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Due to China's rapid human activity expansion, landscapes have lost their distinctive and typical characteristics. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a landscape character management framework for the Beijing shallow relief area. The framework utilises machine learning techniques to assess and enhance landscape integrity. The process involves landscape character identification through Principal Component Analysis, Gaussian Mixture Model clustering, and Canny Edge Detection. Additionally, a comprehensive landscape sensitivity evaluation considers both landscape character and visual sensitivity. The study develops five landscape management strategies based on field surveys and employs a Transformer Matrix Process and a multi-expert decision-making mechanism. Extensive validation confirms the framework's effectiveness in improving the recognition accuracy of Landscape Character Types. The findings reveal that over 30% of the landscape characters in the study area require improvement. Importantly, the machine learning techniques employed in this study can be transferred to other regions, facilitating landscape characterisation, evaluation, and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely and accurate survey of construction and demolition waste (C&DW) distribution is of significance for managing C&DW and enhancing the quality of the urban environment, especially in rapidly urbanizing country of China. Automatic C&DW recognition using high-resolution remote sensing images is an extremely important surveying method. Existing C&DW recognition methods can only obtain a rough spatial distribution of C&DW. Mapping precise C&DW distribution on large-scale remote sensing images is still challenging. In this paper, to solve the problem of precise C&DW recognition, a novel deep learning algorithm based on high-resolution remote sensing images is proposed, which we refer to as the cross-channel multi-scale gated fusion network (CCMGNet). CCMGNet extracts depth features of C&DW from RGB and NIR bands by using two independent encoding streams. A gated fusion layer and a multi-scale attention module are designed to effectively fuse the features from two encoding streams. We manually labelled the sample set used for training and testing on 26 remote sensing images captured by the Gaofen-2 (GF-2) satellite. These images were taken in nine typical cities in China over the time period from 2019 to 2021. The results showed that the proposed method is effective in recognizing C&DW, realizing 89.42% and 84.52% in precision and IoU, and is superior to other state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms and existing C&DW recognition methods. The effectiveness of all significant components in CCMGNet was confirmed by ablation experiments. The proposed method was applied to extract C&DW regions in large-scale remote sensing images, with an example of a GF-2 image of Beijing. The high extraction efficiency and satisfactory visual effect demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for surveying the spatial distribution of C&DW. The novel method will play a crucial role in automatically surveying the spatial distribution and size of C&DW across the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]