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One of the most widely used measures of scientific impact is the number of citations. However, due to its heavy-tailed distribution, citations are fundamentally difficult to predict but can be improved. This study was aimed at investigating the factors and parts influencing the citation number of a scientific paper in the otology field. Therefore, this work proposes a new solution that utilizes machine learning and natural language processing to process English text and provides a paper citation as the predicted results. Different algorithms are implemented in this solution, such as linear regression, boosted decision tree, decision forest, and neural networks. The application of neural network regression revealed that papers' abstracts have more influence on the citation numbers of otological articles. This new solution has been developed in visual programming using Microsoft Azure machine learning at the back end and Programming Without Coding Technology at the front end. We recommend using machine learning models to improve the abstracts of research articles to get more citations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the effect of modern music education, this paper applies the digital information technology of music resources to the construction of the music teaching system and derives two new types of semi-decision-making process reinforcement learning algorithms based on the Bellman optimality equation base on discrete time. Moreover, this paper uses the comparative research methods to obtain the Q-value learning curve of the incremental value iterative reinforcement learning algorithm based on the semi-Markov decision process and the incremental value iterative reinforcement learning algorithm based on the dichotomy to improve the fusion effect of music teaching resources. Finally, this paper combines the actual needs of modern music education to construct an intelligent music teaching model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sci-Tech journals have long served as platforms for academic communication and the collision of ideas, facilitating advanced inventions and major discoveries in science. The speed of development and future prospects of a field in the current era can often be reflected by the quality and quantity of cutting-edge papers published in Sci-Tech journals within that field. Currently, the impact factor of Sci-Tech journals is a widely recognized journal evaluation index that comprehensively reflects the quality and influence of the journals under evaluation. However, traditional journal evaluation methods based on statistical formulas, while relatively simple and fast, have certain limitations. They are not comprehensive enough and do not support the comparison between journals from different disciplines. In recent times, researchers have delved into using multiple suitable indicators for comprehensive journal evaluation, attempting to understand the role each indicator plays in the evaluation process, such as the rank sum ratio. Our paper presents a new dataset constructed from data from journals across various fields obtained from the China Wanfang Literature Platform. We endeavor to explore a series of novel journal evaluation methods based on machine learning, including deep learning models. With these 9 methods, we aim to determine the contribution of 17 journal evaluation indicators to the impact factor and identify important factors that can further enhance the quality and influence of Sci-Tech journals, which has great guiding significance for the future development of journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. A vast number of research papers are published every day on PubMed, making it difficult for scientists to retrieve relevant articles in a timely manner. Keyword-based searches are currently the most popular method, but determining a suitable set of keywords can be challenging. Moreover, searches based on keywords typically retrieve many irrelevant papers. We developed a natural language processing (NLP)-based keyword augmentation and screening (NKAS) method to help scientists easily refine their keywords in topic searches. This method can extract meaningful candidate keywords from the titles and abstracts of an initial search using prior knowledge, knowledge graphs, and machine learning. The method was tested on three atrial fibrillation topics. When the NKAS was applied, the number of remaining papers was less than those in the original search but showed much higher precision (73.83% vs. 34.6%) and recall (98.4% vs. 59.93%) compared with those of the original search results. In conclusion, the NKAS method showed that NLP and other artificial intelligence techniques can help enhance both the search comprehensiveness and accuracy. These results suggest a great potential for the application of artificial intelligence methods in medical publication searches and other text-based applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the challenge of efficient resource allocation in wireless networks by investigating the potential benefits of cognitive radio networks (CRN) and non‐orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to explore user pairing and power allocation in a multiuser cooperative CRN‐NOMA network. To achieve the goal, a novel user pairing algorithm with reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed to adaptively select the optimal group for pairing according to the factors such as channel gain, distances, and angles. A user group is consisted of a primary user (PU) and up to three secondary users (SUs). The key findings of this paper highlight the effectiveness of RL in optimizing power allocation while considering various constraints. As a result, significant improvements in network throughput and user fairness are achieved. Compared with the classical power allocation algorithms (i.e., equal power allocation, proportional power allocation, iterative power allocation, and iterative water‐filling power allocation), the proposed power allocation based on RL algorithm and iterative water‐filling power allocation algorithm have better performance in terms of throughput, fairness, spectrum efficiency, and energy efficiency. In addition, compared with the iterative water‐filling power algorithm, the proposed algorithm improves the throughput by 31.71% and obtains twice the spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency. The simulation results consistently show that the proposed method has advantages in enhancing PU capacity. Further advancements in this field of research are encouraged based on the promising outcomes of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and timely forecasting of critical components is pivotal in intelligent transportation systems and traffic management, crucially mitigating congestion and enhancing safety. This paper aims to comprehensively review deep learning algorithms and classical models employed in traffic forecasting. Spanning diverse traffic datasets, the study encompasses various scenarios, offering a nuanced understanding of traffic forecasting methods. Reviewing 111 seminal research works since the 1980s, encompassing both deep learning and classical models, the paper begins by detailing the data sources utilized in transportation systems. Subsequently, it delves into the theoretical underpinnings of prevalent deep learning algorithms and classical models prevalent in traffic forecasting. Furthermore, it investigates the application of these algorithms and models in forecasting key traffic characteristics, informed by their utility in transport and traffic analyses. Finally, the study elucidates the merits and drawbacks of proposed models through applied research in traffic forecasting. Findings indicate that while deep learning algorithms and classic models serve as valuable tools, their suitability varies across contexts, necessitating careful consideration in future studies. The study underscores research opportunities in road traffic forecasting, providing a comprehensive guide for future endeavors in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is a high morbidity and mortality disease that poses a serious threat to people's health. Early recognition of the various warning signs of stroke is necessary so that timely clinical intervention can help reduce the severity of stroke. Deep neural networks have powerful feature representation capabilities and can automatically learn discriminant features from large amounts of data. This paper uses a range of physiological characteristic parameters and collaborates with deep neural networks, such as the Wasserstein generative adversarial networks with gradient penalty and regression network, to construct a