POD data for human and environmental effects are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of a robust and reliable material model for fabrics used to prevent fan blade-out events in propulsion engines has significant importance in the design of fan-containment systems. Currently, Kevlar is the only fabric approved by the Federal Aviation Administration to be used in fan-containment systems. However, very little work has been done in building a mechanistic-based material behavior model, especially one that can be used to quantify the behavior of Kevlar when subjected to high-velocity projectiles. Experimental static and high strain rate tensile tests have been conducted at Arizona State University to obtain the material properties of Kevlar fabric. In this paper we discuss the development and verification of a constitutive model for dry fabrics for use in an explicit finite-element program. Results from laboratory tests such as tension tests including high-strain rate tests, picture frame shear tests, and friction tests yield most of the material properties needed to define a constitutive model. The material model is incorporated in the LS-DYNA commercial program as a user-defined subroutine. The validation of the model is carried out by numerically simulating actual ballistic tests conducted at NASA-GRC and fan blade out tests conducted at Honeywell Aerospace (Propulsion Engines). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a full-scale load test and a 3D finite element analysis on a two-tier, 5m high, geosynthetic reinforced segmental retaining wall (GR-SRW) subjected to a surcharge load aiming at investigating the response of the GR-SRW to various levels of surcharge load. The results of the load test at working stress condition revealed that the GR-SRW''s response to the test load was well within the serviceability limits, and that the currently available design guideline tends to over-estimate the surcharge load-induced reinforcement forces. The predicted results for the surcharge load well in excess of the test load indicated that the surcharge load-induced reinforcement strains exponentially decrease with depth, showing a good agreement in qualitative terms with that assumed in the FHWA design guideline. The predicted wall deformation at the allowable bearing pressure of 200kPa was within the serviceability level demonstrating an excellent load carrying capacity of the GR-SRW. Design implications and the findings from this study are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

NASA's effort to develop a large payload, high altitude, long-duration balloon, the ultralong duration balloon, focuses on a pumpkin shape superpressure design. It has been observed that a pumpkin balloon may be unable to pressurize into the desired cyclically symmetric equilibrium configuration, settling into a distorted, undesired state instead. Hoop stress considerations in the pumpkin design lead to choosing the lowest possible bulge radius, whereas robust deployment is favored by a large bulge radius. Mechanical locking may be a contributing factor in the formation of undesired equilibria. Long term success of the pumpkin balloon for NASA requires a thorough understanding of the phenomenon of multiple stable equilibria. This paper uses the notion of stability to classify balloon designs. When we applied our finite element model to a balloon based on the NASA Phase IV-A pumpkin design, we found the fully inflated/fully deployed strained equilibrium float configuration was unstable. To demonstrate our approach for exploring the stability of constant bulge radius designs and their sensitivity to parameter changes we carry out a number of parametric studies. We focus on analytical studies, but we also compare our results with flight data whenever possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper, we consider a free boundary problem which arises in the pricing of an American call option. The free boundary represents the optimal exercise price as a function of time before a maturity date. We are developing a parameter estimation technique to obtain both the optimal exercise curve of an American call option and its price. For the numerical solution of a forward problem, a time marching finite element method is adopted. Numerical experiment shows the convergence property of the approximation scheme. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Unlined reinforced concrete shear walls are often used as ‘tertiary boundaries’ in the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to house dangerous gases. An unanticipated event, such as an earthquake, may cause gases stored inside the walls to disperse into the environment resulting in excess pollution. To address this concern, in this paper, a methodology to numerically predict the gas leakage rate through these shear walls under lateral loading conditions is proposed. This methodology involves finite element and flow rate analysis. Strain distributions are obtained from the finite element analysis, and then used to simulate the crack characteristics on the concrete specimen. The flow rate through the damaged concrete specimen is then estimated using flow rate formulas available from the literature. Results from an experimental specimen are used to evaluate the methodology, and particularly its robustness in the flow rate estimation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents the current state of the art of nonlinear analysis of steel-concrete composite structures. The focus is on frame elements, which are computationally faster than continuum finite element models. First, section models are presented, with a review of resultant and fiber models and a discussion of possible practical applications. The presentation of frame elements follows. Models with lumped and distributed inelasticity, as well as models with perfect and partial connections are covered. Rigid and partially restrained joints are then reviewed and discussed at length. A discussion of the analysis of structural walls completes the presentation of the models. Modeling applications to the analysis of composite frames are also presented. This state-of-the-art review focuses on developments that have stemmed from the recently completed National Science Foundation sponsored U.S.-Japan program on composite and hybrid structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern numerical software packages have potential as development tools for research and educational purposes. One such package is FEMLAB® , a finite element based environment with a user-defined, flexible equation solver. This paper describes the implementation and use of a vector Helmholtz solver in FEMLAB® for educational purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piping elbows under bending are vulnerable to cracking at the crown. Hence it is necessary to estimate the crack driving force. This paper presents a closed form expression for the plastic J-integral for axially through-wall cracked, long radius elbows under opening bending moment. The equation is derived, based on a large number of finite element analyses covering a wide range of geometries. The non-linear finite element analyses were performed using WARP3D software and accounted for geometric and material non-linearity. The material was assumed to follow the Ramberg–Osgood law with a wide range of strain hardening exponent (n=2,3,5,7 and 10). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effect of fluctuating discharge from Glen Canyon Dam on downstream sandbars is of significant concern to dam operators, environmentalists, and the public. In this contribution, the observations of seepage-related erosion caused by fluctuations in dam discharge are presented. A finite-element model embracing Biot's coupled stress–pore water pressure theory is used to study seepage-induced slope failures of sandbars in the Grand Canyon. In addition, a simple model based on seepage parallel to slope in an infinite, homogeneous, cohesionless soil was used to determine the limiting stable seepage slope. In this paper, it is shown that this limiting stable seepage slope becomes a predefined failure plane. Sand deposited above this stable seepage slope will eventually fail along the predefined plane from gravitational forces, high pore-water pressure and seepage forces. Field data from an instrumented sandbar in the Grand Canyon subjected to the fluctuating discharge from Glen Canyon Dam are compared with the predictions from the simple model, the finite-element model, and conventional slope-stability analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA NRCS) is placing soil survey data in digital format. To accomplish this mission, existing soil survey information must be digitized. Map scale differences and publication of older surveys on non-ortho aerial photography complicates this task. For effective use, soil survey maps need to be recompiled and digitized to an ortho-photo base at 1:24,000. This paper describes an image matching technique to facilitate the recompilation and digitization of published soil survey reports. In addition, the accuracy of using a polynomial equation versus a triangle-based finite element approach for rectifying non-ortho aerial photographs to digital ortho-photo quadrangles (DOQs) was evaluated. It was hypothesized that the triangle-based method would be more accurate if a large number of ground control points (GCPs) were used. However, results showed that accuracy differences were minimal and that the critical factor was the quality, not quantity, of GCPs. Our image matching technique is a cost effective digitizing approach for regions of low to moderate relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an announcement about the 9th Annual Robert J. Melosh Medal Competition for the best student paper on finite element analysis, at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, on April 4, 1997.