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In this study we compare the titles of scientific letters and those of research papers published in the field of astrophysics in order to identify the possible differences and/or similarities between both genres in terms of several linguistic and extra-linguistic variables (length, lexical density, number of prepositions, number of compound groups, number of authors and number of countries mentioned in the paper bylines). We also carry out a cross-genre and cross-journal analysis of the referred six variables. Our main findings may be summarized as follows: (1) When compared to research paper titles, scientific letter titles are usually shorter, they have a lower lexical density, they include a higher number of prepositions per number of words and a lower number of compound groups per number of words, although they have more up to 4-word compound groups, i.e. the simplest ones. As a consequence, scientific letter titles include less information, which is also less condensed, than research paper titles. (2) The predominance of compound adjectives over compound nouns in the titles of both genres highlights the scientificity of astrophysical discourse. (3) In general terms, our data show a positive correlation between title length and the number of countries mentioned in the bylines for both genres. The positive correlation between title length and number of authors is only met in the case of research papers. In light of these findings, it may be concluded that scientific letters are a clear example of a timeliness and more "immediate" science, whereas research papers are connected to a more timeless and "elaborate" science. It may also be concluded that two different collaboration scenarios are intertwining on the basis of three separate geographic and linguistic publication contexts (Mainland Europe, The United Kingdom and The United States of North America).

The UK has the highest rate of cannabis use among young people worldwide. Dr. Alan Leshner, Director of the National Institute of Drug Abuse reports, "Every year more than 100,000 people, most of them adolescents, seek treatment for their inability to control their marijuana use." According to the Scottish Drug Misuse Statistics in Scotland 2002, 51% of individuals under 20 years have used cannabis. Cannabis use is not limited to youth; it is also the single-most used illicit drug among adults. Because of their widespread negative impact, illicit drugs have become a focus of the agenda of the English Parliament and there is ongoing debate on how to combat this problem. As the research assistant of Michael Matheson (MSP), the author compiled this report to gather information on cannabis and to assess approaches that would form the most effective cannabis policy. This research explores whether or not the recent change toward decriminalization is adequate, or if it needs further revising.

Introduction: We report an investigation on collaboration practices in research papers published in the most prestigious English-medium astrophysics journals. Method: We propose an evaluation method based on three numerical indicators to study and compare, in absolute terms, three different types of collaboration (international, national and local) and authors' mobility on the basis of co-authorship. Analysis: We analysed 300 randomly selected research papers in three different time periods and used the student's t-test to determine whether the paired two-sample differences observed were statistically significant or not. Results: International collaboration is more common than national and local collaboration. International, national and local authors' mobility and intra-national collaboration do not seriously affect the indicators of the principal levels of collaboration. International collaboration and authors' mobility are more relevant for authors publishing in European journals, whereas national and intra-national collaboration and national mobility are more important for authors publishing in US journals. Conclusions: We explain the observed differences and patterns in terms of the specific scope of each journal and the socio-economic and political situation in both geographic contexts (Europe and the USA). Our study provides a global picture of collaboration practices in astrophysics and its possible application to many other sciences and fields would undoubtedly help bring into focus the really big issues for overall research management and policy.

The prevalence of plagiarism, cheating, and other acts of academic dishonesty may be as high as 80% in populations of high school and post-secondary students. Various educational interventions have been developed and implemented in an effort to educate students about academic integrity and to prevent academic misconduct. We reviewed the peer-reviewed research literature describing face-to-face workshops, e-learning tutorials, or blended approaches for promoting academic integrity and the effectiveness of these approaches. In general, the educational interventions were described as effective in terms of satisfaction with the intervention, and changes in students' attitudes and knowledge of academic integrity. Few studies provided evidence that the educational interventions changed student behaviour or outcomes outside the context of the intervention. Future research should explore how participation in educational interventions to promote academic integrity are linked to long-term student outcomes, such as graduate school admission, alumni career success, service to society, and personal stability.