stroke prediction model. Firstly, to address the problem of imbalance between positive and negative samples in the stroke public data set, we performed positive sample data augmentation and utilized WGAN‐GP to generate stroke data with high fidelity and used it for the training of the prediction network model. Then, the relationship between observable physiological characteristic parameters and the predicted risk of suffering a stroke was modeled as a nonlinear mapping transformation, and a stroke prediction model based on a deep regression network was designed. Finally, the proposed method is compared with commonly used machine learning‐based classification algorithms such as decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, and artificial neural networks. The prediction results of the proposed method are optimal in the comprehensive measurement index F. Further ablation experiments also show that the designed prediction model has certain robustness and can effectively predict stroke diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affected by the movement of drones, missiles, and other aircraft platforms and the limitation of the accuracy of image sensors, the obtained images have low-resolution and serious loss of image details. Aiming at these problems, this paper studies the image super-resolution reconstruction technology. Firstly, a natural image degradation model based on a generative adversarial network is designed to learn the degradation relationship between image blocks within the image; then, an unsupervised learning residual network is designed based on the idea of image self-similarity to complete image super-resolution reconstruction. The experimental results show that the unsupervised super-resolution reconstruction algorithm is equivalent to the mainstream supervised learning algorithm under ideal conditions. Compared to mainstream algorithms, this algorithm has significantly improved its various indicators in real-world environments under nonideal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In medicine, the count of different types of white blood cells can be used as the basis for diagnosing certain diseases or evaluating the treatment effects of diseases. The recognition and counting of white blood cells have important clinical significance. But the effect of recognition based on machine learning is affected by the size of the training set. At present, researchers mainly rely on image rotation and cropping to expand the dataset. These methods either add features to the white blood cell image or require manual intervention and are inefficient. In this paper, a method for expanding the training set of white blood cell images is proposed. After rotating the image at any angle, Canny is used to extract the edge of the black area caused by the rotation and then fill the black area to achieve the purpose of expanding the training set. The experimental results show that after using the method proposed in this paper to expand the training set to train the three models of ResNet, MobileNet, and ShuffleNet, and comparing the original dataset and the method trained by the simple rotated image expanded dataset, the recognition accuracy of the three models is obviously improved without manual intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of the bridge structure system, the underwater pile-pier structure usually occurs various defects on its surfaces due to its complex hydrological environment. The existing conventional defect detection approaches exist two aspects of problems: (1) insufficient definition and color distortion of the underwater images, and (2) low efficiency and error-prone. To solve these problems, this paper proposed the target defect detection model by integrating the image-fusion enhancement algorithm and the deep learning algorithm. Firstly, by analyzing the reasons for the degradation of the underwater images, the ACE (automatic color equalization) and CLAHE (contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization) algorithms are selected to enhance the image, respectively. Secondly, the two enhanced images are fused based on the point sharpness weight, and then the fusion results are further sharpened by the USM (unsharp mask) algorithm, thus obtaining the final fused images. Thirdly, 3,200 fused images are taken as the training set, by adopting the YOLOv3 algorithm to train the detection model, and then the training model is validated and tested by the other each 400 fused images, thus building up the target automatic detection model of underwater pile-pier surface defects. Finally, a series of comparison and discussion were conducted to validate the effectiveness of image-fusion and the robustness and effectiveness of the target detection model. The results found that the target detection model has excellent robustness against noise and effectiveness in the surface defect detection. This indicates that the image-fusion approach proposed in this paper can effectively enhance the image features, and the target detection model is feasible, robust, and effective in the automatic detection of surface defects on underwater pile-pier structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting mortality in COVID‐19 is one of the most significant and difficult tasks at hand. This study compares time series and machine learning methods, including support vector machines (SVMs) and neural networks (NNs), to forecast the mortality rate in seven countries: the United States, India, Brazil, Russia, France, China, and Bangladesh. Data were gathered between December 31, 2019, when COVID‐19 began, and March 31, 2021. The study used 457 observations with 4 variables: daily confirmed cases, daily deaths, daily mortality rate, and date. To predict the death rate in the seven countries that were chosen, the data were analyzed using time series analysis and machine learning techniques. Models were compared to obtain more accurate mortality predictions. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model with the lowest AIC value for each nation is found through time series analysis. By increasing the hidden layer and applying machine learning techniques, the NN model for each country is chosen, and the optimal model is determined by determining the model with the lowest error value. Additionally, SVM analyzes every country and calculates its R2 and root‐mean‐square error (RMSE). The lowest RMSE value is used to compare all of the time series and machine learning models. According to the comparison table, SVM provides a more accurate model to predict the mortality rate of the seven countries, with the lowest RMSE value. During the study period, mortality rates increased in Brazil and Russia and decreased in the United States, India, France, China, and Bangladesh, according to the comparison value of RMSE in this study. Furthermore, this paper shows that SVM outperforms all other models in terms of performance. According to the author's analysis of the data, SVM is a machine learning technique that can be used to accurately predict mortality in a pandemic scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper entitled "Spam Detection Approach for Secure Mobile Message Communication Using Machine Learning Algorithms", L. G. Jun et al. proposed the applications of the machine learning-based spam detection method for accurate detection. The data extraction process of the review showed that (1) latent Dirichlet allocation topic modeling is among the widely used machine learning algorithms in the selected studies and (2) precision and recall are amongst the most utilized evaluation methods for measuring the performance of these machine learning algorithms. Machine learning (ML) and cryptography have many things in common, for instance, the amount of data to be handled and large search spaces. [Extracted from the article]

