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Evaluation criteria for different disciplines vary from subject to subject such as Computer science, Medicine, Management, Commerce, Art, Humanities and so on. Various evaluation criteria are being used to measure the retention of the students’ knowledge. Some of them are in-class assignments, take home assignments, group projects, individual projects and final examinations. When conducting lectures in higher education institutes there can be more than one method to evaluate students to measure their retention of knowledge. During the short period of the semester system we should be able to evaluate students in several ways. There are practical issues when applying multiple evaluation criteria. Time management, number of students per subject, how many lectures delivered per semester and the length of the syllabus are the main issues. The focus of this paper however, is on identification , finding advantages and proposing an evaluation criterion for Computer based testing for programming subjectsin higher education institutes in Sri Lanka. Especially when evaluating hand written answers students were found to have done so many mistakes such as programming mistakes. Therefore they lose considerable marks. Our method increases the efficiency and the productivity of the student’s and also reduces the error rate considerably. It also has many benefits for the lecturer. With the low number of academic members it is hard to spend more time to evaluate them closely. A better evaluation criterion is very important for the students in this discipline because they should stand on their own feet to survive in the industry.

We report on work in progress in building an environment for the validation of the meta-theory of programming languages artifacts, for example the correctness of compiler translations; the basic idea is to couple property-based testing with binders-aware functional programming as the meta-language for specification and testing. Treating binding signatures and related notions, such as new names generation, \(\alpha \)-equivalence and capture-avoiding substitution correctly and effectively is crucial in the verification and validation of programming language (meta)theory. We use Haskell as our meta-language, since it offers various libraries for both random and exhaustive generation of tests, as well as for binders. We validate our approach on benchmarks of mutations presented in the literature and some examples of code “in the wild”. In the former case, not only did we very quickly (re)discover all the planted bugs, but we achieved that with very little configuration effort with comparison to the competition. In the second case we located several simple bugs that had survived for years in publicly available (academic) code. We believe that our approach adds to the increasing evidence of the usefulness of property-based testing for semantic engineering of programming languages, in alternative or prior to full verification.

Block-based programming languages and their development environments have become a widely used educational platform for novices to learn how to program. In addition, these languages and environments have been increasingly embraced by domain experts to develop end-user software. Though popular for having a "low floor" (easy to get started), programs written in block-based languages often become unwieldy as projects grow progressively more complex. Software refactoring — improving the design quality of a codebase while preserving its external functionality — has been shown highly effective as a means of improving the quality of software written in text-based languages. Unfortunately, programming environments for blocks lack systematic software refactoring support. In this position paper, we argue that first-class software refactoring support must become an essential feature in programming environments for blocks; we present our research vision and concrete research directions, including program analysis to detect "code smells," automated transformations for block-based programs to support common refactoring techniques, and integration of refactoring into introductory computing curricula.

Lateral flow tests (LFTs) are well-suited for rapid point-of-care testing in low resource settings. The wicking action of the paper strip moves the sample and reagents through the device without a need for pumps, but LFTs are typically limited to tests that can be carried out in a single fluidic step. The materials from LFTs can be reconfigured to create paper networks that automatically carry out multi-step fluidic operations, while retaining the same easy-to-use format as a conventional LFT. Here, we describe basic principles of wicking and system-level behavior of paper networks by analogy to electrical circuits. We describe key design principles for a previously-developed 2D paper network (2DPN) and introduce an alternative linear paper network (Pseudo-1DPN) that takes advantage of system-level behavior to perform clean sequential fluid delivery while reducing device running time.

This chapter outlines two very different approaches to using physical paper documents as natural input devices to computers. The DigitalDesk is a computer-enhanced desk that uses a video camera to detect and recognize paper documents, while Xerox’s “Intelligent Paper” is specially produced paper containing invisible marks that uniquely identify each sheet. Both allow the visible contents of the paper to be matched to a corresponding digital document. This, in turn, allows natural actions, such as pointing to an item on a page, to be used to initiate computer actions. The overall effect is to blur the conventional distinction between paper and digital documents.

