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Herein, the challenge of accurately classifying the manufacturing origin of printing paper, including continent, country, and specific product, was addressed. One-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) models trained on infrared (IR) spectrum data acquired from printing paper samples were used for the task. The preprocessing of the IR spectra through a second-derivative transformation and the restriction of the spectral range to 1800 to 1200 cm-1 improved the classification performance of the model. The outcomes were highly promising. Models trained on second-derivative IR spectra in the 1800 to 1200-cm-1 range exhibited perfect classification for the manufacturing continent and country, with an impressive F1 score of 0.980 for product classification. Notably, the developed 1D CNN model outperformed traditional machine learning classifiers, such as support vector machines and feed-forward neural networks. In addition, the application of data point attribution enhanced the transparency of the decision-making process of the model, offering insights into the spectral patterns that affect classification. This study makes a considerable contribution to printing paper classification, with potential implications for accurate origin identification in various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research groups in computer vision, graphics, and machine learning have dedicated a substantial amount of attention to the areas of 3D object reconstruction, augmentation, and registration. Deep learning is the predominant method used in artificial intelligence for addressing computer vision challenges. However, deep learning on three-dimensional data presents distinct obstacles and is now in its nascent phase. There have been significant advancements in deep learning specifically for three-dimensional data, offering a range of ways to address these issues. This study offers a comprehensive examination of the latest advancements in deep learning methodologies. We examine many benchmark models for the tasks of 3D object registration, augmentation, and reconstruction. We thoroughly analyse their architectures, advantages, and constraints. In summary, this report provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in three-dimensional deep learning and highlights unresolved research areas that will need to be addressed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have been widely used in point-of-care testing owing to their simple operation, low volume of the sample required, and the lack of the need for an external force. To obtain accurate semi-quantitative or quantitative results, μPADs need to respond to the challenges posed by differences in reaction conditions. In this paper, multi-layer μPADs are fabricated by the imprinting method for the colorimetric detection of C-reactive protein (CRP). Different lighting conditions and shooting angles of scenes are simulated in image acquisition, and the detection-related performance of μPADs is improved by using a machine learning algorithm. The You Only Look Once (YOLO) model is used to identify the areas of reaction in μPADs. This model can observe an image only once to predict the objects present in it and their locations. The YOLO model trained in this study was able to identify all the reaction areas quickly without incurring any error. These reaction areas were categorized by classification algorithms to determine the risk level of CRP concentration. Multi-layer perceptron, convolutional neural network, and residual network algorithms were used for the classification tasks, where the latter yielded the highest accuracy of 96%. It has a promising application prospect in fast recognition and analysis of μPADs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers usually face difficulties in finding scientific papers relevant to their research interests due to increasing growth. Recommender systems emerge as a leading solution to filter valuable items intelligently. Recently, deep learning algorithms, such as convolutional neural network, improved traditional recommendation technologies, for example, the graph‐based or content‐based methods. However, existing graph‐based methods ignore high‐order association between users and items on graphs, and content‐based methods ignore global features of texts for explicit user preferences. Therefore, this paper proposes a Content‐based and knowledge Graph‐based Paper Recommendation method (CGPRec), which uses a two‐layer self‐attention block to obtain global features of texts for more complete explicit user preferences, and proposes an improved graph convolutional network for modeling high‐order associations on the knowledge graph to mine implicit user preferences. And the knowledge graph in this paper is constructed with concept nodes, user nodes, paper nodes, and other meta‐data nodes. Experimental results on a public dataset, CiteULike‐a, and a real application log dataset, AHData, show that our model outperforms compared with baseline methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 3D-ACM involves two rounds of Hilbert transform and tensor product operations. • It significantly enhances the equivalent frequency points and sample numbers. • The R-squared values for PLS-LR, KNN, RF and CNN models approach or equal 1. • These supervised models are comparable to unsupervised models such as PCA-LR. We have developed a novel 3D asynchronous correlation method (3D-ACM) designed for the classification and identification of Chinese handmade paper samples using Raman spectra and machine learning. The 3D-ACM approach involves two rounds of tensor product and Hilbert transform operations. In the tensor product process, the outer product of the spectral data from different samples within the same category is computed, establishing inner connections among all samples within that category. The Hilbert transform introduces a 90-degree phase shift, resulting in a true three-dimensional spectral data structure. This expansion significantly increases the number of equivalent frequency points and samples within each category. This enhancement substantially boosts spectral resolution and reveals more hidden information within the spectral data. To maximize the potential of 3D-ACM, we employed six machine learning models: principal component analysis (PCA) with linear regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM) with LR, k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), random forest (RF), and convolutional neural network (CNN). When applied to the 3D-ACM data preprocessing method, R-squared values of PLS-LR, KNN, RF and CNN supervised models, approached or equaled 1. This indicates exceptional performance comparable to unsupervised models like PCA. 3D-ACM stands as a versatile mathematical technique not confined to spectral data. It also eliminates the necessity for additional experimental setups or external control conditions, distinct from traditional two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. Moreover, it preserves the original experimental data, setting it apart from conventional data preprocessing methods. This positions 3D-ACM as a promising tool for future material classification and identification in conjunction with machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this white paper, experts from the Digital Pathology Association (DPA) define terminology and concepts in the emerging field of computational pathology, with a focus on its application to histology images analyzed together with their associated patient data to extract information. This review offers a historical perspective and describes the potential clinical benefits from research and applications in this field, as well as significant obstacles to adoption. Best practices for implementing computational pathology workflows are presented. These include infrastructure considerations, acquisition of training data, quality assessments, as well as regulatory, ethical, and cyber‐security concerns. Recommendations are provided for regulators, vendors, and computational pathology practitioners in order to facilitate progress in the field. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste management is one of the biggest challenges facing the world today. The amount of solid garbage created by the growing urban population makes it hard to manage with current technologies. Artificial intelligence methods are used in this paper to identify waste. When waste is found, the system uses the camera as the only data source to determine its location. With greater than 95% certainty, the suggested system can discern between assets and waste in real time.The paper concludes by describing a system that can inspect and gather waste much like a human would. Different programs have been launched by the current Indian government to improve cleanliness and hygienic conditions. Megacities in India, for example, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi and more noteworthy Mumbai have dynamic monetary development and high wastage per capita. Scratch issues and difficulties such as absence of gathering and isolation at source, shortage of land, dumping of e-Waste, and so on. By using physical labour, the current waste accumulation framework compiles a variety of waste in an unsorted manner. The separation of this waste is a very repetitious, time-consuming, and wasteful task that frequently threatens the safety of the professionals.n order for the junk transfer to be carried out efficiently and productively, a framework that automates the waste isolation process is therefore required. The proposed approach accurately categories the loss into degradable and non-degradable using machine learning techniques like CNN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For those who are deaf or hard of hearing, sign language is essential as their main form of communication. using ease, sign language gestures may be translated into written or spoken words in real time using the Sign Language Translator, and vice versa. This system interprets and communicates sign language gestures by utilising computer vision and natural language processing (NLP). Given that sign language uses a wide range of hand movements to communicate meaning, it might be difficult to identify certain motions by looking for patterns. Individuals communicate and engage using a variety of gestures. In this study, a human-computer interface that can recognise motions in sign language and properly translate them into text is shown. The suggested method improves interpersonal communication by using convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory networks for gesture interpretation and detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sliding window method is commonly used for non-intrusive load disaggregation. However, it is difficult to choose the appropriate window size, and the disaggregation effect is poor in low-frequency industrial environments. To better handle low-frequency industrial load data, in this paper, we propose a vertical non-intrusive load disaggregation model that is different from the sliding window method. By training multiple electrical parameters at a single point on the bus end with the corresponding load data at the branch end, the proposed method, called multiple electrical parameters to point (Mep2point), takes the electrical parameter data sampled at a single point on the bus end as its input and outputs the load data of the target device sampled at the corresponding point. First, the electrical parameters of the bus end are processed, and each item is normalized to the range from 0–1. Then, the electrical parameters are vertically arranged by their time point, and a convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to train the model. The proposed method is analyzed on low-frequency industrial user data sampled at a frequency of 1/120 Hz in the real world. We compare our method with three advanced sliding window methods, achieving an average improvement ranging from 9.23% to 22.51% in evaluation metrics, while showing substantial superiority in the actual decomposed images. Compared with three classical machine learning algorithms, our model, using the same amount of data, significantly outperforms these methods. Finally, we also compared our method with the multi-channel low window sequence-to-point (MLSP) method, which also selects multiple electrical parameters. Our model's complexity is much less than that of the MLSP model, and its performance remains high. The superiority of our model, as presented in this paper, is fully verified by experimental analysis, which can produce better actual load decomposition results from each branch and contribute to the analysis and monitoring of loads in industrial environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a guest editorial from the journal IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. It discusses the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in reliable forecasting for energy sectors. The editorial highlights the challenges of integrating renewable energy sources and fluctuating electricity demand, and emphasizes the importance of accurate forecasting for system operators. The document also provides summaries of several papers included in a special issue on AI-empowered forecasting in energy sectors, covering topics such as load forecasting, wind power prediction, and control parameter optimization. The editorial concludes by recommending further research and practical implementations of AI approaches in the energy sectors. [Extracted from the article]

This document discusses the recent advancements in decision support systems (DSSs) for disease detection and diagnosis. The combination of biomedical studies and information technology has led to the development of accessible and accurate solutions that can improve patient survival rates. The document highlights several research papers that cover a wide range of topics, including multiple sclerosis detection, neurodegenerative disease detection, breast lesion classification, COVID-19 mortality prediction, melanoma diagnosis, and prediction of second primary skin cancer. The adoption of efficient DSSs can aid clinical assessment, reduce misdiagnosis, and facilitate evidence-based decision-making. However, challenges such as validation, training, and user interface design need to be addressed for widespread application of DSSs in clinical practice. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of future studies and developments in overcoming limitations and expanding the use of DSSs in different contexts. [Extracted from the article]

