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The article discusses two computer science research papers concerning artificial intelligence (AI). Topics explored include the susceptibility of deep convolutional neural networks to input pertubations acknowledged in the 2013 study "Intriguing Properties of Neural Networks," by Christian Szegedy and colleagues, and the capability of sequence-to-sequence language models to execute short computer programs reported in the 2014 study "Learning to Execute," by Wojciech Zaremba and Ilya Sutskever.

Reproducibility, the ability to reproduce the results of published papers or studies using their computer code and data, is a cornerstone of reliable scientific methodology. Studies where results cannot be reproduced by the scientific community should be treated with caution. Over the past decade, the importance of reproducible research has been frequently stressed in a wide range of scientific journals such as Nature and Science and international magazines such as The Economist. However, multiple studies have demonstrated that scientific results are often not reproducible across research areas such as psychology and medicine. Statistics, the science concerned with developing and studying methods for collecting, analyzing, interpreting and presenting empirical data, prides itself on its openness when it comes to sharing both computer code and data. In this article, we examine reproducibility in the field of statistics by attempting to reproduce the results in 93 published papers in prominent journals using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data during the 2010–2021 period. Overall, from both the computer code and the data perspective, among all the 93 examined papers, we could only reproduce the results in 14 (15.1%) papers, that is, the papers provide both executable computer code (or software) with the real fMRI data, and our results matched the results in the paper. Finally, we conclude with some author-specific and journal-specific recommendations to improve the research reproducibility in statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of AI application examples is by itself an admirable achievement of engineers and professionals working on them, and certainly there is an interest to move forward to design AI algorithms to make it write proficiently with originality. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a trendy topic through advertisements, notes and even warnings about it, claiming that it can be used to answer almost any kind of question. Generating new content requires that AI conduct research work starting from, in principle, human proposed hypothesis, and then getting analyzable results to formulate conclusions. [Extracted from the article]

Over the past two decades, digital flashcards – that is, computer programmes, smartphone apps, and online services that mimic, and potentially improve upon, the capabilities of traditional paper flashcards – have grown in variety and popularity. Many digital flashcard platforms allow learners to make or use flashcards from a variety of sources and customise the way in which flashcards are used. Yet relatively little is known about why and how students actually use digital flashcards during self-regulated learning, and whether such uses are supported by research from the science of learning. To address these questions, we conducted a large survey of undergraduate students (n = 901) at a major U.S. university. The survey revealed insights into the popularity, acquisition, and usage of digital flashcards, beliefs about how digital flashcards are to be used during self-regulated learning, and differences in uses of paper versus digital flashcards, all of which have implications for the optimisation of student learning. Overall, our results suggest that college students commonly use digital flashcards in a manner that only partially reflects evidence-based learning principles, and as such, the pedagogical potential of digital flashcards remains to be fully realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to assess the extent to which text-mining techniques can be used to gain insights into a particular topic area, we apply hierarchical word clustering and the Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) measure to articles on computer programming published since the 1970s, when research articles on teaching programming are now more readily available in PDF files. Study 1 compares two sets of papers published before and after the introduction of the concept of Computational Thinking in 2006 to highlight the changes seen in these research sets. Articles mentioned in frequently cited review papers were selected as the target articles to ensure the quality of the sample. Study 2 extends the sample pool to include a range of papers published after the 1970s, allowing us to examine the stability of the conceptual structures identified in Study 1. In both studies, the obtained word clusters or concepts align with known research trends in the programming-education literature. The significance and potential of text-mining techniques are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contribution: This article features a systematic literature review with the objective of presenting a study that reflects the current scenario of research on the cognitive load theory (CLT) in the domain of teaching and learning computer programming. Background: Computer programming is a highly cognitive skill, requiring mastering multiple competencies, and recognized as being difficult to learn, for this reason, the cognitive load (CL) in the learner’s working memory emerged as an influential concept, making CLT one of the most common theories in computing education research. Research Questions: What are the approaches that relate CLT to teaching and learning computer programming? What CLT-related concepts are covered? What evidence is reported with respect to this context? Methodology: Following a formal protocol, a survey was performed for papers linking CLT to teaching and learning programming published between 2010 and 2020. The selection of papers was based on a set of criteria established to drive the selection process, including