Specifying policies doesn't occur in splendid isolation but as part of refining an enterprise specification. The roles, the tasks, and the business processes of an ODP community provide the basic alphabet over which we write our policies. We illustrate this through exploring a conference programme committee case study. We discuss how we might formulate policies and show how policies are refined alongside the refinement of the overall system specification, developing notions of sufficiency and necessity. Policy delegation is also discussed and we categorise different forms of delegating an obligation.

A system has been built that embeds arbitrary digital data in an iconic representation of a text image. For encoding, a page image containing text is analyzed for the text regions. A highly reduced image of the page is generated, with an iconic version of the text that encodes an input data stream substituting for the text regions. The data is encoded into modulations of rectangular iconic representations of text words, where the length, height and vertical positioning of rectangles, as well as the spacing between rectangles, can all be independently varied. No correspondence need be maintained between the words in the document and the word icons. Word icons or other marks on each line can be used for identifying, calibrating and justifying iconic text. Decoding proceeds by finding iconic lines and determining the iconic word sizes and locations. Word icons printed with 8x reduction are reliably decoded from 300 ppi binary scans. One application is to present iconified first pages of many documents on a sheet of paper, where the URL of each document is encoded in its icon. Icon scanning and selection then allows retrieval of the full document. Another use is to print an icon on every page of a document, containing meta-information about the document or the specific page, such as the version, revision history, keywords, authorization, or a signed hashing of the full image for authentication.

Exploiting the performance potential of distributed memory machines requires a careful distribution of data across the processors. Vienna FORTRAN is a language extension of FORTRAN which provides the user with a wide range of facilities for such mapping of data structures. However, programs in Vienna FORTRAN are written using global data references. Thus, the user has the advantage of a shared memory programming paradigm while explicitly controlling the placement of data. The basic features of Vienna FORTRAN are presented along with a set of examples illustrating the use of these features.

"Information Technology Division Technical Paper Abstracts 1994" documents the accomplishments of projects at the six branches of the Information Technology Division. The six branches are: Navy Center for Applied Research in Artificial Intelligence (NCARAI) including: computational reasoning for intelligent decision aids, intelligent M4 (multi-media, multi-modal) systems, interface design and evaluation, machine learning, and sensor-based systems; Communication Systems, Center for Computer High Assurance Systems, Transmission Technology, Advanced Information Technology, and Center for Computational Science. Points of contact are indicated for acquiring additional technical information about the projects, and an order form is provided for obtaining copies of the publications abstracted.

Significant gains in programmer productivity have been achieved through the use of simple abstraction mechanisms that enhance the reuse of code. There are other useful forms of abstraction (over arbitrary identifier bindings, for example) which could further increase reuse rates, but are not well supported by programming languages; such forms may be better expressed by exploiting mechanisms provided by an integrated programming environment. This paper outlines ongoing work which aims to provide programming environment mechanisms that support the reuse of code via various forms of abstraction that complement those traditionally provided by programming languages. The concept of derivation-based reuse is also defined, and a generic framework for its support is outlined. In addition, a collection of environment mechanisms, intended to fit within this framework, are outlined.

Global Optimization (GO) is an area of applied mathemetics that has been active for many years. A large variety of GO algorithms have been constructed in an effort to find a solution to the general GO problem. Some of these have proved to be successful on certain classes of problems. However no general deterministic algorithm exists that can locate the global optimum for every multidimensional problem. Traditionally in the lens design discipline the search for an optimum solution in the design space has been done by optimization methods. The conventional design methods are in principle local search methods and do not pmvide any global information on the design space. As the available computer power increases GO tools can be used also in optical design. A two phase search algorithm based on global optimization techniques is described. In a first phase using a coarse sampling approach the program finds the favorable regions that correspond to potentially promising configurations. In a second phase conventional optimization routines are used to find the best solutions in eh region. Then an optimum solution is determined according to the application at hand. The pro algorithm is analyzed and compared to more conventional design approaches. A further refmement of the algorithm excludes from the systematic search some unfavorable configuration regions through the use of a simple expert system. Search times are further reduced through parallel-processing methods. We believe this approach to lens design represents new initiative towards the determination of the optimum solution in any lens design problem. 1.