Clinical named entity extraction (NER) based on deep learning gained much attention among researchers and data analysts. This paper proposes a NER approach to extract valuable Parkinson’s disease-related information. To develop an effective NER method and to handle problems in disease data analytics, a unique NER technique applies a “recognize-map-extract (RME)” mechanism and aims to deal with complex relationships present in the data. Due to the fast-growing medical data, there is a challenge in the development of suitable deep-learning methods for NER. Furthermore, the traditional machine learning approaches rely on the time-consuming process of creating corpora and cannot extract information for specific needs and locations in certain situations. This paper presents a clinical NER approach based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) for better use of specific features around medical entities and analyzes the performance of the proposed approach through fine-tuning NER with effective pre-training on the BC5CDR dataset. The proposed method uses annotation of entities for various medical concepts. The second stage develops a clinically NER method. This proposed method shows interesting results on the performance measures achieving a precision of 92.57%, recall of 92.22%, and F1- measure of 91.6% [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, machine learning methods are widely used in various industries for their high adaptability, optimization function, and self-learning reserve function. Besides, the world-famous cities have almost built and formed subway networks that promote economic development. This paper presents the art states of Defect detection of Shield Tunnel lining based on Machine learning (DSTM). In addition, the processing method of image data from the shield tunnel is being explored to adapt to its complex environment. Comparison and analysis are used to show the performance of the algorithms in terms of the effects of data set establishment, algorithm selection, and detection devices. Based on the analysis results, Convolutional Neural Network methods show high recognition accuracy and better adaptability to the complexity of the environment in the shield tunnel compared to traditional machine learning methods. The Support Vector Machine algorithms show high recognition performance only for small data sets. To improve detection models and increase detection accuracy, measures such as optimizing features, fusing algorithms, creating a high-quality data set, increasing the sample size, and using devices with high detection accuracy can be recommended. Finally, we analyze the challenges in the field of coupling DSTM, meanwhile, the possible development direction of DSTM is prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stock Market Prediction is a challenging and trending topic for researchers in recent years. Although it contains significant risk, it is frequently utilized in investment schemes that promise big returns. The returns on stocks are quite erratic. They are influenced by a number of variables, including prior stock prices, current market trends, financial news, social media, etc. There are many methods used to forecast stock value, including technical analysis, fundamental analysis, time series analysis, and statistical analysis, however none of these methods has been demonstrated to be a reliable forecasting method. In order to improve the accuracy of stock price prediction, a variety of machine learning approaches and algorithms are examined in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex systems in the real world often can be modeled as network structures, and community discovery algorithms for complex networks enable researchers to understand the internal structure and implicit information of networks. Existing community discovery algorithms are usually designed for single-layer networks or single-interaction relationships and do not consider the attribute information of nodes. However, many real-world networks consist of multiple types of nodes and edges, and there may be rich semantic information on nodes and edges. The methods for single-layer networks cannot effectively tackle multi-layer information, multi-relationship information, and attribute information. This paper proposes a community discovery algorithm based on multi-relationship embedding. The proposed algorithm first models the nodes in the network to obtain the embedding matrix for each node relationship type and generates the node embedding matrix for each specific relationship type in the network by node encoder. The node embedding matrix is provided as input for aggregating the node embedding matrix of each specific relationship type using a Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) to obtain the final node embedding matrix. This strategy allows capturing of rich structural and attributes information in multi-relational networks. Experiments were conducted on different datasets with baselines, and the results show that the proposed algorithm obtains significant performance improvement in community discovery, node clustering, and similarity search tasks, and compared to the baseline with the best performance, the proposed algorithm achieves an average improvement of 3.1% on Macro-F1 and 4.7% on Micro-F1, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been an upsurge in the number of cases of brain tumors in both adults and children in recent years. A brain tumor can be treated if the diagnosis and treatment are given on time. Thus, researchers and scientists are working towards developing a technique and method for identifying the type, location and size and stage of tumor. Deep learning is a branch of machine learning (ML) which has been very successful in lots of sectors, especially in the medical field because it can handle a lot of data. MRI images may now be used to diagnose brain tumors with remarkably high accuracy in terms of tumor kind and size due to deep learning and convolutional neural networks. The major goal of this study is to give a complete assessment of existing research and findings in identifying and classifying brain tumor by means of MRI scans. The study's findings will help researchers compare previous studies to future ones, as well as give an idea of the usefulness of various deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the issue of preserving the privacy of parties involved in blockchain transactions has garnered significant attention. To ensure privacy protection for both sides of the transaction, many researchers are using ring signature technology instead of the original signature technology. However, in practice, identifying the signer of anillegal blockchain transactiononce ithas beenplacedon the chainnecessitates a signature technique that offers conditional anonymity. Some illegals can conduct illegal transactions and evade the lawusing ring signatures,which offer perfect anonymity. This paper firstly constructs a conditionally anonymous linkable ring signature using the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm, which offers a non-interactive process for finding the signer of a ring signature in a specific case. Secondly, this paper's proposed scheme is proven correct and secure under Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Assumptions. Lastly, compared to previous constructions, the scheme presented in this paper provides a non-interactive, efficient, and secure confirmation process. In addition, this paper presents the implementation of the proposed scheme on a personal computer, where the confirmation process takes only 2, 16, and 24ms for ring sizes of 4, 24 and 48, respectively, and the confirmation process can be combined with a smart contract on the blockchain with a tested millisecond level of running efficiency. In conclusion, the proposed scheme offers a solution to the challenge of identifying the signer of an illegal blockchain transaction, making it an essential contribution to