alignment with the research questions and paper quality assessment. Findings: The approaches applied in the papers are based on measuring the CL; through instructional design based on the development or use of resources or tools, a range of different pedagogy strategies and the CLT concepts. With respect to the concepts, the subjective measurement technique and worked example effect are the most commonly deployed. As far as the evidence reported, the better part is related to the worked example effect and measuring CLs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, several research topics are presented that provide productive avenues of exploration for students in an undergraduate cryptography course. The topics are intended for a variety of skill levels and interests. In some cases, a student might be inspired to try to solve the proposed problem or write computer code. Other topics might motivate them to learn new mathematics or algorithms, or research a historical event or person. In all cases, a short description of the topic is given along with several references that can be used as a starting point for student research. The author also describes some challenges and recommendations when teaching a course where a project is a main component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the question of whether computer code could actually substitute for intermediaries, as proponents of distributed ledger technology (DLT) and decentralised finance would argue. Drawing on transaction-cost economics, the paper reviews the role of intermediaries as efficient platforms for the exchange of information, goods and payments. The generic advantage of centralised coordination is compared with the narrative that DLT and decentralised finance could substitute for intermediaries due to their efficiency advantages and the promise of lower costs. The positivist question 'cui bono?' can be applied as a litmus test of these normative narratives in comparison with existing systems. As proposed concepts 'without' intermediaries introduce other intermediaries by the backdoor and no system runs without transaction costs of some sort, the paper concludes that intermediaries cannot be simply replaced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent adoption of deep learning-based models for the processing and coding of multimedia signals has brought noticeable gains in performance, which have established deep learning-based solutions as the uncontested state-of-the-art both for computer vision tasks, targeting machine consumption, as well as, more recently, coding applications, targeting human visualization. Traditionally, applications requiring both coding and computer vision processing require first decoding the bitstream and then applying the computer vision methods to the decompressed multimedia signals. However, the adoption of deep learning-based solutions enables the use of compressed domain computer vision processing, with gains in performance and computational complexity over the decompressed domain approach. For point clouds (PCs), these gains have been demonstrated in the single available compressed domain computer vision processing solution, named Compressed Domain PC Classifier, which processes JPEG Pleno PC coding (PCC) compressed streams using a PC classifier largely compatible with the state-of-the-art spatial domain PointGrid classifier. However, the available Compressed Domain PC Classifier presents strong limitations by imposing a single, specific input size which is associated to specific JPEG Pleno PCC configurations; this limits the compression performance as these configurations are not ideal for all PCs due to their different characteristics, notably density. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes the first Adaptive Compressed Domain PC Classifier solution which includes a novel adaptive bridge model that allows to process the JPEG Pleno PCC encoded bit streams using different coding configurations, now maximizing the compression efficiency. Experimental results show that the novel Adaptive Compressed Domain PC Classifier allows JPEG PCC to achieve better compression performance by not imposing a single, specific coding configuration for all PCs, regardless of its different characteristics. Moreover, the added adaptability power can achieve slightly better PC classification performance than the previous Compressed Domain PC Classifier and largely better PC classification performance (and lower number of weights) than the PointGrid PC classifier working in the decompressed domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of underwater scenarios and missions highlights the crucial need for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to make informed decisions. Therefore, developing an efficient decision-making framework is vital to enhance productivity in executing complex tasks within tight time constraints. This paper delves into task planning and reconstruction within the AUV control decision system to enable intelligent completion of intricate underwater tasks. Behavior trees (BTs) offer a structured approach to organizing the switching structure of a hybrid dynamical system (HDS), originally introduced in the computer game programming community. In this research, an intelligent search algorithm, MCTS-QPSO (Monte Carlo tree search and quantum particle swarm optimization), is proposed to bolster the AUV's capacity in planning complex task decision control systems. This algorithm tackles the issue of the time-consuming manual design of control systems by effectively integrating BTs. By assessing a predefined set of subtasks and actions in tandem with the complex task scenario, a reward function is formulated for MCTS to pinpoint the optimal subtree set. The QPSO algorithm is then leveraged for subtree integration, treating it as an optimal path search problem from the root node to the leaf node. This process optimizes the search subtree, thereby enhancing the robustness and security of the control architecture. To expedite search speed and algorithm convergence, this paper recommends reducing the search space by pre-grouping conditions and states within the behavior tree. The efficacy and superiority