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Oil-immersed paper is a weak link in internal insulation of oil immersed power transformer, whose aging state distributes inhomogeneously. However, most of the current assessment methods fail to consider the spatial distribution of aging areas inside transformer. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes the inversion detection method to obtain the resistivity of oil-immersed paper in various regions nondestructively, and uses the resistivity of oil-immersed paper to assess directly the insulation state of oil immersed power transformers. Finite element method is applied to establish the mapping relationship between the resistivity of oil-immersed paper in different regions, and the dielectric loss factor obtained from the port of transformer. Back propagation neural network is used to learn inversely this mapping relationship so as to calculate the resistivity. Applying the proposed method on a 10-kV transformer, the calculated results are close to the measured values. The study shows that the inversion method can effectively calculate the oil-immersed resistivity in various regions, which represent the aging state in different regions of the transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of nonuniform aging has not been considered in the prediction of the frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS) of the transformer oil-paper insulation (OPI) when using the finite element method (FEM). Given this issue, the modified simulation model was constructed based on the XY model and FEM. In the current work, the dielectric response property of the pressboards with different aging conditions in the modified model was characterized by its dielectric response parameters measured in the lab. Then the modified simulation model constructed in a 3-D system would be applied to study the effect of both nonuniform aging and the axial geometry on the FDS of OPI. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed models was verified by comparing the measured FDS and the predicted FDS. This article is expected to provide a model for predicting the FDS of the transformer OPI including the effect of nonuniform aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a simulation method for the charge transport in single-layer oil-paper insulation. The method of transient upstream finite-element method (FEM) is derived in order to calculate the time variation of charge densities in medium. The numerical simulation of charge transport in the single-layer oil-paper insulation is realized by applying the transient upstream FEM to the transport equations of bipolar charges. With reasonable microparameter, the charge transport in an experimental object is simulated. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental data. A bent model of oil-paper insulation is analyzed to study the charge distribution under the actual condition. This paper provides an exploratory research to the simulation of charge phenomenon in oil-paper, and has guiding significance to the design of oil-paper insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A student paper competition is held during every Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society (ACES) conference to provide an opportunity for students to present their research in applied computational electromagnetics in a special student paper competition session and to compete for cash prizes. ACES requires that the competition's participants be student authors of the papers. As it is the tradition at all ACES conferences, a student paper competition was held at ACES 2015. The winners of the competition were mentioned in the June 2015 issue of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine. In this issue's column, the abstracts of the five winning papers are given. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The 30th International Review of Progress in Applied Computational Electromagnetics Conference (ACES) was held on March 23?27, 2014, in Jacksonville, Florida. The ACES conference once again provided an opportunity for students to present their research in computational electromagnetics in a special student paper competition session, and to compete for cash prizes. ACES requires participants to be the only student authors of the submitted papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iso-margin method based on the classical analytical equations is widely used in the development of extra high voltage (EHV) bushing. Therefore, its effectiveness and feasibility have been fully validated. However, with the theoretical formula, it is difficult to evaluate the influence of stray capacitance and temperature on the internal electric stress of the ultra high voltage (UHV) bushing. It?s necessary to further improve the traditional iso-margin method. Firstly, the basic principle of iso-margin method has been briefly described. After that, the E-field distribution of condenser bushing was investigated on the Finite Element Method (FEM) computing platform. Then, the mathematical model of the advanced equal margin design method was established. Furthermore, this paper presents the program flow of optimization which combines the simulation of electro-thermal coupling process and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed methodology was applied to the design of the prototype of the UHV resin impregnated paper (RIP) oil-SF6 bushing, which realizes the uniform axial E-field distribution of the bushing condenser. Meanwhile, the partial discharge margin between adjacent foils can be equal. Moreover, the hot-spot temperature is lower than the operation limiting temperature of the RIP material. The bushing condenser was fabricated according to the optimal structure design. The prototype of bushing has passed through all the type tests. In this paper, the FEM electro-thermal coupling simulation and the advanced equal margin design method were applied to the inner insulation structure optimization of the UHV RIP oil-SF6 bushing. Meanwhile, the proposed methodology provides some theoretical guidelines for the future research and development of other types of bushing on the UHV level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate discrimination on moisture status of oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushings is crucial for the maintenance and replacement schedule of bushings. Based on frequency-domain spectroscopy (FDS) measurement and Dissado–Hill (DH) relaxation model, this article proposes a hybrid approach of hidden Markov model and gray wolf optimization (GWO-HMM) for MS estimation of bushings subjected to the ununiform moisture distribution and dynamic time-series modeling. First, simulation models of moisture diffusion and FDS of the OIP bushing were constructed using finite element modeling approach. Then, the GWO algorithm was employed to explore dielectric parameters influenced by moisture in the DH model. Then, the GWO-HMMs was adopted as a classification tool to discriminate the MS of the simulation and experimental data of the bushings. Classification results confirm that the average identification accuracies of the proposed method are 97.17% and 96.81% over these two datasets, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed moisture estimate method for OIP bushings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent failures of transition joints were reported mainly near to the crutch area of the paper insulated cable side of the joints. In this paper, the authors present an estimation of the electric field and temperature distribution in the paper insulated cable side of a transition joint using simulations based on finite element method for 3-D geometry, which, apparently did not get much attention until now. It is found that non-linearities in material properties result in drastic changes in the distribution of electric field. The results indicate electric field enhancement near crutch area. The effect of varying load current, and ambient temperature on the peak electric field has been investigated. The simulations are validated analytically. The results are considered important for utilities and manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on analytical methods of a finite-element method (FEM)-based edge heating system. The edge heating system plays a role in maintaining the temperature in the hot rolling process of carbon steel. Carbon steel moves along the production line and maintains the temperature by the edge heating system in the process. Power-of-the-edge heating system is transmitted to carbon steel during the process. Eddy currents are generated in carbon steel by Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, and eddy current loss serves as a heat source to increase the temperature. Thus, there is a need for accurate electromagnetic-field analysis and thermal analysis because the eddy current path generated in carbon steel greatly affects the heat distribution in carbon steel. This multiphysics analysis requires high reliability. Accordingly, this paper presents a coupling analysis method using an FEM-based coordinate mapping method as a more accurate analytical method. This paper also established an analytical approach to the edge heating system using the ductility analytical method of this coordinate mapping method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new nonlinear multidisciplinary design approach (NMDA) for axial-flux (AF) eddy current brakes (ECBs). The proposed NMDA is developed by nonlinear magnetic–thermal–structural coupled modeling. The nonlinear behaviors of the AF-ECB covering the BH curve, resistivity, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and the temperature are jointly analyzed in time domain to investigate the actual brake properties and to determine brake operating range. In this paper, the nonlinear magnetic modeling based on two-dimensional (2-D) reluctance network is studied by a modified Newton–Raphson method. Furthermore, the nonlinear thermal modeling is carried out by lumped-parameters considering the change of heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and the temperature and updating the data in the evaluation process. Finally, the nonlinear structural modeling is performed to obtain the deflection and the mechanical safety factor of the brake. The nonlinear modeling methods in the proposed NMDA are validated by independent 3-D electromagnetic, thermal, and structural finite element analyses (FEAs), and the proposed NMDA is tested with two different AF-ECB prototypes. The experimental results confirm that the proposed NMDA has high accuracy, and compared to 3-D-FEA approaches, it provides a fast solution to predict the AF-ECB performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new finite element Gaussian belief propagation (FGaBP) method is presented for time-domain applications. The unconditionally stable Newmark time-stepping scheme is combined with FGaBP for this purpose. As shown empirically, the method converges for increasing time step sizes without losing stability. The combined FGaBP-time stepping is able to retain the parallel scalability from FGaBP as in previous work. In addition, this paper also shows that lossy material properties can be easily supported by the method with minimal changes to its formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs an overhang structure for axial flux permanent magnet motor to enhance the torque density. However, the overhang structure requires a computationally expensive 3-D finite-element method (FEM) for analysis, because a quasi-3-D FEM cannot be applied to such a geometry. Thus, in order to reduce the computational cost of above-mentioned topology, this paper adopts a field reconstruction method (FRM). The conventional FRM is applicable only in the case, where the slot pitch to teeth length ratio is the same along radial direction. To address this problem, we introduce a virtual air gap concept so that it can take into account parallel slot effect as well as overhang effect. In this paper, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the 3-D FEM and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the boundary discretization method is used to improve the traditional subdomain model. The improved model can be used to calculate the magnetic field distribution in the region containing non-orthogonal boundary, avoiding the influence of the simplified stator slot or permanent magnet shape