the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Code smells violate software development principles that make the software more prone to errors and changes. Researchers have developed code smell detectors using manual and semi-automatic methods to identify these issues. However, three key challenges have limited the practical use of these detectors: developers' subjective perceptions of code smells, lack of consensus in the detection process, and difficulty in setting appropriate detection thresholds. While code smell detection using machine learning has progressed significantly, there still appears to be a gap in understanding the effective utilization of deep learning (DL) approaches. This paper aims to review and identify current methods for code smell detection using DL techniques. A systematic literature review is conducted on 35 primary studies from a collection of 8739 publications between 2013 and the present. The analysis reveals that common code smells detected include Feature Envy, God Classes, Long Methods, Complex Classes, and Large Classes. The most popular DL algorithms used are Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), often combined with other techniques for better results. Algorithms that train models on large datasets with fewer independent variables demonstrate exemplary performance. The paper also highlights open issues and provides guidelines for future metric identification and selection research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advantages of low power consumption, flexibility, and high readability against bright ambiance, electrophoretic displays (EPDs) have wide application prospects in the fields of education, smart supermarkets, Internet of Things, smart homes, wearable devices, etc. EPDs suffer from a severe history dependence during grayscale switching, which results in annoying ghost images. However, currently, it is difficult to distinguish diverse types of ghost images automatically; thus, lookup-tables (LUTs) for multi-grayscale waveform design cannot be effectively generated but require cumbersome manual adjustment. In this article, we proposed to adopt a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically recognize ghost images, based on which, LUTs that could suppress ghost images and achieve accurate grayscales were automatically generated for waveform design. Moreover, the workforce for manual adjustment was significantly saved. The results suggest that the CNN is a powerful tool for EPDs to achieve better image quality, as well as less manual cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper [[7]] addresses the challenges Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) face in the Internet of Things (IoT) context due to IoT data's high dimensionality and diversity. The Internet of Things (IoT) has become an increasingly popular technology in recent years, enabling interconnectivity and communication between devices and systems. As a result, there is a growing need for advanced data analysis techniques and artificial intelligence (AI) methods to process, analyze, and extract valuable insights from IoT data. The proposed technique for tracking a moving object of interest in a noisy video using a modified simplest color balance algorithm and a binarization algorithm proved to be effective in building training data for machine learning. [Extracted from the article]

Although breast cancer (BC) deaths have decreased over time, it remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. With the technical advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and availability of healthcare data, many researchers have attempted to employ machine learning (ML) techniques to gain a better understanding of this disease. The present study was a systematic literature review (SLR) of the use of machine learning techniques in breast cancer screening (BCS) between 2011 and 2021. A total of 66 papers were selected and analysed to address nine criteria: year of publication, publication venue, paper type, BCS modality, empirical type, ML technique, performance, advantages and disadvantages, and dataset used. The results showed that mammography was the most frequently used BCS modality, and that classification was the most used ML objective. Moreover, of the six investigated ML techniques, convolutional neural network models scored the highest median accuracy with 96.67%, followed by adaptive boosting (88.9%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the scale of the power system continues to expand, the environment for power operations becomes more and more complex. Existing risk management and control methods for power operations can only set the same risk detection standard and conduct the risk detection for any scenario indiscriminately. Therefore, more reliable and accurate security control methods are urgently needed. In order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the operation risk management and control method, this paper proposes a method for identifying the key links in the whole process of electric power operation based on the spatiotemporal hybrid convolutional neural network. To provide early warning and control of targeted risks, first, the video stream is framed adaptively according to the pixel changes in the video stream. Then, the optimized MobileNet is used to extract the feature map of the video stream, which contains both time-series and static spatial scene information. The feature maps are combined and non-linearly mapped to realize the identification of dynamic operating scenes. Finally, training samples and test samples are produced by using the whole process image of a power company in Xinjiang as a case study, and the proposed algorithm is compared with the unimproved MobileNet. The experimental results demonstrated that the method proposed in this paper can accurately identify the type and start and end time of each operation link in the whole process of electric power operation, and has good real-time performance. The average accuracy of the algorithm can reach 87.8%, and the frame rate is 61 frames/s, which is of great significance for improving the reliability and accuracy of security control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model integrates artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics, utilizing IoMT devices for data acquisition and Hadoop ecosystem for managing big data. The field of medical diagnosis is currently undergoing a remarkable transformation with the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, particularly deep learning and big data analytics. By harnessing the power of deep learning and big data analytics, AI-based e-diagnosis has the potential to revolutionize healthcare delivery. [Extracted from the article]