A low-cost data recording system was developed for a two-parameter cosmic-ray experiment of low event rate. The computer programming and equipment design were closely coordinated.

This paper surveys the evolution of “high-lever” programming languages during the first decade of computer programming activity. We discuss the contributions of Zuse in 1945 (the “Plankalkul”), Goldstine and von Neumann in 1946 (“Flow Diagrams”), Curry in 1948 (“Composition”), Mauchly et al. in 1949 (“Short Code”), Burks in 1950 (“Intermediate PL”), Rutishauser in 1951 (“Klammerausdrucke”), Bohm in 1951 (“Formules”), Glennie in 1952 (“AUTOCODE”), Hopper et al. in 1953 (“A-2”), Laning and Zierler in 1953 (“Algebraic Interpreter”), Backus et al. in 1954–1957 (“FORTRAN”), Brooker in 1954 (“Mark I AUTOCODE”), Kamynin and Liubimskii in 1954 (“ΠΠ-2”), Ershov in 1955 (“ΠΠ”), Grems and Porter in 1955 (“BACAIC”), Elsworth et al. in 1955 (“Kompiler 2”), Blum in 1956 (“ADES”), Perlis et al. in 1956 (“IT”), Katz et al. in 1956–1958 (“MATH-MATIC”), Bauer and Samelson in 1956–1958 (U.S. Patent 3,047,228). The principal features of each contribution are illustrated and discussed. For purposes of comparison, a particular fixed algorithm has been encoded (as far as possible) in each of the languages. This research is based primarily on unpublished source materials, and the authors hope that they have been able to compile a fairly complete picture of the early developments in this area.

Publisher Summary This chapter explains techniques for increasing a layperson's view of computers and computer programming. It discusses the usefulness of five recommendations concerning the design of computer literacy curricula: (1) provide the learner with a concrete model of the computer; (2) encourage the learner to actively restate the new technical information in his or her own words; (3) assess the learner's existing intuitions about computer operation and try to build on them, or modify them, as needed; (4) provide the learner with methods for chunking statements into a larger, single, meaningful unit; and (5) provide the learner with methods for analyzing statements into smaller, meaningful parts. Each recommendation is concerned with increasing the meaningfulness of learning new computer information by novices. Information enters the human cognitive system from the outside and must go through the following steps: (1) reception, (2) availability, and (3) activation.

This document contains summaries of paper presented at the conference of the following topics: mechanized reasoning; reasoning about computations; acquisition and matching of patterns; problems of robotics; knowledge-based systems; logic programming; programs of the brain, and philosphies of man and machine.

The purpose of IDA Paper P-2266 is to document the goals and proposed contents of a software test and evaluation (T and E) policy for the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO). Such a policy would enable SDIO to obtain consistent results from software T and E, obtain the maximum benefit from available T and E technology, and provide support for a Full-Scale Development decision. In general, the software T and E policy will be the mechanism for defining the activities and responsibilities of the various T and E participants in achieving the necessary change in practices and attitudes to ensure effective T and E. Findings, conclusions, and recommendations are listed.

This paper explores in general terms the organization and characteristics of war games and develops the use of the application of display terminals and information processing equipment to war-game activities. The author identifies particular display requirements and analyzes the data flow between components of the game in order to establish at what nodal points display equipment can be of significant value in terms of increased response and report generation. A minimum equipment configuration is described that should provide war-gaming activities with a solid capability for increased and improved research output. The software requirements to support the computer-assisted war game, with particular emphasis upon the display aspect, is developed in general terms.