on the results in calculating the motor magnetic field using the traditional subdomain model. In addition, the improved subdomain model can also be used to calculate the air-gap flux density when the rotor is eccentric, instead of segmenting the air-gap to an equivalent state without eccentricity. The calculation object of this paper is a surface-mount permanent magnet motor with a rectangular stator slot. The air-gap flux density under no-load and load conditions is calculated, respectively. Since the improved subdomain model does not need to simplify the stator slot shape, the magnetic potential in the stator slot is also calculated. Finally, the air-gap flux density under rotor eccentricity is calculated, and the influence of the calculating parameters on the results of the improved subdomain model is discussed. All the calculated results are compared with those obtained by the finite element method, which verifies the accuracy of the improved calculation model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) electrical machines results in applications of various fields, as they have higher efficiency and power density. Numerical modeling of superconducting electrical machines is usually performed by finite element method based their electrical behavior, and H-Formulation of the Maxwell's equations is one of the models that are used tremendously due to its high flexibility and simplicity. Axial field machine (AFM) is a machine topology with higher efficiency and power density, but with more complexity when modeling. This paper proposed a new 2D model for the superconducting AFM, where the superconducting coil is simulated with a 2D infinitely long model, this model also divides the electrical machine into two parts: the superconducting parts (HTS coils, bulks, etc.) and non-superconducting parts (e.g., conventional conductors, machine structure). This paper compares the results of H-A Formulation and T-A Formulation with this approach, which requires appropriate boundary conditions and continuity between the two regions, along with correct modeling of fixed and moving parts of the electrical machine, where the geometry of this model is based on a linear synchronous machine, which means the rotor is moving linearly instead of rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An accurate assessment of the damp status of oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushings is crucial for the power industry to make informed decisions on the maintenance and replacement schedule of bushings. This article proposes a hybrid of the convolutional neural network (CNN) and the hidden Markov model (HMM) for estimating the damp status (i.e., moisture level and moisture source) of bushings especially when nonuniform moisture distribution exhibits in the bushing. First, simulation models of moisture diffusion and frequency-domain spectroscopy (FDS) of the OIP bushing were constructed using the finite element modeling (FEM) approach. Then, CNN was employed to extract informative features from FDS results of the OIP bushing, which is sensitive to both concentrations and sources of moisture. Finally, HMMs were further utilized as a strong stability tool to recognize the damp status of OIP bushings. The proposed method was implemented to identify the bushing damp status using both simulation data and real-life measurements. Identification results demonstrate that the proposed method has high accuracy in determining the moisture level and moisture source of the OIP bushing insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shape of rotor bar is important in squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) performance, such as starting torque, operating torque, and operating efficiency. Some designs of increasing starting torque of motor may decrease motor efficiency. Moreover, some designed shapes of bar are so complicated to be manufactured. In this paper, the design is focused on the simple inclination of conventional shape of bar with keeping the rotor bar area constant. The effects of rotor bar inclination on starting torque, operating torque, and operating efficiency in SCIM are analyzed. The results showed that there is optimum inclination of rotor bar to improve all the performances together. An application to the 3.4 kW SCIM showed that the starting torque is increased from 17.53 to 17.64 \text N\cdot \text m , the operating torque from 11.19 to 11.26~\text N\cdot \text m , and the operating efficiency from 94.18% to 94.81%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article lists best articles of the journal for 2011 to 2013 including finite element analysis of turbine generator rotor winding shorted turns by M. Sasic and colleagues, modeling of salient-pole wound rotor synchronous machines for population-based design by M. Bash and S. Pekarek and accurate computation of multiphase synchronous machine inductances based on winding function theory by A.Tessarolo.

Improvised asymptotic boundary conditions are a sparse but approximate method of solving open boundary problems. Since this method approximates unbounded space as series of isotropic shells, it can be readily implemented in virtually any finite element solver without the need for additional code. A previous paper addressed application of this technique to magnetic problems described with a vector potential formulation. This paper extends the method to electrostatics and related scalar potential formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variable leakage flux (VLF) interior permanent-magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs), which use intentional magnet leakage flux paths cross-coupled with the q-axis flux paths to reduce losses over driving cycles, have been introduced recently, but self-sensing has not been discussed for these machines. This paper focuses on the saliency angular offset attributes that are the primary metric for the well-established injection-based self-sensing methods. This paper begins by evaluating the effect of the intentionally designed cross-coupling in the VLF-IPMSM with rotor surface bridges on the saliency angular offset. This paper then proposes alternate rotor designs with side-loop structure that cause relatively linear and