In order to achieve impact load localization of complex structures such as ships, this paper proposes a multi-scale feature fusion convolutional neural network (MSFF-CNN) method for impact load localization. An end-to-end machine learning model is used, where the raw vibration signals of impact loads are directly fed into the network model to avoid the process of feature extraction. Automatic feature learning and feature concatenation of the signal are achieved through four independent convolutional layers, each using a different size of convolutional kernel. Data normalization and L2 regularization techniques are introduced to enhance the data and prevent overfitting. Classification and localization of impact loads are accomplished using a softmax classification layer. Validation experiments are carried out using a ship's stern compartment model. Our results show that the classification and localization accuracy of the impact load sample group of MSFF-CNN reaches 94.29% compared with a traditional CNN. The method further improves the ability of the network to extract state features, takes local perception and global vision into account, effectively improves the classification ability of the model, and has good prospects for engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a hybrid study of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), machine learning (ML), and transfer learning (TL) in the context of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The anatomy of the brain is very complex; inside the skull, a brain tumour can form in any part. With MRI technology, cross-sectional images are generated, and radiologists can detect the abnormalities. When the size of the tumour is very small, it is undetectable to the human visual system, necessitating alternative analysis using AI tools. As is widely known, CNNs explore the structure of an image and provide features on the SoftMax fully connected (SFC) layer, and the classification of the items that belong to the input classes is established. Two comparison studies for the classification of meningioma tumours and healthy brains are presented in this paper: (i) classifying MRI images using an original CNN and two pre-trained CNNs, DenseNet169 and EfficientNetV2B0; (ii) determining which CNN and ML combination yields the most accurate classification when SoftMax is replaced with three ML models; in this context, Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were proposed. In a binary classification of tumours and healthy brains, the EfficientNetB0-SVM combination shows an accuracy of 99.5% on the test dataset. A generalisation of the results was performed, and overfitting was prevented by using the bagging ensemble method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many government institutions in developing countries such as the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) keep a variety of paper-based records that are available in printed or handwritten format. The need for technology that turns handwritten writing into digital text is therefore highly demanded. E-government in developed and developing countries is a crucial facilitator for the provision of such services. This paper aims to develop a deep learning model based on the mask region convolutional neural network (mask-RCNN) to effectively digitize kurdish handwritten text recognition (KHTR). In this research, typical datasets, which includes the isolated handwritten Central Kurdish character images, an extensive database of 40,410 images, and 390 native writers have been produced to determine the developed approach's performance in terms of identification rates. This approach achieves adequate outcomes in terms of training time and accuracy. The proposed model gives higher performance for detection, localization, and recognition when using a dataset containing many challenges, the results were 80%, 96%, and 87.6 for precision, recall, and F-score respectively. The findings revealed that the proposed model obtained better results compared to other similar works. The accuracy of optical character recognition (OCR) is more than 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tool condition monitoring technology is an indispensable part of intelligent manufacturing. Most current research focuses on complex signal processing techniques or advanced deep learning algorithms to improve prediction performance without fully leveraging the end-to-end advantages of deep learning. The challenge lies in transforming multi-sensor raw data into input data suitable for direct model feeding, all while minimizing data scale and preserving sufficient temporal interpretation of tool wear. However, there is no clear reference standard for this so far. In light of this, this paper innovatively explores the processing methods that transform raw data into input data for deep learning models, a process known as an input paradigm. This paper introduces three new input paradigms: the downsampling paradigm, the periodic paradigm, and the subsequence paradigm. Then an improved hybrid model that combines a convolutional neural network (CNN) and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) was employed to validate the model's performance. The subsequence paradigm demonstrated considerable superiority in prediction results based on the PHM2010 dataset, as the newly generated time series maintained the integrity of the raw data. Further investigation revealed that, with 120 subsequences and the temporal indicator being the maximum value, the model's mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were the lowest after threefold cross-validation, outperforming several classical and contemporary methods. The methods explored in this paper provide references for designing input data for deep learning models, helping to enhance the end-to-end potential of deep learning models, and promoting the industrial deployment and practical application of tool condition monitoring systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review aims to assess the efficacy of Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in orthopedic surgery, with a focus on diagnostic accuracy and outcome prediction. In this review, we expose the findings of a systematic literature review awning the papers published from 2016 to October 2023 where authors worked on the application of an AI techniques and methods to an orthopedic purpose or problem. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria on the extracted papers from PubMed and Google Scholar databases, 75 studies were included in this review. We examined, screened, and analyzed their content according to PRISMA guidelines. We also extracted data about the study design, the datasets included in the experiment, the reported performance measures and the results obtained. In this report, we will share the results of our survey by outlining the key machine and Deep Learning (DL) techniques, such as Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Autoencoders and Generative Adversarial Network, that were mentioned, the various application domains in orthopedics, the type of source data and its modality, as well as the overall quality of their predictive capabilities. We aim to describe the content of the articles in detail and provide insights into the most notable trends and patterns observed in the survey data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maturity grading of walnuts during harvesting relies on experience. In this paper, walnut images in a natural environment were collected to construct a dataset, and deep learning algorithms were utilized to combine walnut internal physical and chemical indicators to carry out research on walnut maturity detection methods and further research on walnut oil content prediction by combining walnut images with walnut oil content indicators. The main contents of this paper include collecting walnut images in a natural environment, constructing datasets, and using deep learning algorithms combined with internal physical and chemical indexes of walnuts to study walnut maturity detection and oil content prediction methods. First, two walnut image acquisition schemes were designed, and a total of 9504 images were collected from 23 August to 21 September 2021. The dataset was expanded to 18,504 images through data preprocessing and image enhancement. A self-supervised Gaussian