Considerations and procedures for applying performance-structure oriented CAI in Naval training are described, in terms of a general diagram of the necessary elements in a CAI system. The fundamental objective is to lead the student to develop his own cognitive structures that will serve him for generating the surface structures of tasks. The instructional system must accomplish this by scheduling a suitable sequence for each student. The developmental steps, from job task-structure analyses to computer programs, are described. Examples of instructional flowcharts, programmer's flowcharts, and data encoding procedures used in the development of the RIO trainer are presented.

This session is concerned with new ideas and experiences in computer science education. The session will focus on the following questions:(1) How effective a tool is computer programming for motivating minority junior high school students toward professional careers in engineering, computer science, and other related areas?(2) Can different learning styles be detected? Can programming courses be designed to take these styles into account?(3) Should we stop teaching long division, and instead supply all elementary school children with calculators?(4) Can a viable computer science program in a business school be designed by examining the professional needs of the local business community?

Being able to create a computer program is one of the main skill that the younger generations must be capable to have, beginning in their earliest stages of education. We believe that this will be a determinant factor in accessing to more rewarding professional careers and, hopefully, a better quality of life. However, it is noticeable how despite having ubiquitous access to computer equipment they often are unable to produce digital content. One of the main reasons is the lack of familiarity with the basic concepts required to structure a computer program. Our approach aims to curve that problem by offering our users with an introduction to computer programming that uses their own physical space as a testing ground, via their smartphones. We employ the Karel programming language and augmented reality to help students master the basic skills required for creating their own code. In this paper we present the earliest results of our basic prototyping tests and a scope of the following implementation stages.

This research to practice full paper explores the role of programming workshops for girls of primary education in changing perceptions and interests of this audience regarding joining this field. A programming workshop with the playful environment Scratch and a teaching-learning approach based on challenges was held in a middle school of city in the northeast of Brazil, and was analyzed using a mixed-methods case study. Results point to increased interest in the field after the workshop and no confirmation of erroneous stereotypes about the area. We conclude that this type of workshop is relevant to better understand and potentially improve girls’ perceptions about the field of computing.

This paper addresses the problem of how to evaluate the quality of a model built from the data in a multi-objective optimization scenario, where two or more quality criteria must be simultaneously optimized. A typical example is a scenario where one wants to maximize both the accuracy and the simplicity of a classification model or a candidate attribute subset in attribute selection. One reviews three very different approaches to cope with this problem, namely: (a) transforming the original multi-objective problem into a single-objective problem by using a weighted formula; (b) the lexicographical approach, where the objectives are ranked in order of priority; and (c) the Pareto approach, which consists of finding as many non-dominated solutions as possible and returning the set of non-dominated solutions to the user. One also presents a critical review of the case for and against each of these approaches. The general conclusions are that the weighted formula approach -- which is by far the most used in the data mining literature -- is to a large extent an ad-hoc approach for multi-objective optimization, whereas the lexicographic and the Pareto approach are more principled approaches, and therefore deserve more attention from the data mining community.

The goal of this position paper is to contribute to a clear understanding of the profound differences between the association-rule discovery and the classification tasks. We argue that the classification task can be considered an ill-defined, nondeterministic task, which is unavoidable given the fact that it involves prediction; while the standard association task can be considered a well-defined, deterministic, relatively simple task, which does not involve prediction in the same sense as the classification task does.

Why did Constructivist artists of the 60s and 70s find it so hard to switch from calculators and graph paper to BASIC and PCs? Was there something in their pre-computer 'programmatic' ways of working that did not readily transfer to computer programming - something that could now be recovered and used to refresh current software based art practices that constantly struggle with the limitations of proprietary operating systems, desktop interfaces and network protocols?

