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The article presents a study which examines the oral conditions of nomadic African Bushmen. A previous study which discovered an almost complete lack of tooth decay among a population of Bushmen of the Kukong Pan is mentioned, noting the importance of the study presented in the paper, which seeks to determine the reasons for the Bushmen's lack of dental caries. The Bushmen's diet and nutrition are also described.

Two dialectical tendencies in military affairs have characterized the ethos of Tanzania under Julius Nyerere. One is a marked distrust of men professionally under arms at home and in inter-African relations. The other is a faith in military or quasi-military solutions to some of the remaining colonial problems, in Africa. In this paper,author hopes first to demonstrate that there has been a tradition of anti-militarism in Tanganyika, going back well into the days before the union with Zanzibar. Involved in this is the story of East African integration at large. This article then examines the growth of militancy in African liberation movements and how this affected the nature of Tanganyika's involvement in such movements. Tanganyika attained internal self -government in the same year in. which the Congo attained her independence. Tanganyika also shared a border with the Congo! This double-nearness to the Congo's experience caused speculation about Tanganyika's future as she approached independence.

In recent years the rank-dimensional approach to the analysis of social stratification has become increasingly prominent. One of its advocates, Johan Galtung, has made relations between nations his major point of empirical reference. The present paper applies rank-dimensional analysis to the deprived nations of Africa and Asia (or the so-called Third World) in an attempt to grasp the degree of rank homogeneity within the group and to relate its rank characteristics to the more privileged nations in the global system. This exercise demonstrates that there is a linear relationship between total rank and rank disequilibrium in the Afro-Asian group; a finding which has a number of significant theoretical ramifications. The major theoretical innovation in this connexion is the concept of rank divergence-defined as the degree to which a unit in a system of stratification diverges from the typical relational pattern holding between the unit's total rank and rank disequilibrium scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the political instability in independent black Africa. This paper is an attempt to (1) clarify conceptual approaches to the study of political instability, conflict and violence; (2) summarize and compare existing quantitative investigations of these phenomena in national political systems and (3) investigate empirical relationships between different kinds of political instability in contemporary African nations, which have been largely omitted from existing published work. Political systems are those structured social relationships in which values are authoritatively allocated, or in which it is determined "who gets what, when, how." Put otherwise, political relationships are that sub-set of social relations concerned with the goal-attainment of the society, or with getting and distributing the values which groups in society want. In social systems of maximum value-congruence, political behavior is literally the administration of valued things, but in societies where goals are not universally shared, politics is the distribution of things by authorities, whose social roles are based on the expectation that members of the society who do not receive the rewards they want will either voluntarily comply with authoritative decisions or be forced to comply.

The article discusses various issues related to international education programs. The author first presents information related to curriculum development in international education and then set forth various reports on this topic. The author refers to major curriculum development projects from around the world which are presented by the International Clearinghouse on Science and Mathematics Curricular Developments. The author presents several reports including one on the UNESCO pilot project on new approaches in biology teaching in Africa and another on the development of new methods, techniques, and materials for teaching physics of light in Latin America.

The article focuses on social problems which have arisen in modern tropical Africa as a result of its occupation by Great Britain. It is of great importance at the present time that the issues which are at stake should be clearly envisaged by the people of this country, and more especially by settlers and others to whom the questions are of' an even more pressing nature. The recent Joint Select Committee on Closer Union in East Africa has reported its strong approval of the arrangements which the Colonial Office has made for cadets selected for the administrative service in Tropical Africa to receive instruction in Anthropology before taking up their duties, and it lays great emphasis on the necessity for a wider dissemination of this knowledge in the hope that the Imperial Government will be able to associate more closely with those who have identified their interests with the prosperity of the country. Great Britain has become committed, by the facts of history and by official promises, to an occupation of certain parts of Tropical Africa,--an occupation caused originally as much by an awakening of the missionary spirit in the middle of the last century as by considerations of a strategical or a commercial nature.

The article focuses on the problems of teacher training in Africa south of the Sahara. A tremendous demand for education in the continent has been after the Second World War. Education, for an average African, is a lever for the improvement of his social and economic position. African nationalists view education as the foundation upon which independent states can be built. Foreign industrial investors have expressed their interest in education as a means of producing trained personnel. On all corners of the African continent, it seems like there is pressure for expanding educational opportunities in Africa.

This article is concerned to examine the changes brought about the process of urbanization in the social status and roles of women, in the social ends towards which their activities are directed, and in the values bearing upon them. The principal feature of the position of women in the indigenous societies of Africa is that it tends to be strictly determined by the "droit familial" or constitution of the lineage. The rights and duties of a woman before and after marriage are defined in terms of her lineage, in which the interests of the group and of the individual members are presumed to coincide. Urban conditions offer the greatest opportunities for women to achieve a desired financial independence. Women may be employed in all sectors of the occupational structure, and may earn money far in advance of what might be available under traditional circumstances. Women become no longer bound to her own or her husband's lineage by economic dependence but may place herself outside the effective range of traditional controls.