of the proposed algorithm are validated through security and timeliness evaluations of the BT, along with comparisons with other algorithms for automatic AUV decision control behavior tree design. Ultimately, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed algorithm are corroborated through simulations on a multi-AUV complex task platform, showcasing its practical applicability and efficiency in real-world underwater scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agent-based modelling allows researchers to build artificial pastoral systems that are spatially explicit and allow for the examination of complex interactions between households, herds, and rangelands over long time periods. However, agent-based modelling also necessarily reduces the complexity of the pastoral systems. The question that we examine in this paper is how researchers model pastoral systems and what artificial pastoral systems they create. To answer that question, we systematically reviewed 35 agent-based modelling studies of pastoral systems. We examined how the studies describe the focal pastoral system, how the focal system is represented in a conceptual model, implemented in computer code, and how it emerges as an artificial pastoral system from the simulations. Our review indicates that most models are built by interdisciplinary teams, integrated into empirical studies of pastoral systems, and use a specific pastoral system as its focal system. The research problems explored in the models range from resource management, wealth dynamics, herd demography, sustainability, adaptation, mobility, and conflict. The artificial pastoral systems that emerge from these agent-based modelling studies mostly confirm current theoretical understandings that are based on empirical studies of pastoral systems. There are a few emergent patterns that have not been validated extensively in empirical studies. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of using agent-based models to create artificial pastoral systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a guest editorial for a special issue of the journal "Programming & Computer Software" titled "Recent Trends on Advanced Computing: The Converging Technologies." The issue features research and practical implementation results from researchers and industry experts in computer science, engineering, and technology. The papers cover a range of topics including microservices, software quality, user engagement on social media, non-functional requirements, medical software architecture, fallacies in political speeches, intelligent learning environments, and more. The guest editors for this special issue are Prof. Dr. Andrei Tchernykh, Prof. Reyes Juárez Ramírez, Dr. Esteban Mocskos, and Prof. Sergio Nesmachnow. [Extracted from the article]

We seek a unified and distinctive citation description of both journals and individuals. The journal impact factor has a restrictive definition that constrains its extension to individuals, whereas the h-index for individuals can easily be applied to journals. Going beyond any single parameter, the shape of each negative slope Hirsch curve of citations vs. rank index is distinctive. This shape can be described through five minimal parameters or 'flags': the h-index itself on the curve; the average citation of each segment on either side of h; and the two axis endpoints. We obtain the five flags from real data for two journals and 10 individual faculty, showing they provide unique citation fingerprints, enabling detailed comparative assessments. A computer code is provided to calculate five flags as the output, from citation data as the input. Since papers (citations) can form nodes (links) of a network, Hirsch curves and five flags could carry over to describe local degree sequences of general networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational thinking (CT) is seen as a key competence of the 21st century and different countries have started to integrate it into their compulsory school curricula. However, few indications exist on how to assess CT in compulsory school. This review analyses what tools are used to assess CT in European schools and which dimensions are assessed. We analysed 26 studies carried out in K-12 between 2016 and 2020 in Europe. The results indicate that 18 different tools have been used and they can be categorized into five groups: questionnaires, tests/tasks, observations, interviews and analysis of products. From the tools we analysed, more than 50 dimensions were assessed and the vast majority of those were closer to programming skills rather than CT per se. Based on these results it seems that a common operational definition of CT, a competence model that indicates which competences students should reach at which age, and a tool that allows all different facets of CT to be assessed are currently missing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related technologies have a long history of being used in education for motivating learners and enhancing learning. However, there have also been critiques for a too uncritical and naïve implementation of AI in education (AIED) and the potential misuse of the technology. With the release of the virtual assistant ChatGPT from OpenAI, many educators and stakeholders were both amazed and horrified by the potential consequences for education. One field with a potential high impact of ChatGPT is programming education in Computer Science (CS), where creating assessments has long been a challenging task due to the vast amount of programming solutions and support on the Internet. This now appears to have been made even more challenging with ChatGPT's ability to produce both complex and seemingly novel solutions to programming questions. With the support of data collected from interactions with ChatGPT during the spring semester of 2023, this position paper investigates the potential opportunities and threats of ChatGPT for programming education, guided by the question: What could the potential consequences of ChatGPT be for programming education? This paper applies a methodological approach inspired by analytic autoethnography to investigate, experiment, and understand a novel technology through personal