This short paper deals with the similarities (for teaching) between computer science as a discipline and other disciplines: for example it is like maths in one way and like medicine in another, and like English in yet another. The paper addresses the question as to how — as teachers — we can (and should) use examples from the teaching of those disciplines to enhance our own.

Monte Carlo simulation is considered the most reliable method for modeling photon migration in heterogeneous media. However, its widespread use is hindered by the high computational cost. The purpose of this work is to report on our implementation of a simple MapReduce method for performing fault-tolerant Monte Carlo computations in a massively-parallel cloud computing environment. We ported the MC321 Monte Carlo package to Hadoop, an open-source MapReduce framework. In this implementation, Map tasks compute photon histories in parallel while a Reduce task scores photon absorption. The distributed implementation was evaluated on a commercial compute cloud. The simulation time was found to be linearly dependent on the number of photons and inversely proportional to the number of nodes. For a cluster size of 240 nodes, the simulation of 100 billion photon histories took 22 min, a 1258 × speed-up compared to the single-threaded Monte Carlo program. The overall computational throughput was 85,178 photon histories per node per second, with a latency of 100 s. The distributed simulation produced the same output as the original implementation and was resilient to hardware failure: the correctness of the simulation was unaffected by the shutdown of 50% of the nodes.

A new generation of opto-electronic signal processors has been developing during the past several years. These processors are designed to perform algebraic operations like matrix-vector and matrix-matrix multiplication. In this paper key architectural developments are reviewed and major algorithmic methods and problems are discussed.

Lector is an electronic device which scans defined positions on specially printed forms for the presence or absence of pencil marks. It punches onto paper tape the data coded by these marks, using a tape‐code which a computer can read. The designer of Lector forms should ideally be skilled in all the usual techniques of form design and in computer programming, especially in the fields of data processing and error checking. In 1965 alternative available systems were compared and it was decided that the Forestry Commission's Research Division should use Lector to process data. As well as small‐scale tests, 170,000 Census of Woodland forms have since been processed with Lector. From this experience the following main conclusions are drawn. Lector is used most economically for processing long runs of data of uniform layout. Special techniques for form design and printing exist and expert help from the makers of Lector is especially necessary during the early stages of planning Lector's use. Special automatic checking systems are also necessary to trap errors in the system. These errors can spring from several sources and records which attribute errors to causes help to build up experience objectively.

One of the first challenges for the students that begin to study the computing field is to learn how to program a computer. Nowadays, digital immersive environments are being used in Education with positive results. This paper presents a systematic literature review about the usage of immersive environments (VR or AR) in the teaching and learning of logic and/or computer programming. This paper presents the bases of scientific papers used to search the literature, the results and an analysis of the papers found.

PurposeIn the construction sector, the knowledge-based process outgrows its emphasis on technological aspects. Yet, there is a lack of applied studies showing how a procurement system (PS) could be selected in the digital age. In particular, there is a radical need to establish an innovative process to visualise novel PS decision. Therefore, this paper aims to present a knowledge visualised framework for aiding construction PS decision-making.Design/methodology/approachThis paper describes the construction of process innovation. The framework (process) is supported by four influential decision supporting methods (mean utility values, analytic hierarchy process, fuzzy set theory and Delphi method) and computer programming (Matlab).FindingsThere are four stages of this framework: (1) uniform rating for decision alternatives; (2) group decision for determining the decision attribute; (3) determining the final choice; (4) reporting the cognitive computing process. Supported by individual and groups decision dynamics, this framework emphasises how the dashboard aided innovative approach enables the induction of understanding, cognitive computing for decision-making and how the information would precisely be represented, which are vital requirements of modern construction.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper presents two leverage points that support the modern PS decision. Firstly, this paper provides a holistic view of the decision supporting methods on the basis of how a suitable PS would be systematically sought. Based on the existing studies, this paper upgrades into a visualised knowledge decision supporting process. It helps the participants understand and improve their cognitive learning. Secondly, this framework allows the participants to have a view of the individual and group decisions. It sheds light on the development of the collaborative decision-making process.