Sustainable concepts for on-demand transportation, such as ridesharing or ridehailing, require advanced technologies and novel dynamic planning and prediction methods. In this paper, we consider the prediction of taxi trip durations, focusing on the problem of the estimated time of arrival (ETA). ETA can be used to compute and compare alternative taxi schedules and to provide information to drivers and passengers. To solve the underlying hard computational problem with high precision, machine learning (ML) models for ETA are the state of the art. However, these models are mostly black box neural networks. Hence, the resulting predictions are difficult to explain to users. To address this problem, the contributions of this paper are threefold. First, we propose a novel stacked two-level ensemble model combining multiple ETA models; we show that the stacked model outperforms state-of-the-art ML models. However, the complex ensemble architecture makes the resulting predictions less transparent. To alleviate this, we investigate explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods for explaining the first- and second-level models of the ensemble. Third, we consider and compare different ways of combining first-level and second-level explanations. This novel concept enables us to explain stacked ensembles for regression tasks. The experimental evaluation indicates that the considered ETA models correctly learn the importance of those input features driving the prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The processing and analysis of medical rehabilitation information data in tertiary hospitals is a hot research topic. Combining medical data analysis with machine learning algorithms to improve data mining efficiency is a problem that needs to be solved at present. This paper proposes an autonomous perception model of sports medicine rehabilitation equipment based on a deep learning algorithm for sports medical rehabilitation data. Methods. This paper cites a deep learning multi-dimensional perception model for medical rehabilitation equipment autonomous perception. The model utilizes the automatic overhaul of medical rehabilitation equipment based on deep belief networks. This paper extracts features through a multi-layer neural network and obtains fault location results of medical rehabilitation equipment through softmax. Results. In similarity prediction, the accuracy rate of the first three kinds of feedback containing the target answer is 77%. The accuracy rate of the target answers included in the top five kinds of feedback was 92%. Conclusion. In this study, it is feasible to apply deep learning to the quality control information system of sports rehabilitation medical equipment. This improves the management efficiency of medical rehabilitation equipment to a certain extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new algorithm composition network from the perspective of machine learning, based on an in-depth study of related literature. At the same time, this paper examines the characteristics of music and develops a model for recognising musical emotions. Using the model's information entropy of pitch and intensity to extract the main melody track, note features are extracted from bar features. Finally, the cosine of the vector included angle is used to judge the similarity between feature vectors of several adjacent sections, allowing the music to be divided into several independent segments. The emotional model of music is used to analyze each segment's emotion. By quantifying music features, this paper classifies and quantifies music emotion based on the mapping relationship between music features and emotion. Music emotion can be accurately identified by the model. The model's emotion recognition accuracy is up to 93.78 percent, and the algorithm's recall rate is up to 96.3 percent, according to simulation results. The recognition method used in this paper has a higher recognition ability than other methods, and the emotion recognition result is more reliable. This paper can not only meet the composer's auxiliary creative needs, but it can also help intelligent music services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examination is a particularly important part of the students' whole learning process. Therefore, this paper designs and develops an online examination system. This paper studies an examination recommendation algorithm based on a machine learning neural network model. The algorithm can recommend problems for students according to students' error history, error prone, and knowledge poor problems. Experiments also show that the recommendation algorithm studied in this paper improves the recommendation effect compared with several other similar algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The classification process of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is frequently used for making medical diagnoses for conditions including pituitary, glioma, meningioma, and no tumor. For this reason, determining the type of MRI and its quantity are significant and valuable measurements that reveal the brain's state of health. To segment and classify brain analysis, laboratory personnel employ manual examination via screen; this requires a lot of labour and time. On the other hand, the devices used by specialists are not practical or inexpensive for every doctor or institution. In recent years, a variety of computational algorithms for segmentation and classification have been developed with improved results to get around the issue. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have the capability and promise to classify in this regard. The purpose of this paper is to create and put into practice a system for classifying different types of MRI images of brain tumor samples. As a result, this paper concentrated on the tasks of segmentation, feature extraction, classifier building, and classification into four categories using various machine learning algorithms. The authors used VGG‐16, ResNet‐50, and AlexNet models based on the transfer learning algorithm for three models to classify images as an ensemble model. As a result, MRI brain tumor segmentation is more precise because each spatial feature point can now refer to all other contextual data. In the specifics, our models outperformed every other published modern ensemble model in the official deep learning challenge without any postprocessing. The ensemble model achieved an accuracy of 99.16%, a sensitivity of 98.47%, a specificity of 98.57%, a precision of 98.74%, a recall of 98.49%, and an F1‐score of 98.18%. These results significantly surpass the accuracy of other methods such as Naive Bayes, decision tree classifier, random forest, and DNN models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review delves into the intersection of ensemble machine learning models and interpretability techniques for biomass and waste gasification, a field crucial for sustainable energy solutions. It tackles challenges like feedstock variability and temperature control, highlighting the need for deeper understanding to optimize gasification processes. The study focuses on advanced modeling techniques like random forests and gradient boosting, alongside interpretability methods like the Shapley additive explanations and partial dependence plots, emphasizing their importance for transparency and informed decision‐making. Analyzing diverse case studies, the review explores successful applications while acknowledging challenges like overfitting and computational complexity, proposing strategies for practical and robust models. Notably, the review finds ensemble models consistently achieve high prediction accuracy (often exceeding R2 scores of 0.9) for gas composition, yield, and heating value. These models (34% of reviewed papers) are the most applied method, followed by artificial neural networks (26%). Heating value (12%) was the most studied performance metric. However, interpretability is often neglected during model development due to the complexity of techniques like permutation and Gini importance. The paper calls for dedicated research on utilizing and interpreting ensemble models, especially for co‐gasification scenarios, to unlock new insights into process synergy. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, offering guidance for enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of biomass and waste gasification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of intrusion detection has new solutions, thanks to the widespread use of machine learning in the field of network security, but it still has a few issues at this time. Traditional machine learning techniques to intrusion detection rely on expert experience to choose features, and deep learning approaches have a low detection efficiency. In this paper, an intrusion detection model based on feature selection and improved one-dimensional convolutional neural network was proposed. This model first used the extreme gradient boosting decision tree (XGboost) algorithm to sort the preprocessed data, and then it used comparison to weed out 55 features with a higher contribution. Then, the extracted features were fed into the improved one-dimensional convolutional neural network (I1DCNN), and this network training was used to complete the final classification task. The feature selection and improved one-dimensional convolutional neural network (FS-I1DCNN) intrusion detection model not only solved the traditional machine learning method of relying on expert experience to extract features but also improved the detection efficiency of the model, reduced the training time while reducing the dimension, and