well-behaved cross-coupling that improves the load-dependent saliency angular offset characteristics. The effect of VLF properties on power conversion and driving cycle loss reduction capability is evaluated for the proposed designs. This paper also applies the concept of VLF design to conventional flux-weakening interior permanent-magnet machine rotor design and presents the loss reduction capability of such designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical numerical techniques remain very computationally expensive to model the magnetization of twisted multifilamentary superconductors in three dimensions because they require solving a large system of equations. In this paper, a reduced model is proposed to approximate the ac losses of these types of wires. It is established through the projection of the physical problem in a helical Frenet basis and the use of periodic boundary conditions on a slice of the wire. The reduced model on the slice leads to systems of more reasonable size leading to smaller and faster simulations than when the whole wire is modeled. Simulation results show that the proposed method leads to computed losses similar to those obtained on a whole wire. Several simulation cases are proposed to prove the validity of the proposed model, and a comparison to some ac loss measurements is proposed to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The implementation relies on the H-formulation and is solved with the open-source solver, Getdp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the electromagnetic vibration and its reduction in PM brush dc motors. First, the air gap flux density distribution and the radial force density distribution are derived in detail, and compared with the results of the finite element method. Next, two types of vibration sources, called pulsating force and bending moment, are analyzed. Then, two passive improvement methods, called varied PM pole width in axial direction and copper ring, are proposed to reduce the magnetic forces and their vibration, and their principles of the vibration reduction are described in detail. For further explanation, a rotor-skewed motor is used for comparison, and the radial force on the motor is discussed and the influence of four different thicknesses of copper ring on the motor vibration is analyzed. Finally, three 2p/24s sample motors are manufactured and the experimental vibration results confirm the analysis and the proposed improvement technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wirelessly transferred power as well as charging efficiency will significantly drop due to the large misalignment between the transmitting coil and receiving coil for roadway electric vehicles (EVs). A low-cost and reliable misalignment-tolerant wireless charging technique is indispensable for the rapid commercialization of wireless EV charging. This paper presents a technique to achieve the misalignment-tolerant wireless charging for the dynamic wireless charging (DWC) system by means of a tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensor array as well as the easy-to-fabricate receiving coils. The TMR sensor array provides the coil-misalignment position by measuring the magnetic field component generated from the transmitting coil. The corresponding receiving coils are selected to be in resonance according to the measured coil-misalignment positions. In this paper, a sensor array composed of 29 uniaxial TMR sensors was utilized to measure the magnetic field component. This effectiveness of the proposed technique has been validated by both the finite-element method (FEM) simulations and laboratory experiments. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed misalignment-tolerant wireless charging system can operate in a relatively wide misalignment range of ±120 mm with charging efficiency higher than 76.2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the design of the concentrated flux-type synchronous motor (CFSM) using ferrite permanent magnets to improve torque is proposed for an automotive chassis actuator. The thin pancake type CFSM of this paper has considerable axial magnetic leakage flux due to structural reasons. It is, therefore, necessary to improve the torque. In order to meet the required specifications in a constrained installation space, this paper proposes two methods for torque improvement. The first method is the alternate-stacking core as this structure removes the magnetic leakage flux path. The second method is the rotor overhang that increases the air-gap flux density. Furthermore, the structures require a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element method (FEM) analysis for accuracy. However, to analyze the characteristics easily and quickly, the 3-D structure is made into the equivalent 2-D FEM through an analytical method using an equivalent magnetic circuit. Finally, in this paper, the validity of the design process and the effectiveness for torque improvement is verified through experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the unstructured transmission line modeling method to investigate near-field interactions between a broadband microwave antenna and a platform that arise as a result of antenna installation. The antenna, feed line, and the platform are represented by a common meshed model and simulated using a single time-domain numerical method. This paper aims to establish guidelines on how to achieve high accuracy when modeling both the near and far fields of an antenna while at the same time prioritizing computational resources. By isolating critical features such as the feed line and selected fine details of the antenna geometry, this paper assesses how accurately these fine features need to be described in the model and how they affect the return loss and far-field pattern of the antenna. The size of the platform is varied from small to medium size (up to 10 wavelengths) and its impact on the antenna performance is assessed. Finally, the conclusions of the study are applied to an example of an antenna installed in the leading edge of an aircraft wing, with and without, a protective radome cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on using plasma as element of a frequency selective