Background: The most impactful research on pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unknown. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the characteristics and impact of the 100 most-cited articles on pediatric T1D. Materials and Methods: Using a predefined bibliometric strategy, the Scopus database was searched for high-cited papers (HCPs) published from 2001 to 2020. Articles were evaluated for data on the publication year, countries, authors, journals, topics, and types. Social network analysis was performed to visualize the interaction among countries, organizations, and authors using VOSviewer software. Results: The top 100 HCPs received 390 to 4634 citations, averaging 773.5 citations per paper (CPP). The funded HCPs (n = 50) had a higher impact (CPP 791.5). The majority of HCPs (n = 83) were collaborative. Classifying by research type, 65 studies were clinical (n = 65), risk factors (n = 27), epidemiology (n = 26), pathophysiology (n = 16), treatment outcome (n = 13), genetics (n = 12), complications (n = 3), quality of life (n = 2), and prognosis (n = 1). The number of authors involved was 1,101, affiliated with 545 organizations in 27 countries; the USA (n = 64) and the UK (n = 24) were the most productive countries, whereas Australia and the UK were the most impactful. D.M. Nathan and J.M. Lawrence were the most prolific authors, while P. Raskin and J.M. Lachin were the most impactful. Conclusions: High-income countries such as the USA, UK, and Australia contribute significantly to high-impact pediatric T1D research. Funding and collaboration improve the impact of citations in publications. Less researched areas such as treatment outcomes, genetics, complications, quality of life, and prognosis should be the focus of future research on pediatric T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors classified citations included in papers presented at 10 International Society for Music Education (ISME) biennial International Research Commission Seminars across an 18-year period (1988-2006) based on the six world regions as specified by the ISME Research Commission. Citations (N = 4,535) were examined from 238 papers presented at the 12th through 21st seminars. There were 2,250 citations from 407 journals, the most prevalent sources. Twenty-eight papers from this sample were multinational in nature, with 79% (n = 22) of these by U.S. researchers as either sole or senior authors. The main result of this study is that the researchers from around the world who were presenters at these seminars primarily cited sources within their own geographical regions. Additionally, the "Journal of Research in Music Education" was by far the most referenced journal throughout the entire sample. (Contains 2 tables.)

The article offers information on the Combat Paper Project. This project assists veterans in reconciling and sharing their personal experiences through paper making workshops. The papermaking workshops allow the veterans to create cathartic works by using their uniforms worn in combat. Their old uniforms are being cut up and beaten into a pulp and then they will form it into sheets of paper. This project is being conducted in the U.S., Canada and Great Britain.

Summary: After more than 120 hand‐upper extremity and 37 face transplant procedures performed worldwide, vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) now falls under the scope of organ transplant legislation in Europe and the United States. While in the USA, VCA has been considered as standard care since 2014, VCA in Europe is still performed through clinical research trials, except in United Kingdom. However, after two decades of favourable experience with upper extremity transplantation (UET), professionals in Europe are proposing hand allotransplantation as "controlled standard" care, as opposed to face transplantation (FT), which is still a challenging activity. The European Committee on Organ Transplantation (CD‐P‐TO) has elaborated a position paper to provide recommendations concerning regulatory aspects for UET and FT. It is aimed at Health Authorities in charge of the oversight – and coordination – of organ donation and transplantation, and at professional groups to help them manage such complex and costly programs dedicated to properly selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines some selected Educational Policies of First and Second Cycle Institutions in Ghana and Burkina Faso, in comparison with that of the UK and US. The purpose of the study is to itemise the commonalities and differences in Educational Policies of both developed (UK and US) and developing countries (Ghana and Burkina Faso) in order to learn from the developed countries where necessary, and to improve upon the Educational Policies and Practices in Africa. Data collection for the study includes documents studies that involve integrated literature review. Content analysis is used as the method for data analysis. The results show that several Educational Policies of the countries under review conform to the UN Educational Policy standards and could be adopted in similar context in Africa.

This article talks about international trade in the period between 1862-1879, or the greenback period. F.W. Taussig, a professor, concluded in 1917 that with the U.S., which was using inconvertible paper money as monetary standard, borrowing heavily and continuously from Great Britain, which was using gold as basis, there will be increased sterling supply in New York and lowered cost, in U.S. paper, of imported commodities. The author noted that when both countries are on a gold basis, there will be an influx of gold from Great Britain in the U.S. and general prices will rise, while they fall in Great Britain. He concluded that the large borrowing operations of the U.S. in the 1860s was an important factor in the disturbance of the normal course of trade.

The article presents a discussion on the issue of relocation in the Family Law Act in Australia. It also offers a discussion on how and whether relocation should be defined. It also reviews the existing law on relocation and invites proposals for the amendment of the Family Law Act concerning the issue on relocation. It also outlines the proposed reforms to the family law contained in the Family Law Amendment Bill 2005 or the Shared Parental Responsibility bill. It also presents the law in other jurisdictions such as United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada, and some states of the United States.