attention network (GATCluster) walnut ripeness detection method based on image clustering is proposed to develop ripeness criteria through unsupervised clustering, and the accuracy of the criteria is verified by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The maturity detection accuracy of the test set of 1500 images is 88.33%. Secondly, a walnut oil content prediction method based on improved ResNet34 is proposed. The feature extraction capability is improved by introducing the Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks (SENet) channel attention mechanism and the convolutional self-attention module. The prediction results on 50 images show that the root mean square error, average absolute percentage error, and regression coefficient are 2.96, 0.103, and 0.8822, respectively. The experiments show that the method performs well in predicting the oil content of walnuts at different maturity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the problem of creating a keyword spotting (KWS) system with real-world audio data. The paper describes the different methods used to build KWS systems, deep learning models such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), transformers, etc. The paper also discusses the mainstream dataset for training and testing KWS models, Google Speech Commands. We conduct experiments on Google Speech Commands dataset and propose our method of creating a KWS dataset and that helps neural networks achieve better results in training on relatively small amounts of data. We also introduce an idea of a hybrid KWS inference system architecture that uses voice detection and light-weight speech recognition framework in attempt to boost its computational performance and accuracy. We conclude by noting that KWS is an important challenge in the field of speech recognition, and suggest that their method can be used to improve the performance of KWS systems in the circumstances of low amounts of training data. We also note that future research could focus on bettering the process of evaluating the models and improving the overall performance of KWS systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral diseases are highly prevalent globally. Oral health also affects the general health of people. Therefore, the prevention and early treatment of oral diseases is important and beneficial. Diagnosis of oral health and diseases is conventionally done by clinical examination and, at times, by various investigations. Clinical examination is subjective and, hence, susceptible to error. One of the emerging trends of late is the use of machine learning and deep learning in healthcare. The current available systems tend to focus on a single image type and also consider fewer diseases at a time. To overcome these shortcomings, we developed a system, which is presented in this paper titled "Enhancing Oral Health Assessment through Convolutional Neural Networks Based Detection." By using various machine learning and deep learning algorithms, training multiple models, and integrating them, our proposed system can overcome these limitations. With the input given to the system in the form of an image, it would be able to detect any disease present, classify it, and give it as an output to the dentist. This paper explores the system’s background, the work done on various systems developed so far, the proposed system, and the techniques involved in making it. The expected results, the methods to verify the accuracy of the output, and the future scope are also discussed. The proposed system would be a significant contribution to the field of oral healthcare as it can assist dentists in diagnosing diseases and treating patients swiftly and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human Activity Recognition recognizes and classifies the activities performed by the users or people based on the data collected from the sensors of special devices such as smart-watches, smartphones etc. It has become easy to collect a huge amount of data from inertial sensors that are embedded in wearable devices. An accelerometer and gyroscope sensors are most commonly used inertial sensors. There are various already available datasets, in our paper, we are using the Wireless Sensor Data Mining dataset which contains 1,098,207 data of 6 physical activities performed. In this paper, the activities we aim to classify are walking, jogging, going up and downstairs, standing, and sitting. There are various algorithms applied on the various datasets. In our paper, we use Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short-Term Memory deep learning algorithm on the data set, we split the data into training data [80%] and testing data [20%]. By using a confusion matrix, we recognize and classify the activities performed using maximum accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep Learning (DL) and Machine Learning (ML) are effectively utilized in various complicated challenges in healthcare, industry, and academia. The Internet of Drones (IoD) has lately cropped up due to high adjustability to a broad range of unpredictable circumstances. In addition, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) could be utilized efficiently in a multitude of scenarios, including rescue missions and search, farming, mission-critical services, surveillance systems, and so on, owing to technical and realistic benefits such as low movement, the capacity to lengthen wireless coverage zones, and the ability to attain places unreachable to human beings. In many studies, IoD and UAV are utilized interchangeably. Besides, drones enhance the efficiency aspects of various network topologies, including delay, throughput, interconnectivity, and dependability. Nonetheless, the deployment of drone systems raises various challenges relating to the inherent unpredictability of the wireless medium, the high mobility degrees, and the battery life that could result in rapid topological changes. In this paper, the IoD is originally explained in terms of potential applications and comparative operational scenarios. Then, we classify ML in the IoD-UAV world according to its applications, including resource management, surveillance and monitoring, object detection, power control, energy management, mobility management, and security management. This research aims to supply the readers with a better understanding of (1) the fundamentals of IoD/UAV, (2) the most recent developments and breakthroughs in this field, (3) the benefits and drawbacks of existing methods, and (4) areas that need further investigation and consideration. The resultssuggest that the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) method is the most often employed ML method in publications. According to research, most papers are on resource and mobility management. Most articles have focused on enhancing only one parameter, with the accuracy parameter receiving the most attention. Also, Python is the most commonly used language in papers, accounting for 90% of the time. Also, in 2021, it has the most papers published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epilepsy is one of the most common serious chronic neurological disorders, which can have a serious negative impact on individuals, families and society, and even death. With the increasing application of machine learning techniques in medicine in recent years, the integration of machine learning with epilepsy has received close attention, and machine learning has the potential to provide reliable and optimal performance for clinical diagnosis, prediction, and