PurposeDuring the service period of communication satellite systems, their performance is often degraded due to the depletion mechanism. In this paper, the grey system theory is applied to the multi-state system effectiveness evaluation and the grey Lz-transformation ADC (availability, dependability and capability) effectiveness evaluation model is constructed to address the characteristics of the communication satellite system such as different constituent subsystems, numerous states and the inaccuracy and insufficiency of data.Design/methodology/approachThe model is based on the ADC effectiveness evaluation method, combined with the Lz transformation and uses the definite weighted function of the three-parameter interval grey number as a bridge to incorporate the possibility of system performance being greater than the task demand into the effectiveness solution algorithm. At the same time, using MATLAB (Matrix laboratory) to solve each state probability, the same performance level in the Lz transform is combined. Then, the system effectiveness is obtained by Python.FindingsThe results show that the G-Lz-ADC model constructed in this paper can accurately evaluate the effectiveness of static/dynamic systems and certain/uncertain system and also has better applicability in evaluating the effectiveness of the multi-state complex system.Practical implicationsThe G-Lz-ADC effectiveness evaluation model constructed in this paper can effectively reduce the complexity of traditional effectiveness evaluation models by combining the same performance levels in the Lz-transform and solving the effectiveness of the system with the help of computer programming, providing a new method for the effectiveness evaluation of the complex MSS. At the same time, the weaknesses of the system can be identified, providing a theoretical basis for improving the system’s effectiveness.Originality/valueThe possibility solution method based on the definite weighted function comparing the two three-parameter interval grey numbers is constructed, which compensates for the traditional calculation of the probability based on numerical values and subjective preferences of decision-makers. Meanwhile, the effectiveness evaluation model integrates the basic theories of three-parameter interval grey number and its definite weighted function, Grey−Markov, grey universal generating function (GUGF), grey multi-state system (GMSS), etc., which is an innovative method to solve the effectiveness of a multi-state instantaneous communication satellite system.

In the area of logistics management both managers and engineers rely primarily on proven computational algorithms, for this reason, it is often difficult to convince them to the use of artificial neural networks in solving decision problems. The paper presents the possibilities of using the FANN library in building of a computer application applied in the area of logistics. The possibilities of the component are presented on the example of applications of artificial neural networks to estimate the capacity of transport vehicles based on their dimensions. The example presented in the work was solved with the use of a multi-network Layered Perceptron. The example depicted not only the possibility of using artificial neural networks for solving poorly structured tasks but also practical application of the TFannNetwork component

This paper discusses learning theories, STEM, educational robotics as well as the current generation of students found in classrooms by reviewing previous and current academic literature on these topics, to assist in ascertaining the current advancements and theories related to the Robot-based learning approach as well as how these advancements have helped improve this approach and enabled educators to better make use of it. Furthermore, this paper reviews previous academic literature on computer programming to discuss the current learning approaches in use and the kind of learning tools being utilized. Once this topics are reviewed the reader can have a clear picture of the learning approach, what learning theory does it belong too, the type of students found in the classroom as well as what motivates them and the subject that is being taught as well as the different learning tools for this subject. The reader will also learn why improving the effectiveness of how programming is learned helps create more students good in STEM and how it assists in realising the Malaysian Educational Development Plan. This paper reviewed literature from the year 2014 and above as the information is more relevant and current, except for literature that is from a leading or renowned individual in any field that is being discussed in this dissertation.