experiences. Through this approach, the authors have documented their interactions with ChatGPT in field diaries during the spring semester of 2023. Topics for the questions have related to content and assessment in higher education programming courses. A total of 6 field diaries, with 82 interactions (1 interaction = 1 question + 1 answer) and additional reflection notes, have been collected and analysed with thematic analysis. The study finds that there are several opportunities and threats of ChatGPT for programming education. Some are to be expected, such as that the quality of the question and the details provided highly impact the quality of the answer. However, other findings were unexpected, such as that ChatGPT appears to be "lying" in some answers and to an extent passes the Turing test, although the intelligence of ChatGPT should be questioned. The conclusion of the study is that ChatGPT have potential for a significant impact on higher education programming courses, and probably on education in general. The technology seems to facilitate both cheating and enhanced learning. What will it be? Cheating or AI-enhanced learning? This will be decided by our actions now since the technology is already here and expanding fast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alan Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," published in 1950, is one of the founding texts in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), although the term was not coined until 1958, 4 years after his death. From the treatment of human intelligence as computational and the brain as mechanical to the comparison of animals to machines to the disregard for the materiality of computers to programming as a stand-in for procreation to fiction-inspired science, many of the core tenets that have shaped the field of AI have their origins in Turing's paper. A close analysis of the paper exposes some of the problematic logic underlying these tenets that are now proving damaging for both society and the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey paper can fill a literature gap in LAN/Ethernet modulation and coding scheme. During the past several decades, even though there were many technical papers on MCS technologies in the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard development process, those papers are only technical discussions for specific technical proposals and analysis for special application scenarios. There is no paper providing a historical overview of IEEE LAN/Ethernet MCS system. This paper is proposing to establish a research project to cover MCS deficiency gap analysis in the application field of LAN (Ethernet) communications systems. Research on LMGA is a mission to collect information on LAN MCS technologies, conduct analysis on the gaps between MCS practices and market needs so that in the future MCS Innovation development stages including technical requirements and proposal selections, LAN MCS gaps can be filled and to facilitate quick application and adoption into the field for new MCS technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, academic research relies not only on sharing with the academic community the scientific results obtained by research groups while studying certain phenomena but also on sharing computer codes developed within the community. In the field of atomistic modeling, these were software packages for classical atomistic modeling, and later for quantum-mechanical modeling; currently, with the fast growth of the field of machine-learning potentials, the packages implement such potentials. In this paper, we present the MLIP-3 package for constructing moment tensor potentials and performing their active training. This package builds on the MLIP-2 package [Novikov et al., "The MLIP package: moment tensor potentials with MPI and active learning," Mach. Learn.: Sci. Technol., 2(2), 025002 (2020)], however, with a number of improvements, including active learning on atomic neighborhoods of a possibly large atomistic simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning computer programming is typically difficult for newcomers. Demotivation and learned helplessness have received much attention. Besides the subject's intricacy, low in-class participation has been associated with poor student achievement. This paper presents a follow-up, stage 2 study on the novel instructional technique, Student-Driven Probe Instruction (SDPI), to address low in-class participation in programming courses. Instead of the teacher lecturing/explaining content to the class and asking questions, students were shown a snippet of code or other relevant material and given the option to ask questions beforehand. The study was conducted in two stages: stage 1 pilot and stage 2. This paper presents the results of stage 2, while stage 1 operations and results are discussed briefly. The number of questions asked in class, real-time Trello board postings, and emails/Slack conversations with the instructor were used to track participation. In-class participation showed significant improvement. Average quiz and in-class activity scores showed marginal gains. Results from the endof-course survey show that students preferred SDPI over the traditional lecture style since it stirred their interest in the content and provided them the confidence to ask questions in class. The study is purely exploratory in nature, and no conclusions can be drawn due to the extremely small sample size of the student population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges arising in internet of military things (IoMT) is accommodating massive connectivity while providing guaranteed quality of service (QoS) in terms of ultra-high reliability. In this regard, this paper presents a class of code-domain nonorthogonal multiple accesses (NOMAs) for uplink ultra reliable networking of massive IoMT based on tactical datalink such as Link-16 and joint tactical information distribution system (JTIDS). In the considered scenario, a satellite equipped with Nr antennas servers K devices including vehicles, drones, ships, sensors, handset radios, etc. Nonorthogonal coded modulation, a special form of multiple input multiple output (MIMO)-NOMA is