precision medicine in epilepsy through the use of various types of mathematical algorithms, and promises to make better parallel advances. However, no bibliometric assessment has been conducted to evaluate the scientific progress in this area. Therefore, this study aims to visually analyze the trend of the current state of research related to the application of machine learning in epilepsy through bibliometrics and visualization. Methods: Relevant articles and reviews were searched for 2004-2023 using Web of Science Core Collection database, and bibliometric analyses and visualizations were performed in VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Bibliometrix (R-Tool of R-Studio). Results: A total of 1,284 papers related to machine learning in epilepsy were retrieved from the Wo SCC database. The number of papers shows an increasing trend year by year. These papers were mainly from 1,957 organizations in 87 countries/regions, with the majority from the United States and China. The journal with the highest number of published papers is EPILEPSIA. Acharya, U. Rajendra (Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore) is the authoritative author in the field and his paper "Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Automated Detection and Diagnosis of Epileptic Seizures Using EEG Signals" was the most cited. Literature and keyword analysis shows that seizure prediction, epilepsy management and epilepsy neuroimaging are current research hotspots and developments. Conclusions: This study is the first to use bibliometric methods to visualize and analyze research in areas related to the application of machine learning in epilepsy, revealing research trends and frontiers in the field. This information will provide a useful reference for epilepsy researchers focusing on machine learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we utilize a machine learning model (the convolutional neural network) to analyze aerial images of winter hard red wheat planted areas and cloud coverage over the planted areas as a proxy for future yield forecasts. We trained our model to forecast the futures price 20 days ahead and provide recommendations for either a long or short position on wheat futures. Our method shows that achieving positive alpha within a short time window is possible if the algorithm and data choice are unique. However, the model's performance can deteriorate quickly if the input data become more easily available and/or the trading strategy becomes crowded, as was the case with the aerial imagery we utilized in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning algorithms have simplified the process of creating indistinguishable synthetic videos, or deep fakes, because of the unparalleled increase in processing power. It is concerning because these face-swapped manipulations are often used in a variety of contexts, such as blackmail and political manipulation. This paper presents a revolutionary deep learning-based approach to accurately discriminating between real and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-generated false films. Using a ResNext Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for frame-level feature extraction, this method makes use of an automated mechanism intended to identify replacement and re-enactment deep fakes. A Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) equipped with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) training is utilized to classify videos and distinguish between real and modified ones. The system demonstrates the effectiveness of a straightforward and reliable methodology, in addition to utilizing complex neural network topologies. Through testing, this paper showcases how well the system can accurately identify videos playing a crucial role in ongoing initiatives to combat the increasing dangers posed by the proliferation of deep fake content in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past few decades have witnessed remarkable progress in the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in medicine, notably in medical imaging. The application of ML to dental and oral imaging has also been developed, powered by the availability of clinical dental images. The present work aims to investigate recent progress concerning the application of ML in the diagnosis of oral diseases using oral X-ray imaging, namely the quality and outcome of such methods. The specific research question was developed using the PICOT methodology. The review was conducted in the Web of Science, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore databases, for articles reporting the use of ML and AI for diagnostic purposes in X-ray-based oral imaging. Imaging types included panoramic, periapical, bitewing X-ray images, and oral cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The search was limited to papers published in the English language from 2018 to 2022. The initial search included 104 papers that were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 22 were included for a final appraisal. The full text of the articles was carefully analyzed and the relevant data such as the clinical application, the ML models, the metrics used to assess their performance, and the characteristics of the datasets, were registered for further analysis. The paper discusses the opportunities, challenges, and limitations found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to use deep learning algorithms to identify and study the stability of breakwater armor blocks. It introduces a posture identification model for fender blocks using a Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN), which has been enhanced by considering factors affecting breakwater fender blocks. Furthermore, a wave prediction model for breakwaters is developed by integrating Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERTs) with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM). The performance of these models is evaluated. The results show that the accuracy of the Mask R-CNN and its comparison algorithms initially increases and then decreases with higher Intersection Over Union (IOU) thresholds, peaking at 95.16% accuracy at an IOU threshold of 0.5. The BERT-BiLSTM wave prediction model maintains a loss value around 0.01 and an accuracy of approximately 90.00%. These results suggest that the proposed models offer more accurate stability assessments of breakwater armor blocks. By combining the random forest prediction model with BiLSTM, the wave characteristics and fender posture can be predicted better, offering reliable decision support for breakwater engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of automotive intelligence, vehicle occupant detection technology has received increasing attention. Despite various types of research in this field, a simple, reliable, and highly private detection method is lacking. This paper proposes a method for vehicle occupant detection using millimeter-wave radar. Specifically, the paper outlines the system design for vehicle occupant detection using millimeter-wave radar. By collecting the raw signals of FMCW radar and applying Range-FFT and DoA estimation algorithms, a range–azimuth heatmap was generated, visually depicting the current status of people inside the vehicle. Furthermore, utilizing the collected range–azimuth heatmap of passengers, this paper integrates the Faster R-CNN deep learning networks with radar signal processing to identify passenger information. Finally, to test the performance of the detection method proposed in this article, an experimental