increased the overall accuracy. In comparison to the I1DCNN model without feature extraction and the conventional one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1DCNN) model, the experimental results demonstrate that the FS-I1DCNN model's overall accuracy increases by 0.67% and 2.94%, respectively. Its accuracy, precision, recall, and F 1 -score were significantly better than those of the other intrusion detection models, including SVM and DBN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deep integration of science and technology and culture, the estimation of human movements in dance video images will become an important application field of computer vision technology, which can be used not only for professional dancers' movement correction, dance self-help teaching, and other application scenarios but also for athletes' movement analysis. Therefore, it will greatly promote the implementation of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude by applying information technology to estimate dancers' movements and postures in real time and obtaining information of classroom dance teaching status in time. In this paper, human motion recognition in dance video images is studied based on an attitude estimation algorithm. When the number of experiments reaches 20, the average value of deep learning algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm is 76.23 and 75.23, respectively, while the average value of attitude estimation algorithm in this paper is 77.95. Therefore, the average results of attitude estimation algorithm in this paper are slightly higher than those of other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung disease is one of the most harmful diseases in traditional days and is the same nowadays. Early detection is one of the most crucial ways to prevent a human from developing these types of diseases. Many researchers are involved in finding various techniques for predicting the accuracy of the diseases. On the basis of the machine learning algorithm, it was not possible to predict the better accuracy when compared to the deep learning technique; this work has proposed enhanced artificial neural network approaches for the accuracy of lung diseases. Here, the discrete Fourier transform and the Burg auto-regression techniques are used for extracting the computed tomography (CT) scan images, and feature reduction takes place by using principle component analysis (PCA). This proposed work has used the 120 subjective datasets from public landmarks with and without lung diseases. The given dataset is trained by using an enhanced artificial neural network (ANN). The preprocessing techniques are handled by using a Gaussian filter; thus, our proposed approach provides enhanced classification accuracy. Finally, our proposed method is compared with the existing machine learning approach based on its accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is one of the alarming issues in today's era. It is a chronic disease that may cause many health-related problems. It is a group of syndrome that results in too much sugar in the blood. Diabetes's chronic hyperglycemia has been linked to long-term damage, organ breakdown, and organ failure, notably in the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and veins. Machine learning has quickly advanced, and it is now used in many facets of medical health. The goal of this research is to create a model with the highest level of accuracy that can predict a patient's chance of developing diabetes. This paper proposes a novel architecture for predicting diabetes patients using the K-means clustering technique and support vector machine (SVM). The features extracted from K-means are then classified using an SVM classifier. A publicly available dataset, namely, the Pima Indians Diabetes Database, is tested using this approach. Accuracy of 98.7% is noted on the used dataset. On this dataset, the combined method performs better than the conventional SVM-based classification. This paper also compared the accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score of the different machine learning techniques for classifying diabetes patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores ear biometrics using a mixture of feature extraction techniques and classifies this feature vector using deep learning with convolutional neural network. This exploration of ear biometrics uses images from 2D facial profiles and facial images. The investigated feature techniques are Zernike Moments, local binary pattern, Gabor filter, and Haralick texture moments. The normalised feature vector is used to examine whether deep learning using convolutional neural network is better at identifying the ear than other commonly used machine learning techniques. The widely used machine learning techniques that were used to compare them are decision tree, naïve Bayes, K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM). This paper proved that using a bag of feature techniques and the classification technique of deep learning using convolutional neural network was better than standard machine learning techniques. The result achieved by the deep learning using convolutional neural network was 92.00% average ear identification rate for both left and right ears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on ML algorithm, this paper puts forward a method that can search instructional resources through keyword indexing technology, and then cluster and recombine the related results and present them centrally. In this paper, the semantic processing of user query based on the subject index of educational resources is adopted to make up for the deficiency of query semantics, solve the problem of mismatch between query words and document words, and improve the recall and precision of resource retrieval. It is proposed to select the category feature items manually and establish the category feature model. In the environment of small sample set, the weight of category feature items is trained by ML method. The research shows that the user rating of this system is ideal, reaching 93.21% at the highest. In addition, the stability of the system can still reach 89.31% under the condition of relatively large usage, and its performance is excellent. This system can effectively solve the problem of scattered distribution of English instructional resources and make the presentation of knowledge more in line with the needs of users, thereby further improving the utilization rate of English instructional resources and users' satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes corresponding teaching methods and instructional modes based on predecessors' research on mathematics instructional mode and the current state of mathematics teaching. In addition, this paper constructs a teaching evaluation model based on DL algorithm based on an in-depth study of DL-related theories in order to accurately and scientifically analyze the problems that exist in mathematics teaching. This paper constructs an instructional quality evaluation index system based on rationality and fairness, and uses the BPNN evaluation model to train and study a set of instructional quality data. Finally, the experimental results show that this system has a high level of stability, with a 96.37 percent stability rate and a 95.42 percent evaluation accuracy rate. The results of this paper's evaluation of the mathematical instructional quality model are objective and reasonable. It can accurately assess instructional quality while also assessing problems in the teaching process based on the instructional quality scores and making reasonable recommendations for teaching improvement based on the weak links in the teaching process. It has the potential to provide a workable system for assessing instructional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whitelisting is a widely used method in the security field. However, due to the rapid development of the Internet, the traditional whitelisting method cannot promote the security of increasing Internet access. In recent years, with the success of machine learning in different areas, many researchers focus on the security of Internet access through machine learning methods. The most common form of machine learning is supervised learning. Supervised learning requires a large number of labeled samples, but it is difficult to obtain labeled samples in practical applications. This paper introduced an unsupervised deep learning algorithm based on seq2seq, which combined with the recurrent neural network and the autoencoder structure to realize an intelligent boundary security control mechanism. The main methods proposed in this paper are divided into two parts: data processing and modeling. In the phase of data