surface (FSS). FSSs have been used for filtering electromagnetic waves for many years. Conventional FSSs use metal patch pattern as periodic element. This paper takes the plasma tube as a substitution for metal patch. The 3-D finite-difference time-domain method with periodic boundary condition is utilized to simulate the interaction of incident wave and plasma FSS. Numerical calculation results in that electron number density of plasma can dominate the resonance frequency obviously. The resonance frequency increases as the increasing of electron number density of plasma to the limit of that of perfectly electric conductor. Thus, the FSS can be designed to be tunable by changing the ionized electron number density. Both of the noncollision and collisional plasma model are introduced to study the FSS characteristics. The numerical calculation results show that the collision frequency only influences the reflectivity while has no effect on the resonant frequency. The resonant frequency and transmitted power ratio can be tuned by assigning the plasma’s electron number density and collision frequency. Thus, plasma elements offer the possibility of improved shielding effect along with reconfigurability. Plasma FSS can also be made transparent by tuning the plasma off which makes the use of FSS more versatile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active contour model is a widely used technique for automatic object contour extraction. Existing methods based on this model can perform with high accuracy, even in the case of complex contours, but challenging issues remain, like the need for precise contour initialization for high curvature boundary segments or the handling of cluttered backgrounds. To deal with such issues, this paper presents a salient object extraction method, the first step of which is the introduction of an improved edge map that incorporates edge direction as a feature. The direction information in the small neighborhoods of image feature points is extracted, and the images’ prominent orientations are defined for direction-selective edge extraction. Using such improved edge information, we provide a highly accurate shape contour representation, which we also combine with texture features. The principle of the paper is to interpret an object as the fusion of its components: its extracted contour and its inner texture. Our goal in fusing textural and structural information is twofold: it is applied for automatic contour initialization, and it is also used to establish an improved external force field. This fusion then produces highly accurate salient object extractions. We performed extensive evaluations, which confirm that the presented object extraction method outperforms parametric active contour models and achieves higher efficiency than the majority of the evaluated automatic saliency methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the design of magnetostrictive MEMS devices, finite-element modeling (FEM), the determination of the magnetostrictive coefficient, and application examples were examined in this paper. The magnetostrictive coefficients are usually calculated by measuring the bending deflection of the cantilever on which magnetostrictive materials are deposited. In most of the research on the magnetostrictive deposited substrate for the derivation of structural formulas, it is commonly assumed that the flexural rigidities of magnetostrictive materials are negligible because magnetostrictive films are much thinner than substrate materials. In this paper, the effect of magnetostrictive thin film’s elastic energy on the magnetostrictive coefficient is investigated. A self-coded and developed finite-element program for magnetostrictive actuators is formulated, where magnetic properties are considered as nonlinear, and elastic properties are assumed as linear. As a result, it is potentially shown that magnetostrictive thin-film micropatterned actuators would be accommodated for targeted actuating behavior through an FEM capability for evaluation and selective micropatterning technique for fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a generalized analytical expression for directivity of phased array antennas (PAAs). It includes important design consideration of PAAs such as arbitrary element type and array geometry, complex excitations, mutual coupling, scan angle, and embedded element pattern. We also present an approximate expression of directivity, helpful for quick analysis of large PAAs overcoming computing time constraints of analytical expressions. It provides a quick PAA design tool for predicting accurate locations of blind spots in desired scan volume due to the chosen array geometry. This paper also presents the study on wide scan characteristics of periodic sparse PAAs using the proposed expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compliant actuators are typically designed to possess a tunable positive stiffness characteristic in order to generate restoring force upon displacement. These actuators either require two independent motor units or closed-loop control to change both their equilibrium position and output stiffness. The introduction of negative stiffness, in combination with tunable positive stiffness, may reduce the complexity and extend the capability of these actuators in unexpected ways. In this paper, we present a compliant actuator that employs a passive negative stiffness mechanism in conjunction with an effectively tunable positive stiffness mechanism. We show that such actuator enables open-loop stiffness modulation and equilibrium position control using a single motor unit, as opposed to more conventional variable stiffness and series elastic actuators. The paper presents the theoretical foundation of positive-negative stiffness actuators and demonstrates low-power stiffness modulation and equilibrium position control achievable with a prototype positive-negative stiffness actuator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bar-plate configuration has a vital function in the intensive study of corona discharge mechanism. To study the discharge characteristics of the steady current stage in this configuration, this paper proposes a hybrid numerical algorithm composed by the