verification was conducted in a car and the results were compared with those of traditional machine learning algorithms. The findings indicated that the method employed in this experiment achieves higher accuracy, reaching approximately 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research paper, we delve into the classification of Thai cuisine images. Despite Thailand's renowned reputation for its multicultural culinary landscape, there is a noticeable gap in dedicated studies on Thai food classification. This paper seeks to fill that void by applying deep learning methodologies, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), to the identification of Thai cuisine. Thai cuisine, shaped by regional and intra-regional variations, serves as a powerful cultural representation for the nation. The study employs image recognition through CNN and integrates transfer learning to enhance classification performance. The collaborative learning process between CNN and transfer learning contributes to achieving a noteworthy accuracy rate of 84%. While previous research has often overlooked the specificity of Thai cuisine, our aim is to shed light on the potential of deep classification networks, offering an engaging illustration for both researchers and food enthusiasts alike contributing to the broader field of food image classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio Frequency Fingerprinting (RFF) refers to the technique for identifying and classifying wireless devices on the basis of their physical characteristics, which appear in the digital signal transmitted in space. Small differences in the radio frequency front-end of the wireless devices are generated across the same wireless device model during the implementation and manufacturing process. These differences create small variations in the transmitted signal, even if the wireless device is still compliant with the wireless standard. By using data analysis and machine-learning algorithms, it is possible to classify different electronic devices on the basis of these variations. This technique has been well proven in the literature, but research is continuing to improve the classification performance, robustness to noise, and computing efficiency. Recently, Deep Learning (DL) has been applied to RFF with considerable success. In particular, the combination of time-frequency representations and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) has been particularly effective, but this comes at a great computational cost because of the size of the time-frequency representation and the computing time of CNN. This problem is particularly challenging for wireless standards, where the data to be analyzed is extensive (e.g., long preambles) as in the case of the LoRa (Long Range) wireless standard. This paper proposes a novel approach where two pre-processing steps are adopted to (1) improve the classification performance and (2) to decrease the computing time. The steps are based on the application of Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) where (in opposition to the known literature) the residual of the VMD application is used instead of the extracted modes. The concept is to remove the modes, which are common among the LoRa devices, and keep with the residuals the unique intrinsic features, which are related to the fingerprints. Then, the spectrogram is applied to the residual component. Even after this step, the computing complexity of applying CNN to the spectrogram is high. This paper proposes a novel step where only segments of the spectrogram are used as input to CNN. The segments are selected using a machine-learning approach applied to the features extracted from the spectrogram using the Local Binary Pattern (LBP). The approach is applied to a recent LoRa radio frequency fingerprinting public data set, where it is shown to significantly outperform the baseline approach based on the full use of the spectrogram of the original signal in terms of both classification performance and computing complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial for a special issue titled "Machine Learning in Computer Vision and Image Sensing: Theory and Applications." The editorial highlights the diverse applications of machine learning (ML) models in various domains such as medical imaging, signal processing, remote sensing, and human activity detection. The special issue includes 11 papers that cover topics such as image segmentation, fluvial navigation, Alzheimer's disease classification, pneumothorax detection, lung cancer malignancy prediction, amniotic fluid volume detection, COVID-19 detection, and Parkinson's disease detection. The papers showcase the progress and potential of ML models in computer vision applications and provide valuable insights for future research. [Extracted from the article]

For managing data redundancy, the proposed Intelligent Data Fusion Technique (IDFT) decreases the quantity of transmitting data, broadens the network life cycle, enhances bandwidth utilization, and therefore resolves the energy and bandwidth usage bottleneck. Over the last five decades, fuzzy optimization has found numerous successful applications in diverse fields including operations research, manufacturing, information technology, energy optimization, data science and smart cities, big data analytics, etc. Fuzzy optimization is one kind of approximation of nonlinear optimization techniques, which has formed some systematic but not unified theories of fuzzy systems and other fuzzy-set-based methodologies. [Extracted from the article]

Modern systems have been focusing on improving the quality of life for people. Hence, new technologies and systems are currently utilized extensively in different sectors of our societies, such as education and medicine. One of the medical applications is using computer vision technology to help blind people in their daily endeavors and reduce their frequent dependence on their close people and also create a state of independence for visually impaired people in conducting daily financial operations. Motivated by this fact, the work concentrates on assisting the visually impaired to distinguish among Iraqi banknotes. In essence, we employ computer vision in conjunction with Deep Learning algorithms to build a multiclass classification model for classifying the banknotes. This system will produce specific vocal commands that are equivalent to the categorized banknote image, and then inform the visually impaired people of the denomination of each banknote. To classify the Iraqi banknotes, it is important to know that they have two sides: the Arabic side and the English side, which is considered one of the important issues for human-computer interaction (HCI) in constructing the classification model. In this paper, we use a database, which comprises 3,961 image samples of the seven Iraqi paper currency categories. Furthermore, a nineteen layers Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is trained using this database in order to distinguish among the denominations of the banknotes. Finally, the developed system has exhibited an accuracy of 98.6 %, which proves the feasibility of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on the advancements in knowledge-based deep learning systems (KDLS) in biomedicine. Topics include the application of KDLS for evaluating functional connectivity and neurological disorders, the use of deep learning for brain tumor classification and Alzheimer's disease diagnosis, and novel methods for medical image encryption and enhancement.