processing, the access text table was coded with dicts, and all sequences were padded to the maximum. In the modeling phase, the network was optimized according to the principle of minimizing the reconstruction error. From the comparative experiments, the proposed method's AUC on the public data set reached 0.99, and its performance is better than several classical supervised learning algorithms, proving that the proposed method has an efficient defense against abnormal network access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular signaling data have become increasingly indispensable in analyzing residents' travel characteristic. Especially with the enhancement of positioning quality in 4G-LTE and 5G wireless communication systems, it is expected that the identification accuracy of fine-grained travel modes will achieve an optimal level. However, due to data privacy issues, the empirical evaluation of the performance of different identification methods is not yet sufficient. This paper builds a travel mode identification model that utilizes the gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural network. With 24 features as input, this method can identify four traffic modes, including walking, bicycle, car, and bus. Moreover, in cooperation with the operator, we organized an experiment collecting cellular signaling data, as well as the corresponding GPS data. Using the collected dataset as ground-truth data, the performance of the method presented in this paper and other popular methods is verified and compared. The results indicate that the GRU-based method has a better performance, with a precision, recall, and F score of 90.5%. Taking F score as an example, the outcome of the GRU-based method is about 6% to 7% higher than methods based on other machine learning algorithms. Considering the identification accuracy and model training time comprehensively, the method suggested in this paper outperforms the other three deep learning-based methods, namely, recurrent neural network (RNN), long short-term memory network (LSTM), and bidirectional long short-term memory network (Bi-LSTM). This study may provide some insights for the application and development of cellular signaling-based travel information collection technology for residents in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing monitoring data to recognize structural anomalies is a typical intelligent application of structural safety monitoring, which is of great significance to hydraulic engineering operational management. Many regression modeling methods have been developed to describe the complex statistical relationships between engineering safety monitoring points, which in turn can be used to recognize abnormal data. However, existing studies are devoted to introducing the correlation between adjacent response points to improve prediction accuracy, ignoring the detrimental effects on anomaly recognition, especially the pseudo-regression problem. In this paper, an anomaly recognition method is proposed from the perspective of causal inference to realize the best exploitation of various types of monitoring information in model construction, including four steps of constructing causal graph, regression modeling, model interpretation, and anomaly recognition. In regression modeling stage, two deconfounding machine learning models, two-stage boosted regression trees and copula debiased boosted regression trees, are proposed for recovering the causal effects of correlated response points. The validation was carried out with Shanmen River culvert monitoring data, and experiment results showed that the proposed method in this paper has better anomaly recognition compared to existing regression modeling methods, as shown by lower false alarm rates and lower averaged missing alarm rates under different structural anomaly scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning (ML) algorithms are increasingly used in power systems applications. One important application is the classification and localization of various types of transmission line faults. Using voltage and current measurements from phasor measurement units (PMUs), a number of useful features can be extracted, which can form the basis of a ML-based prediction of the fault type, line, and distance on the line. This paper proposes a technique to find the optimal number and placement of PMUs by performing thorough feature selection. The features are selected to maximize the accuracy of the ML classification and regression algorithms. The results show that for the IEEE 14 bus system, the use of only five PMUs is sufficient to obtain high levels of accuracy. For example, a testing accuracy of 99.0% and 97.1% can be achieved for the fault type and fault line location, respectively. As for the fault distance along the line, the testing MAE of 3.1% can be obtained along with an R 2 score of 94.4%. Adding more PMUs does not provide any additional value in terms of accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two novel methodologies of employing machine learning (here, the type-2 fuzzy system) are presented to control a multiagent system in which the agents are flexible joint robots. In the previous methods, the static mode controller has been investigated, which has little flexibility and cannot measure all the states of the system, but in the method presented in this paper, we can eliminate these disadvantages. The control signal is consisting of feedback from the output and the estimated states of the system. In the first method, the control signal coefficients are calculated from the linear matrix inequality (LMI), followed by a type-2 fuzzy system that adds the compensation signal to the control signal. In the second method, the type-2 fuzzy system is directly used to estimate the control signal coefficients which do not employ LMI. Both methods have their disadvantages and benefits, so in general, one of these two methods cannot be considered superior. To prove the effectiveness of the two proposed methods, a topology with four robots has been considered. Both proposed methods have been evaluated for controlling the angle and speed of the robot link. Also, another simulation was made without using the fuzzy system to verify the importance of our methods. Simulation results indicate the proper efficiency of proposed methods, especially in presence of uncertainty in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this modern era of technology, most of the accessibility issues are handled with the help of smart devices and cutting-edge gadgets. Smartphones play a crucial role in addressing various accessibility challenges, including voice recognition, sign language detection and interpretation, navigation systems, speech-to-text conversion, and vice versa, among others. They are computationally powerful enough to handle and run numerous machine and deep learning applications. Among various accessibility challenges, speech disorders represent a disability where individuals struggle to communicate verbally. Similarly, hearing loss is a disability that impairs an individual's ability to hear, necessitating reliance on gestures for communication. A significant challenge encountered by people with speech disorders, hearing loss, or both is their inability to effectively convey or receive messages from others. Hence, these individuals heavily depend on the sign language (a gesture-based communication) method, typically involving hand movements and expressions. To the best of our knowledge, there are currently no comprehensive review and/or survey articles available that cover the literature on speech disabilities and sign language detection and interpretation via smartphones utilizing machine learning and/or deep learning approaches. This study fills the gap in the literature by analyzing research publications on speech disabilities, published from 2012 to July 2023. A rigorous search and standard strategy for formulating the literature along with a well-defined theoretical framework for results and findings have been used. The paper has implications for practitioners and researchers working in accessibilities in general and smart/intelligent gadgets and applications for speech-disabled people in specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object tracking is a hot issue in vision technology research; it is used in scenarios like intelligent monitoring, autonomous driving, and robot visual perception. With the rapid development of sports, tracking of targets in complex sports scenes represented by basketball and football has gradually attracted attention. The target tracking algorithm based on machine learning (ML) has been gradually proposed. With the powerful feature extraction for convolutional neural network (CNN), it