finite-element method and the finite-volume method. The former solves Poisson’s equation and calculates the value of onset field intensity. The latter solves the current continuity equation, in which a time-varying charge item is added. This charge item can increase the stability of the hybrid algorithm. This paper also proposes a new selection strategy for the initial charge and inception voltage on the bar electrode surface. Based on this algorithm, corona current under different electrode radii, gap distances, and applied voltages was calculated. In this way, the distribution characteristics of an electric field intensity and space charge density along the whole gap in the model can be obtained through the experiment. To verify the validity of the algorithm, the related experiment is carried out in the laboratory. The simulation results have a good consistency with the experimental results, verifying the validity of the algorithm proposed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling of the structural behavior of the housing of an electromagnetic railgun is usually carried out without considering the electromagnetic origin of the forces; the magnetic pressure acting on the rails is assumed to act at the rail surfaces only. This approximation proves to be a great challenge, as moving pressure profiles at speeds of a railgun projectile are very rare in purely mechanical investigations. In the past, we have published several papers on the structural mechanics of railgun housings characterized by discrete supports. We could show that the displacement of rail surfaces at the position of the armature can reach amplitudes that are not negligible. In fact, in the case of metal brush armatures, the increase in distance between the rail surfaces of only tenths of a millimeter can make the difference between the solid contact and arcing to increase. We also matched our findings to experimental data that were, however, so far only gained in static tests. In this paper, we analyze the foundations of our mechanical modeling using electromagnetic calculations. We calculate a 3-D distribution of the $J \times B$ volume force density in the rails and use them as input for our structural mechanics model. A second point to be addressed concerns the parts made from conducting materials, such as our discrete supports made from steel bolts, which are situated in rapidly changing magnetic fields during the experiments. Again, the influence on our structural mechanics modeling is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an all-in-one system for hyperloop that conducts propulsion, levitation, and guidance. Currently demand on high-speed long-distance transportation is increasing, so that hyperloop is getting attention and studied hard globally. Hyperloop is a new innovative transportation in which a levitated subsonic speed train travels through a vacuum cylindrical tube. Hyperloop needs functions of propulsion, levitation, and guidance for its service, and many devices are necessary for those functions. In the tube, a constrained space, many devices make the entire system complicated, and the size of the vehicle and tube are increased. Therefore, the costs of maintenance, manufacture, and construction are increased and control of each device becomes very difficult. But a non-symmetric double-sided linear induction motor (NSDLIM), the subject of this paper, is an all-in-one system that could conduct all functions. In this paper, the concept of NSDLIM was introduced and its possibility was suggested. Requirements of NSDLIM were investigated considering very high acceleration, velocity, and low air pressure. An NSDLIM model was designed and analyzed by using the finite-element method. Then, NSDLIM parameters that affect performance were investigated and adjusted to improve performance. The derived model performance was shown, and its possibility was considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of low static magnetic fields for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal detection remains a challenge due to low signal-to-noise ratio, low energy difference between energy levels, and less spin transitions due to limited availability of spins. Despite these challenges, different measurement techniques based on low static magnetic fields, stray magnetic fields, and non-uniform fields have been implemented. In this paper, an approach toward using low static fields generated by permanent magnets for portable magnetic resonance applications is described. Finite element simulation models of different magnet geometries are used to develop an estimate of the magnetic field distribution exterior to the magnet. A concentric ring magnet geometry is selected to obtain flexible control of localized regions of uniform magnetic field. An estimate of the NMR voltage for different magnet sizes and orientations is presented. It is expected that the findings of this paper would be valuable for design of future portable magnetic resonance systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its great advantage in weight and volume, superconducting transformer is considered as potential candidate for the portable power station. To achieve a more compact design, the insulation properties of liquid nitrogen in real operation state is crucial. This paper firstly presents an AC withstand voltage test of liquid nitrogen under different kinds of electric field. Then the bubble influence on the macroscopic insulation performance of liquid nitrogen is analyzed based on finite element method. In addition, the effect of Sumoto effect at liquid surface is also studied by experiments. The results of this paper can be used in future design of compact superconducting transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main obstacle for the application of the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coated conductors (CCs) in AC energy applications is the relatively large AC loss. To tackle this, several forms of HTS cables for AC applications have been invented and investigated, such as the HTS Roebel cable, Cable on Round Conductor (CORC), and Twisted Stacked Tape Cable (TSTC). In this paper, the possibility of encapsulating Roebel cables into a single HTS CC is