This article discusses the results of economic and political developments on social grouping within the Yoruba towns of West Africa. The authors assess the importance of groups based upon criteria of kinship and age, and consider the degree to which new associations have been formed which allow an individual to gain a status of higher prestige ranking than would have been available to him in a traditional society. An important criterion in the development of these towns is the role which the Yoruba non-natives of the town, strangers, are able to perform in its social and political life. Towns such as Ado Ekiti, Iwo, and Ijebu Ode have a higher proportion of urban workers as well as people over 50 years of age. The pattern and spacing of the traditional compounds was such that, in most cases, the town has increased its population without extending much beyond its original limits. New modern houses have been built on the ruins of the old compounds and in the gaps between them. The comparative lack of territorial mobility on the part of the Yoruba, an spite of the apparent intensity of the commercial revolution which has taken place, is accompanied by the fact that the Yorubs are still a peasant society.

This article focuses on urbanism as a traditional African pattern. Urbanism as a part of traditional African ways of life has received less attention than urbanization as a process. The growth of new cities in Africa as the result of economic development and acculturation has been a striking phenomenon involving profound social and cultural changes and rapid adaptation to urban ways of life. Patterns of shifting agriculture or of establishing new capitals with each new ruler prevented the development of urban life in areas where other circumstances might have been favorable. Evidence from West Africa suggests that though a sedentary existence based on the rotation of crops or of land through fallowing may be a necessary condition, it is not a sufficient one. The accounts of El Bekri, Ibn Khaldun, El Idrisi, Ibn Batuta, and Es-Sadi from about 1066 to 1656 leave little room for doubt about the size and importance of ancient Ghana, Melle, Timbuctoo, Jenne, Segu, Gao, Wagadugu, and other cities of the early Sudanese empires.

The tumor syndrome known as Burkitt's tumor was first described in 1958 when D. Burkitt reported the association between multiple visceral tumors and jaw sarcomas seen in children treated at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. Although cases of Burkitt's tumor occur sporadically in many countries outside tropical Africa, this tumor can be clearly separated from childhood lymphosarcoma on cytologic, histologic, clinical and gross pathological criteria. The evidence to support this view is derived from studies of Burkitt's tumor and childhood lymphosarcoma seen in Uganda and of childhood lymphomas in England.

The article discusses a study on malignancies in African children. A survey of African children from birth to 15 years of age who died at Mulago Hospital in Kampala, Uganda, between 1953 and 1964 yielded 88 instances of malignant disease. A significant feature of the study is the very high incidence of malignant lymphoma of the Burkitt's type, representing over 50 per cent of both the autopsied and the non-autopsied patients. There has been speculation that the very high prevalence of lymphoma in Uganda as compared with other countries may be related in some way to the relative paucity of leukemia. Studies in experimental carcinogenesis have shown that hereditary and hormonal factors and the nutritional state may influence the degree of sensitivity of cells to neoplastic change.

This article revolves around the issue of training for comparative research in sociology. Though sociologist have concentrated upon the study of Western, industrial society, particularly that of the U.S. and anthropologists upon the study of primitive societies, an important third group of societies pertaining to the large agrarian societies of Asia, Africa and Latin America has been neglected. Although many sociological propositions are stated as universals, in the sense that the relationships between the variables presumably hold in any society, such relationships have usually been observed or tested only in the U.S. society. Because the primitive societies do not have complex systems of stratification, large-scale formal organizations etc., anthropological studies often fail to provide the comparative evidence necessary to test presumably universal sociological propositions. It follows that a major task ahead is the systematic comparative testing of these propositions with data from major societies, especially the national societies of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Apart from certain old works which are considered to be of fundamental importance, this bibliography deals more particularly with studies published since 1945. The choice of this date is not absolutely arbitrary. It has been mainly in the post-war period, as the hitherto colonial people began to rise and the least well-equipped countries made their claims on the victorious nations, that the specific problems of the underdeveloped countries have been forced on the attention of a wider public. Political considerations have, to a very large extent, stimulated scientific research and are still doing so, as is shown by the number of works being published. North American anthropology has given rise to a great number of research projects directly dealing with the subject of this study, most of which are well known, at the same time, the European nations, which have often had long experience in countries overseas, have, on their side, accumulated works which, although not presented according to any uniform system, are of great importance. Great regions which are undoubtedly underdeveloped economically-most of the South American continent, Asia and Africa, Africa has least often been the subject of systematic investigations and surveys.