greatly improves accuracy and has better robustness in the face of complex sports scenes. However, the tracking algorithm based on deep learning has many network layers and parameters, which makes training and update speed of model slower. In this regard, taking basketball as an example, this paper designs a low-parameter deep learning-based complex sports target tracking algorithm, which greatly reduces the size of the model while ensuring the tracking accuracy. Aiming at the problem of large number of parameters and large model of deep learning tracking algorithm, this work proposes a network structure model with asymmetric convolution module. The asymmetric convolution module includes two convolutional layers, the compression layer and the asymmetric layer. To improve accuracy, this work designs a new triplet loss. Compared with original logistic loss, triplet loss function can fully utilize the latent relationship between the inputs, so that the network model can obtain higher tracking accuracy. Finally, this paper proposes a low-parameter deep learning-based target tracking algorithm combining asymmetric convolution and triple loss function. Comprehensive and systematic experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this work in tracking complex sports objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is the most common and deadly type of cancer in the world. Based on machine learning algorithms such as XGBoost, random forest, logistic regression, and K-nearest neighbor, this paper establishes different models to classify and predict breast cancer, so as to provide a reference for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. Recall indicates the probability of detecting malignant cancer cells in medical diagnosis, which is of great significance for the classification of breast cancer, so this article takes recall as the primary evaluation index and considers the precision, accuracy, and F1-score evaluation indicators to evaluate and compare the prediction effect of each model. In order to eliminate the influence of different dimensional concepts on the effect of the model, the data are standardized. In order to find the optimal subset and improve the accuracy of the model, 15 features were screened out as input to the model through the Pearson correlation test. The K-nearest neighbor model uses the cross-validation method to select the optimal k value by using recall as an evaluation index. For the problem of positive and negative sample imbalance, the hierarchical sampling method is used to extract the training set and test set proportionally according to different categories. The experimental results show that under different dataset division (8 : 2 and 7 : 3), the prediction effect of the same model will have different changes. Comparative analysis shows that the XGBoost model established in this paper (which divides the training set and test set by 8 : 2) has better effects, and its recall, precision, accuracy, and F1-score are 1.00, 0.960, 0.974, and 0.980, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most significant issues in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is security, which must be addressed to keep WSNs safe from malicious attacks. An intrusion detection system (IDS) is essential in analyzing network traffic and detecting abnormal events. However, these IDSs suffer from several drawbacks that affect their effectiveness and flexibility in accuracy, so they must overcome these drawbacks to improve the performance of IDS. These drawbacks include difficulties in determining the appropriate dataset, the problem of feature selection, and the issue of the imbalanced dataset and choosing the appropriate algorithms for the classification process in WSN. In this paper, a model for an anomaly‐based IDS in WSNs is proposed. This model applied mutual information (MI) for feature selection and the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) for solving the imbalanced dataset problem. It used different machine learning (ML) algorithms, random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), and K‐nearest neighbors (KNNs) to analyze network traffic and binary classification or multiclass classification. To implement and evaluate the performance of the proposed model, the standard dataset NSL‐KDD is used. Python language is used to implement the proposed model in the Anaconda platform, and many evaluation metrics are also utilized to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed model can detect intrusions using different ML algorithms with high accuracy. The results of the proposed model for different ML algorithms outperform the state‐of‐the‐art algorithms, and the maximum enhancement reached 15% in the accuracy metric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the factors in the technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework that affect the decision of whether to adopt electronic commerce (EC) or not within small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). To this end, a questionnaire‐based survey was conducted to collect data from 60 managers or owners of manufacturing SMEs in Tunisia. Unlike the traditional regression approaches, we referred to novel machine learning (ML) techniques and reveal that ML techniques reach a higher level of performance in forecasting driving factors to EC adoption compared to the traditional logistic regression approach. The achieved results also indicate that EC adoption within SMEs is significantly affected by eight factors, namely, IT vendors' support, the adopted technology complexity degree, chief executive officer (CEO) innovativeness, technology readiness, customers' pressure, firm size, infrastructure compatibility, and the innovative technology‐perceived relative advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a method to invert the sea surface wind field from Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometric wide swath (IW) band mode ground range detected (GRD) vertical polarization (VV) data based on the deep residual network (ResNet). Compared with the traditional algorithm (i.e., using geophysical model functions (GMFs)), the wind field inversion based on the ResNet deep learning method solves the problem of separate wind direction and wind speed inversion. The ResNet model is developed based on the results of 212 VV polarized IW images and cross calibrated multiplatform (CCMP) data collected in 2021 in the offshore waters of China. The root mean square error, standard deviation, and bias of the inverse wind direction of the ResNet model are 12.5°, 9.8°, and 7.4°, respectively, and the root mean square error, standard deviation, and bias of the inverse wind speed are 2.33, 1.495, and −1.375. The ResNet is better than the conventional local gradient and C‐band model models, further confirming the advantages shown by the deep learning algorithm in nonlinear fitting and its potential application in sea surface wind field inversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been extensively researched and deployed in both military and civilian applications due to their tiny size, low cost, and great ease. Although UAVs working together on complicated jobs can significantly increase productivity and reduce costs, they can cause major issues with path planning. In complex environments, the path planning problem, which is a multiconstraint combinatorial optimization problem and hard to settle, requires considering numerous constraints and limitations and generates the best paths for each UAV to accomplish group tasks. In this paper, we study the path planning problem for multiple UAVs and propose a reinforcement learning algorithm: PERDE‐MADDPG based on prioritized experience replay (PER) and delayed update skills. First, we adopt a PER mechanism based on temporal difference (TD) error to enhance the efficiency of experience utilization and accelerate the convergence speed of the algorithm. Second, we use delayed updates in the process of updating network parameters to ensure stability in training multiple agents. Finally, we propose the PERDE‐MADDPG algorithm based on PER and delayed update skills, which is evaluated against the MATD3, MADDPG, and SAC methods in simulation scenarios to confirm its efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile Internet-based intelligent media has become a popular academic topic. This study uses the CiteSpace visualisation tool and Scientific Citation Index Expanded database to comb the existing research in the field of intelligent media from a quantitative perspective. A total of 7248 English papers were published on the topic of "intelligent media" from 2012 to 2021, and 145 highly cited papers refined were analysed. Scientific knowledge graphs were analysed