investigated, from which a novel conception of a Roebel tape is proposed. Compared with the existing HTS cables, HTS Roebel tapes are more compact, more capable at carrying large current with minimised AC losses, and easier to manufacture. A 3D finite element method (FEM) model of the Roebel tape is built to optimise the structure and verify the performance. The results show that, compared with normal ReBCO CCs, Roebel tapes with optimum patterns can reduce AC transport losses by 60% through field-cancelling and can reduce magnetisation losses by the factor of the filament number through patterning. With excellent loss reduction performance and high current capability, the Roebel tape shows great potential to become a revolutionary HTS cable for high-current power transmission and AC machine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As real-time applications typically require short length code words, this paper analyzes the minimum achievable code word error rate of the given finite-length code words, namely, maximum likelihood (ML) decoding error probability. For coding schemes ML decoding is too complex, the key contribution of this paper is to analytically assess the performance gap between ML decoding and a practical decoding scheme. We analyze the combination of turbo codes and bit-interleaved coded-modulation that is a spectrally efficient coding scheme adopted in 3GPP long term evolution (LTE). In single-input single-output (SISO) systems, it was shown in the literature that turbo decoding delivers near-ML decoding performance. In this paper, we extend the analysis to a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system. In contrast to the SISO case, the turbo principle-based iterative decoding scheme is subject to appreciable performance loss compared with the ML decoding, even in good MIMO channel conditions. For this reason, we further analyze potential reasons and examine possible improvements. By means of simulation, it is shown that convergence to a non-ML code word rather than non-convergence is the key reason for the observed performance loss in good channel conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A novel hybrid-flux permanent-magnet (PM) generator, which has both axial flux and radial flux, is proposed. An axial-flux PM generator is designed by a reluctance network method and the 3-D finite element method. Using these results, this paper proposes a radial-flux and hybrid-flux machine, whose main dimensions are chosen to the same values as a commercialized one. The proposed hybrid-flux machine has the largest output power per volume. The power density of the proposed generator is 9.4 times larger than that of the commercialized one. The efficiencies of the proposed hybrid generator and a radial generator are same as each other, and are larger than those of an axial and the commercialized generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coreless axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines are attracting increasing attention due to their compact structure and high torque density. The torque to weight ratio can be further enhanced by the use of alternate conductor materials, such as carbon nanotube (CNT), or aluminum windings in place of the copper material coils. This paper proposes a coreless AFPM synchronous motor with CNT windings. Analytical equations are developed to allow a systematic comparison of machine designs with different conductor materials. The performance of machine designs with different coil materials, namely, copper, aluminum, and CNT, is evaluated and compared. The calculations are also backed by 3-D finite-element analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents models developed through analytical or numerical computation and finite-element analysis to improve the resolution of a new kind of vibrating magnetometers. This peculiar magnetometer uses the piezoelectric transduction to actuate a quartz resonator at its resonance frequency taking advantage of the high $Q$ factor of a quartz resonator to achieve high resolution. The magnetic sensitive element is a thin ferromagnetic film of nickel–cobalt, which is sputtered on the moving beams of the resonator. This magnetic thin film applies a periodic torque on the resonator, shifting its resonance frequency. This torque depends on the magnetic field applied; therefore, the value of the magnetic field can be deduced from the frequency shift measurement. The aim of this paper is to develop and improve sensitivity models, which will be useful tools in the future work to establish the optimal geometry for a resonator and the best position of the magnetic thin film on it in order to improve the sensitivity and resolution of the global sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents performance improvements of a double excitation synchronous motor by using a reluctance network (RN). The distinguishing feature of the double excitation principle is to use permanent magnets with high energy, while air-gap flux is flexibly controlled by field windings. Therefore, the first contribution of this paper focuses on maximizing air-gap flux range control. Second, an approach for torque ripple reduction is proposed by directly modifying air-gap flux according to the instantaneous torque profile. The achieved resultant torque stays almost constant for a case study. The validity of the RN method is examined by comparisons with 3-D finite element and experimental results for several machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intelligent estimation method (IEM) is based on approximations which can be described by the configuration and behavioral characteristic of the problem. This paper used the IEM in time domain (IEM-TD) which can be utilized to predict the current distribution and maximum current density. A detailed IEM technique to compute the current distribution over the surface of a rail, current profile around the rail, and maximum current density ( J\max) formula will be presented in this paper. The current distribution is computed for rectangular and circular rails that are shown in color figures. Finally, this paper considers the effect of the rail dimensions and material on these parameters that are shown in several