The present paper investigates computer programming of the readability feature inAl-Fatihah(Arabic: ٱلْفَاتِحَة‎), the first chapter (Surah) of the Quraan, with its English equivalent and whether the different statistics scores of readability may affect the translation’s value of the holy text (Al-Fatihah) compared to its target text equivalent. This paper uses the computer programming of readability tests. It uses different formulas as (i) Flesch Kincaid Reading Ease; (ii) Flesch Kincaid Grade Level; (iii) Gunning Fog Score; (iv) SMOG Index; (v) Coleman Liau Index; and (vi) Automated Readability Index. These formulas identify the easiness of the source text compare to the translated text (target text). This study identifies the readability scores that may affect the translation text compared to the source text. The study reveals that the readability scoring tests between Arabic (ST), Arabic –Latin (Transliteration), and the target text (TT) English version ofSuratAl-Fātiḥahfrom The holy BookAl Quraanare different. The ST is much easier to read by their audience than the TT readers. It also affirms that the translating process may cause slightly changes in the TT compared to the ST ones. Finally, the lack of knowledge of such computer software during the translating process may increase or decrease the complexity of the text for readers.

Sand control measures in horizontal wells are mainly based on screens. Horizontal wells have a certain length of horizontal displacement and the kick-off section with large curvature. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the safety of the screen downhole run before it runs into the hole, in order to minimize the running risk. In this paper, the pipe string is divided into sections, and the equivalent force for each elementary section is analyzed. Then, the axial force and friction resistance of the pipe string are calculated. According to the buckling criterion of the string and the mechanical strength theory, this paper evaluates whether the screen can safely and smoothly run down to the bottom of the well. This analytical method of solving the physical model is feasible and easy to understand and can be implemented using computer programming applications.

The dynamically developing IT industry is struggling with the lack of qualified software developers. The number of students in this area could be increased if more youngsters were familiar with programming in the public education system. The developed kodosulosuli.hu portal offers interactive programming courses and coding challenges in three different programming languages: C++, C# and Java for free. Our goal with the design and development of kodolosuli.hu was to give the younger generation the opportunity to learn the basics of programming in a playful way. We started operating the portal in 2016. In this paper, we primarily present the experience gained over the last 4 years and the results of the analysis of the data collected during the operation of the portal. Based on the collected experiences, the possible future development directions are also presented. This paper also outlines our future goals, which are primarily aimed at enhancing learning efficiency.

When solving counting problems, students often struggle with determining what they are trying to count (and thus what problem type they are trying to solve and, ultimately, what formula appropriately applies). There is a need to explore potential interventions to deepen students’ understanding of key distinctions between problem types and to differentiate meaningfully between such problems. In this paper, we investigate undergraduate students’ understanding of sets of outcomes in the context of elementary Python computer programming. We show that four straightforward program conditional statements seemed to reinforce important conceptual understandings of four canonical combinatorial problem types. We also suggest that the findings in this paper represent one example of a way in which a computational setting may facilitate mathematical learning.

This paper presents Zika Virus Analysis. Zika virus infection during pregnancy causes neurological disorder, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and birth defects in newborns. No cure or vaccine is available. The study of genome replication will bring some insight into the Zika virus. One of the important tasks in the cell is Genome replication. The daughter cells inherit its own copy of the genome, and then the cell divides in the process of genome replication. Ori is the position in the genome where the genome replicates. Finding the position of ori is a complicated task even for biologists. This task can be performed using Genome analysis. This paper presents the Genome analysis of Zika virus using innovative programming techniques instead of using a laboratory. Identifying the position ori will help the biologist in finding the position where the genome replication occurs.

In the past decade software products have become pervasive in many aspects of people's lives around the world. Unfortunately, the quality of the experience an individual has interacting with that software is dependent on the quality of the software itself, and it is becoming more and more evident that many large software products contain a range of issues and errors, and these issues are not known to the developers of these systems, and they are unaware of the deleterious impacts of those issues on the individuals who use these systems. The authors of this paper are developing a new digital ethics curriculum for the instruction of computer science students. In this paper we present case studies that were explored to demonstrate programming issues to First Year Computer Science students. Each case study outlines key issues associated with a particular scenario and is accompanied by specific questions to be used by the instructor to allow students to begin to reflect on, and evaluate, the implications of these issues. The objective of this teaching content is to ensure that the students are presented with, and engage with, ethical considerations early in their studies and well before they encounter them in an employment setting.