from six dimensions: annual publication quantity, country of publication, institution of publication, author, keywords, and cited references. In the last 10 years, the research literature on intelligent media has been found to increase annually. Presently, the People's Republic of China and the United States of America have a high proportion of documents in this field. Chinese universities and institutions have achieved significantly in terms of the quantity and quality of documents. From the perspective of the whole intelligent media discipline, the high-yield author group has not been formed, and there is minimal cooperation amongst authors. Popular intelligent media topics include film, social media, machine learning, swarming motility, data mining, and artificial intelligence. Subject words of the main research directions are event recognition, fake news, Cable News Network model, reconfigurable intelligent surface, comprehensive survey, microblog message, strain sensor, and traffic event. Combined with popular topics and time zone maps, the future research frontier in the field of smart media is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online business has grown exponentially during the last decade, and the industries are focusing on online business more than before. However, just setting up an online store and starting selling might not work. Different machine learning and data mining techniques are needed to know the users' preferences and know what would be best for business. According to the decision-making needs of online product sales, combined with the influencing factors of online product sales in various industries and the advantages of deep learning algorithm, this paper constructs a sales prediction model suitable for online products and focuses on evaluating the adaptability of the model in different types of online products. In the research process, the full connection model is compared with the training results of CNN, which proves the accuracy and generalization ability of CNN model. By selecting the non-deep learning model as the comparison baseline, the performance advantages of CNN model under different categories of products are proved. In addition, the experiment concludes that the unsupervised pretrained CNN model is more effective and adaptable in sales forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem of big data and small samples caused by the high manual annotation cost of a military corpus. The deep learning algorithm of entity extraction in the military field was organically combined with the method of bootstrapping loop iteration to complete a study on the application of intelligent corpus annotation of military field entities. With the experimental research showing that using a small number of military field entity corpus annotations for RoBERTa pretraining word vectors and BiLSTM-CRF models and based on the bootstrapping algorithm idea to complete 3 rounds of loop iterations and 10 rounds of cross-validation joint-voting model iterations, the best entity extraction model evaluation F value reached up to 91.5%. Finally, the 60M intelligent corpus annotation application testing was completed using the best model of iteration of this round, with a total of 178,177 sentences of military field corpus intelligently labeled, the number of entities that should be labeled reaching 417,734. Therefore, this is an efficient way of construction and evaluation of intelligent corpus annotation model in the military entity extraction field. The findings of this paper provide an effective way of how to complete the labeled corpus. The research serves as a first step for future research, for example, the construction of knowledge graphs and military intelligent Q&A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The governance of cross-border data flows around the digital economy, data security, and data sovereignty has become a crucial global governance issue. This paper evaluates the legitimacy of data exit rules of CPTPP countries based on machine learning algorithm models under the perspective of cross-border data flow governance. In this study, four machine learning algorithms, namely, logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and GBDT, are used to build an outbound data assessment and evaluation model. The confusion matrix is used to classify the outbound data legitimacy dichotomously. The recall, precision, and F1 scores are evaluated to compare the empirical results of each model. Based on this, a logistic regression-based outbound data risk scoring model is introduced to quantify the outbound data risk at a deeper level and to classify the outbound data risk level for the reference of regulators to make more scientific and reasonable decisions. The experimental results show that the machine learning models can meet the needs and applications of practical work and make accurate predictions of outbound data risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the application of big data, artificial intelligence, and other related technologies in the field of education, using machine learning to carry out early warning for course learning has become an effective means to improve teaching quality. However, in the scene of early warning, the samples are significantly less than the ordinary samples, and the general clustering or classification methods are difficult to achieve good results. Therefore, this paper proposes an early warning for course learning method based on SMOTE and OCSVM. First, collect and preprocess students' college entrance examination information and online course learning information data. Second, use SMOTE algorithm to expanding the samples. Then, the OCSVM model is designed, the Gaussian kernel function is used, and the Lagrange multiplier is used to solve the optimization problem for the optimization objective. The qualified student samples are selected for learning, and the classifier is trained, so as to classify the student data and realize the early warning of course learning. Select recall and F1_Score to evaluate the model, and comparative experiments are carried out. From the experiment, it is clear that in most cases, the method proposed in this paper is superior to the original sample and traditional methods in recall rate and F1_Score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the existing community planning and implementation, the design concept often does not take into account the needs of children, but only blindly pursues standardization and modernization. This would make the entire community structure unfriendly to children. Factors such as insufficient public play areas, messy traffic network design, and lack of recreational facilities suitable for children would limit children's fun in the community's public spaces. Children's happy growth would be greatly hindered. In order to solve the above problems, this paper has put forward the child-friendly concept and has applied it to community planning, so as to carry out scientific research on the original participatory community planning model based on the support vector machine technology under the machine learning algorithm. And the improved gray wolf optimization algorithm is combined with it for the shortcomings of the technology's algorithm accuracy and other performance, which is not good enough. The final optimization algorithm has played an extremely important role in testing the impact of the participatory community planning model on publicity in the renewal of public spaces. The experimental results have shown that the highest accuracy of the improved gray wolf optimization support vector machine technology can reach 97.88% and the highest Kappa coefficient can reach 96.83%, which greatly improves the feasibility of the research on the impact of public space publicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to further improve the ability of automatic feature extraction of deep learning technology and better solve the problem of system recognition ability declining when the number of training samples is reduced or the number of iterations is reduced, this paper proposes a fisher-based convolutional neural network algorithm, which automatically obtains the structural feature information of a face image with the help of a deep learning algorithm network and then reduces the number of weights with the help of a convolutional neural network to further reduce the complexity of the face recognition model. Through the system test, the verification data shows that the recognition error rate can be controlled at about 10% by extracting 10 of the 14 pictures of each type of face for training. When the training images are reduced, the recognition rate can be further improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of