figures. The results of this paper are compared to other published studies and FEM simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an analytical model for the prediction of air gap magnetic field distribution for axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine with various types of misalignments. The AFPM machine geometry is first transformed to a polar representation. Consequently, the subdomain model based on current sheet technique is developed. Then the stator coordinate system is chosen as reference coordinate to consider both static/dynamic angular and axis misalignments. The back electromagnetic forces and cogging torque are obtained accordingly based on Maxwell's equations. The results show that the proposed approach agrees with the finite-element method. The model is further validated by experiments under healthy, dynamic angular and axis misalignment conditions, which can validate the proposed approach. It turns out that the proposed approach can predict the performance of AFPM machines with types of misalignment quickly and effectively, which is greatly significant for further fault detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a method to reduce the torque pulsation of the three-phase fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor by lowering sub-harmonics. The key principle of this method is the selection of an optimized six-layer winding with different numbers of conductors. Firstly, the interaction of stator-rotor magnetomotive force (MMF) which contributes to the torque pulsation is analyzed. Additionally, the relationship between sub-harmonics (1st sub-harmonic and 2nd sub-harmonic) and torque pulsation orders is revealed. Then, different numbers of conductors are adopted in coils to eliminate the 2nd sub-harmonic. Nevertheless, the 1st sub-harmonic increases in the two-layer and four-layer windings. Therefore, the optimized six-layer winding is employed to suppress the 1st sub-harmonic and ensure that the 2nd sub-harmonic is zero. Besides, there are almost no other harmonics except the main harmonic and slot harmonics in the proposed IPM motor. Hence, the torque pulsation can be greatly reduced even under different current angles. Furthermore, the principle for torque pulsation reduction by lowering sub-harmonics is revealed. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through the comparisons with finite element analysis and experimental test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fast analytical model for estimating the components of the PM flux density distribution in the air-gap for a number of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs). Deriving the two-dimensional (2-D) analytical model for IPMSMs is more challenging compared to that of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machines (SPMSMs) due to the inconsistent geometry of the rotor in polar coordinates. IPMSMs are usually modeled by using 0-D or 1-D methods such as the magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC); however, the MEC method is unable to take into account the tangential component of the magnetic flux density vector. In this paper, a 2-D analytical no-load electromagnetic model for five rotor topologies of IPMSMs is proposed. The effects of the stator slots on the radial component of the PM flux density distribution in the air-gap are then included by defining an air-gap function. The effects of the stator slots on the tangential components of the PM flux density distribution in the air-gap are also considered by injecting virtual surface currents (VSCs) or virtual permanent magnets (VPMs). For verification purposes, the analytical results are compared with those of the finite element method (FEM) and the experimental results of one of the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic gears can perform the same function as mechanical gears with the added benefits inherent to contactless power transfer. However, quick and accurate analysis tools are required for magnetic gears to reach their full potential. As end effects can significantly impact the slip torque of a magnetic gear, 2D models often overestimate the slip torques, so 3D models are frequently required. Therefore, this paper proposes a 3D linear Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) or reluctance network model of radial flux magnetic gears with surface mounted magnets. This is an extension of a previously developed 2D MEC model, and, like the previous 2D model, it is thoroughly parametrized so that it can be directly applied to a wide range of parametric cases. This is Part I of a two-part paper and focuses on the implementation of the 3D MEC model. Part II compares the 3D MEC model against nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) models to validate the MEC model's accuracy and to develop guidelines for discretizing the geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degradation of the electrical contact in a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) is closely related to overheating at the contact. However, the disconnector contact is one of the hot contacts in GIS. Therefore, in this paper, the finite element method was used to solve the three-dimensional multiphysics coupling temperature rise field and flow field in the Single Phase in One Tank (SPIOT) type GIS disconnector under different operating conditions. From the perspective of temperature rise field and flow field, this paper analyzed the temperature rise characteristics under different working conditions and explored the feasibility of the direct application of air, CO2 and C4F7N/CO2 mixed gas to an electrical device. The disconnector temperature rise experiment platform was then built to verify the simulation. The results showed that the temperature rise field and the flow field distribution were similar in four gas environments. SF6 gas had the smallest temperature rise, followed by C4F7N/CO2 mixed gas, and the temperature rise of CO2 and air was relatively large. Therefore, from the perspective of the temperature rise field and flow field, it was feasible to directly apply C4F7N/CO2 mixed gas to an electrical device in order to meet insulation requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]