As a critical set of skills in the 21st century, computational thinking has attracted increasing attention in K-12 education. Microcontrollers, combined with LEDs, actuators, and a variety of sensors, provide students countless real-world projects, such as autonomous vehicles, smart homes, and robotics. By solving those projects through programming, students will not only learn computational skills but also benefit from the hands-on activities to get some experience on solving real-world problems. It makes microcontroller projects a perfect tool to develop the computational thinking skills of K-12 students. Our previous work has proposed a solution for higher graders to program Arduino through Ch, a C/C++ interpreter. It is necessary, however, to develop a platform for lower graders (K-6) since most of them do not have the ability to type through the keyboard. This paper extends our previous work such that students can program Arduino on RoboBlockly, a block-based programming platform. In the paper, we will present two case studies to demonstrate how to build blocks to control the Arduino board and what concepts students will learn from those projects. In addition, the proposed platform also provides an interactive way of transitioning students from the block-based program to a text-based program in Ch.

Namibian children's appreciation of literature is falling behind. While children develop functional literacy, enough to search the web and read for information finding, their skills plateau due to their limited forms of reading. Thus this paper draws on a participatory approach with different stakeholders aiming to co-create a stimulating and enabling reading environment for Namibian children. Four different participatory workshops were designed to discover ways to deepen the reading culture, in particular by exploring contexts in which children would read and also author books. Acknowledging the different roles of stakeholders in an ongoing national agenda of enhancing the Namibian reading culture, it becomes clear that the various aspirations of children as expressed in their designs need to be accounted for, interpreted and translated into a feasible plan of action. The paper outlines a way of using participatory design workshops at a number of levels to obtain design inspirations for further interventions towards enhancing kids' reading experiences.

A field with two neighboring reservoirs was discovered in the Barents Sea in 2013 and 2014. After a successful extended well test of an appraisal well in 2018 and initial field planning tasks, a preliminary drilling and production schedule was proposed based on cross-domain collaboration and group work involving several disciplines. In this paper, mathematical programming is employed to model and optimize the economic value of the project in order to determine the best drilling and production schedule for the field. The optimization includes some of the technical constraints considered by the field development team while also considering uncertainties such as reservoir size, productivity of well, and cost. These have been systematically evaluated by using simulation-based optimization (sampling). The results were that the use of mathematical programming allows the field planner to evaluate several scenarios within a reasonable time frame, thereby enabling rapid changes in the decisions to respond to new information and risk considerations in a dynamic environment. This paper illustrates the benefits of utilizing mathematical programming in early field planning to optimize the drilling and production schedule.

Computer programming is an essential skill in the 21st century and new policies and frameworks aim at preparing students for computer science-related professions. Today, the development of new interfaces and block-programming languages facilitates the teaching of coding and computational thinking starting in kindergarten. However, as new programming languages that are developmentally appropriate emerge, there is a need to explicitly conceptualize pedagogical approaches for teaching computer science in the early years that embrace the maturational stages of children by inviting play and discovery, socialization, and creativity. Thus, it is not enough to copy models developed for older children, which mostly grew out of traditional Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) disciplines and instructional practices. This paper describes a pedagogical approach for early childhood computer science called “Coding as Another Language” (CAL), as well as six coding stages, or learning trajectories, that young children go through when exposed to CAL curriculum. CAL is grounded on the principle that learning to program involves learning how to use a new language (a symbolic system of representation) for communicative and expressive functions. This paper proposes that, due to the critical foundational role of language and literacy in the early years, the teaching of computer science can be augmented by models of literacy instruction. CAL supports young children in transitioning through different six coding stages. Case studies of young children using either the KIBO robot or the ScratchJr app will be used to characterize each coding stage and to illustrate the instructional practices of CAL curriculum.