proposed. The discussion starts with evaluating the output signal to interference-plus-noise (SINR) of receiver filter, leading to the unveiling of a closed-form expression for overloading systems as the number of users is significantly larger than the number of devices admitted such that massive connectivity is rendered. The expression allows for the development of simple yet successful interference suppression based on power allocation and phase shaping techniques that maximizes the sum rate since it is equivalent to fixed-point programming as can be proved. The proposed design is exemplified by nonlinear modulation schemes such as minimum shift keying (MSK) and Gaussian MSK (GMSK), two pivotal modulation formats in IoMT standards such as Link-16 and JITDS. Numerical results show that near capacity performance is offered. Fortunately, the performance is obtained using simple forward error corrections (FECs) of higher coding rate than existing schemes do, while the transmit power is reduced by 6 dB. The proposed design finds wide applications not only in IoMT but also in deep space communications, where ultra reliability and massive connectivity is a keen concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system are used in industries to monitor the machines' performances. The machine produced many data that fed into the computer for processing. From the data given, the controller or operator will know the performance of the machines. In this research, the use of SCADA is proposed to monitor the enrolment process in an institution. The proposed SCADA system is a mobile SCADA where an app is designed to monitor the number of candidates enrolled, dropped the programmes enrolled and reasons of dropping the programmes enrolled. All the detail of enrolment data is fed from the front-line operators and the data is interface to the management's mobile terminal via the Internet connection. The paper provides the design of the system using Fuzzy Logic (FL) technology and the app design. The results will show how the Fuzzy Logic (FL) plays an important role to manage and control the data of the enrolment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides a detailed overview of the development of a containment pressure and temperature (P/T) analysis methodology for advanced power reactor 1400 (APR1400) nuclear power plants (NPPs). The study addresses the restrictions on exporting independent nuclear power plants by utilizing the containment analysis package (CAP) computer code developed in Korea. One of the key aspects highlighted in the paper is the comparison of results obtained from the CAP code with those from the CONTEMPT-LT/028 code which is used P/T analysis. The analysis focuses on two types of accidents: loss of coolant accidents (LOCA) and main steam line break (MSLB) accidents, which are considered as design basis accidents. By comparing the outcomes of both codes, the paper evaluates the performance and effectiveness of the CAP code in predicting the P/T behavior within the containment during these accidents. The paper also discusses the criteria and technical standards for the containment P/T analysis. It emphasizes the importance of ensuring that the peak P/T remain within the safety related systems, equipment, and structures of NPP. The design pressure is identified as a critical factor in achieving these objectives. In conclusion, the study presents the successful development of a containment P/T analysis methodology using the CAP computer code for APR1400. The methodology considers the specific characteristics of Korean NPPs and new code, CAP. The paper emphasizes the applicability and effectiveness of the CAP code in this context. However, further research and validation efforts are recommended to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the methodology for various design basis accidents. The developed methodology is expected to contribute to the safe and efficient operation of APR1400 NPPs and support Korea's ambitions in exporting NPPs' technology to other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction project delays can stem from a myriad of factors and pose significant challenges for owners and contractors. While numerous methods for analyzing delays exist, the majority are designed for network scheduling, lack contemporaneous tracking (i.e., do not allow for identifying and tracking delays as they occur), and struggle with attributing delays to specific stakeholders. Therefore, this paper introduces a novel graphical approach to monitor delays by comparing as-planned and as-built schedules at the activity level. Distinguished by its contemporaneous nature, the new method allows real-time tracking and quantification of delays. This facilitates identifying their origin and potential causes. Rules for constructing the graphs of various delay scenarios are demonstrated for typical activity combinations. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated via a case study that showcases its practical application. Implementing it is straightforward, and while the method could be applied to network schedules, its relevance lies in linear and repetitive schedules. The cyclic nature of tasks in such schedules underscores the importance of contemporaneous delay tracking to facilitate swift remedial actions and pinpoint liability. Practical Applications: In this study, the authors present a new way to track delay using graphs by comparing starts, productivities, and finishes of as-planned and as-built schedules at the activity level. Because it is contemporaneous, the new approach tracks and measures delays in real time, currently manually, but easily implemented as computer code. This method makes it easier to find the source and possible causes of activity and project delays. Detailed rules are derived for common activity scenarios and interactions on how to create the respective graphs. A real-world study demonstrates how the proposed method can be used to substantiate its potential value to practitioners in industry. The proposed approach is practical, and while it could be used for network schedules, it is especially useful for linear and repetitive schedules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]