digital technology, music, as an important form of media, and its digital audio technology is also constantly developing, forcing the traditional music industry to start the road of digital transformation. What kind of method can be used to automatically retrieve music information effectively and quickly in vocal singing has become one of the current research topics that has attracted much attention. Aiming at this problem, it is of great research significance for the field of timbre feature recognition. With the in-depth research on timbre feature recognition, the research on timbre feature extraction by machine learning in vocal singing has also been gradually carried out, and its performance advantages are of great significance to solve the problem of automatic retrieval of music information. This paper aims to study the application of feature extraction algorithm based on machine learning in timbre feature extraction in vocal singing. Through the analysis and research of machine learning and feature extraction methods, it can be applied to the construction of timbre feature extraction algorithms to solve the problem of automatic retrieval of music information. This paper analyzed vocal singing, machine learning, and feature extraction, experimentally analyzed the performance of the method, and used related theoretical formulas to explain. The results have showed that the method for timbre feature extraction in the vocal singing environment was more accurate than the traditional method, the difference between the two was 24.27%, and the proportion of satisfied users was increased by 33%. It can be seen that this method can meet the needs of users for timbre feature extraction in the use of music software, and the work efficiency and user satisfaction are greatly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Car-following models have been studied for a long time, and many traffic engineers and researchers have devoted attention to them. With the increase in machine learning, this paper proposes a fusion model based on the physics-informed deep learning framework. The purpose of this paper is to inherit the predecessors' ideas, transform them to fit a new framework, and improve the framework's accuracy. The IDM-D (intelligent driver model development) involves reenabling the effect of the following vehicle to form a complementary model (not car-following model) with the IDM (intelligent driver model). The pretreated NGSIM data are used for calibration and validation. The IDM and the IDM-D are combined with the LSTM under the framework of physics-informed deep learning, and the results are mixed in a ratio to form the final result. Using test data for simulation, the results reveal that the IDM-informed LSTM shows better performance than the LSTM and that the fusion model further improves the MSE (mean square error) of the IDM-informed LSTM. The fusion increases the accuracy during the deceleration process, which is better than just a single IDM-informed LSTM. The fusion model further explains drivers' deceleration behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular trend of today's music can be obtained by deep excavation, analysis, and prediction of the audience's preferences. Using huge music library resources and user behavior to form music big data and truly realizing the aggregation of audience preferences determine the popular development trend of music. Therefore, this paper will apply data mining (DM) technology, introduce neural network (NNS) theory, establish a prediction model of music fashion trend, predict and evaluate the music fashion trend according to the selected evaluation index, find the change of music fashion trend in time, and provide decision-making basis for music fashion trend. In this paper, the prediction of music popularity trend based on NNS and DM technology is studied. In the prediction of the number of songs played by 10 artists, the NNS algorithm proposed in this paper reduces the prediction effect from the original 0.074 and 0.045 to 0.044 and 0.032, respectively, and the error rates are reduced by 35.7% and 29.4%, respectively, compared with the learning algorithm and the decision tree algorithm. Among the three methods, the NNS algorithm in this paper has the highest accuracy. Therefore, it can be proved that the model proposed in this paper is more suitable for predicting the trend of music popularity. In the end, it can accurately control the trend of pop music and also realize the aggregation of user preferences to determine the trend of pop music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of deep learning to improve English speaking has seen tremendous development in recent years. This study evaluates the noise that is present in the English speech environment, employs a two-way search method to select the optimum feature set, and applies a quick correlation filter to remove redundant features in order to increase the accuracy of English voice feature identification. In addition, this article designs a low-pass filter in the complex cepstrum domain to filter the room impulse response in order to obtain the estimated value of the complex cepstrum of the original speech signal. After doing so, the authors transform this estimated value into the time domain in order to obtain the estimated value of the original speech signal. In addition, this paper proposes a corresponding noise elimination model for the purpose of eliminating noise from English speech in a reverberant environment. It also designs a complex cepstrum domain filter in order to conduct simulation research on the different characteristics of the reverberation signal and the pure speech signal in the complex cepstrum domain. In conclusion, this study develops an English voice feature recognition model that is founded on a deep neural network. Furthermore, this paper uses experimental research to validate the validity of the algorithm model that was developed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facial expression recognition based on residual networks is important for technologies related to space human-robot interaction and collaboration but suffers from low accuracy and slow computation in complex network structures. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a multiscale feature fusion attention lightweight wide residual network. The network first uses an improved random erasing method to preprocess facial expression images, which improves the generalizability of the model. The use of a modified depthwise separable convolution in the feature extraction network reduces the computational effort associated with the network parameters and enhances the characterization of the extracted features through a channel shuffle operation. Then, an improved bottleneck block is used to reduce the dimensionality of the upper layer network feature map to further reduce the number of network parameters while enhancing the network feature extraction capability. Finally, an optimized multiscale feature lightweight attention mechanism module is embedded to further improve the feature extractability of the network for human facial expressions. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the model is 73.21%, 98.72%, and 95.21% on FER2013, CK+ and JAFFE, respectively, with a covariance of 10.14 M. Compared with other networks, the model proposed in this paper has faster computing speed and better accuracy at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HTTP cookie covert channel is a covert communication method that encodes malicious information in cookie fields to escape regulatory audits. It is difficult to detect this kind of covert channel according to the cookie content because cookie fields are mainly encoded in custom modes. To effectively identify the HTTP cookie covert channel, this paper proposes a detection method based on the interaction features of the session flow. First, we split the HTTP session flow into fine-grained "interaction process" subflows to comprehensively describe the communication process of the cookie. Then, we compare and analyze the differences between HTTP cookie covert channels and normal cookie communications based on the interaction process, design three types of 7-dimensional features, and build the detection model combined with the machine learning algorithm. Experimental results show that our method can effectively detect HTTP cookie covert channels, and the detection rate can reach 99%. We also prove that our method has advantages in stability and time performance compared with the existing detection methods through experiment and analysis. In addition, our method has certain practicability in the simulation environment with imbalanced data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]