This article attempts to highlight quantitatively the growth and development of world literature on hemophilia in terms of publications output as per SCOPUS database (2003-2017). During 2003-2017 a total of 13503 papers were published by the scientists in the field of hemophilia. The average number of publications published per year was 900. The highest number of publications 1095 was published in 2012. Out of 13503 contributions, only 18.48% (2495 papers) of single authored and rest of 11008 papers (81.52%) were multi authored. The study identifies active institutions and country-wise distributions of hemophilia research output. The yearly analysis of data shows that there is a rapid growth of literature from 2011 onwards. There were 126 countries involved in the research in this field. USA is the top producing country with 3986 authorships (29.52%) followed by United Kingdom with 1438 authorships (10.65%). Still, in an international sense, relative productivity of India is low and requires more focused research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the papers of the 19th-century British art connoisseur and curator George Scharf. The author notes that the papers, which are housed at the National Portrait Gallery in London, England, represent a remarkable repository of unpublished information regarding hundreds of old master paintings. Particular focus is paid to a series of papers relating to the art collections of the industrialist Abraham Darby IV and the art dealer John Watkins Brett. The paintings, which toured the U.S. in the 1830s, are related to early efforts to establish the first American national gallery. In addition, the author comments on the display of the paintings at the "Art Treasures of the United Kingdom" exhibition held in Manchester, England in 1857.

Introduction There is anecdotal evidence that health messages interpreted from waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) research are inconsistent, such as comparing the health effects of one WTS session with that of 100 cigarettes. This study aimed to identify key health themes about WTS discussed by online news media, and how numerical cigarette–waterpipe equivalence (CWE) was being interpreted. Methods We identified 1065 online news articles published between March 2011 and September 2012 using the ‘Google Alerts' service. We screened for health themes, assessed statements mentioning CWE and reported differences between countries. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with articles incorrectly reporting a CWE equal to or greater than 100 cigarettes, in the absence of any comparative parameter (‘CWE ≥100 cigarettes'). Results Commonly mentioned health themes were the presence of tobacco (67%) and being as bad as cigarettes (49%), and we report on differences between countries. While 10.8% of all news articles contained at least one positive health theme, 22.9% contained a statement about a CWE. Most of these (18.6% total) were incorrectly a CWE ≥100 cigarettes, a quarter of which were made by healthcare professionals/organisations. Compared with the Middle East, articles from the USA and the UK were the most significant predictors to contain a CWE ≥100 cigarettes statement. Conclusions Those wishing to write or publish information related to WTS may wish to avoid comparing WTS to cigarettes using numerical values as this is a major source of confusion. Future research is needed to address the impact of the media on the attitudes, initiation and cessation rates of waterpipe smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to bring to the attention of regulatory economists and policymakers the existence of some approaches to utility regulation that have hitherto received little or no attention in the economics literature. It begins by noting that regulatory actions have discouraged certain kinds of retail contracts in the UK that are offered in Nordic countries, almost extinguished retail competition in Ohio, and distorted the market for merchant interconnectors in Australia. In contrast, Argentina secured an efficient appraisal and implementation of transmission expansions by empowering users and severely limiting the role for regulation. Some US and Canadian jurisdictions have fostered the emergence of negotiated settlements that exhibit considerable innovation, and greater benefits for all parties than would have been possible with the conventional regulatory approach. These examples of the actual regulatory world can inform the work of theorists and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses changes that have occurred over the last 15 years in how maps are sold, where they are sold and who is buying them. The emphasis is on the situation in the United States of America, but developments in Europe and the United Kingdom are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is a widely held belief that sustainable development (SD) policies are essential for universities to successfully engage in matters related to sustainability, and are an indicator of the extent to which they are active in this field. This paper aims to examine the evidence which currently exists to support this assumption. It surveys a sample of universities in Brazil, Germany, Greece, Portugal, South Africa and the UK and the USA to ascertain the extent to which universities that are active in the field of sustainable development have formal policies on sustainable development, and whether such policies are a pre-condition for successful sustainability efforts. Design/methodology/approach: The study involved 35 universities in seven countries (five universities respectively). A mixed-methods approach has been used, ranging from document analysis, website analysis, questionnaires and interviewing. Findings: Although only 60 per cent of the sampled universities had a policy that specifically addressed SD, this cannot be regarded as an indicator that the remaining 40 per cent are not engaged with substantial actions that address SD. Indeed, all of the universities in the sample, regardless of the existence of a SD formal policy, demonstrated engagement with environmental sustainability policies or procedures in some form or another. This research has been limited by the availability and ability to procure information from the sampled universities. Despite this, it is one of the largest research efforts of this kind ever performed. Research limitations/implications: This research has been limited by the availability and ability to procure information from the sampled universities. Practical implications: The findings provide some valuable insights into the connections between SD policies on the one hand and the practice of sustainable development in higher education institutions on the other. Social implications: Universities with SD policies can contribute to models of economic growth consistent with sustainable development. Originality/value: The study is the one of the largest research efforts of this kind ever performed.

This paper involves an examination of skilled manual work in the modern paper industry. The data were collected at five mills in three countries -- the UK, Australia and the USA. The questions were formulated in order to probe four theories of skilled work. The results suggest that the distinction between skilled and nonskilled work is a fundamental feature of occupational differentiation in all five plants. They also reveal that there are intra-skilled conflicts over relative pay and demarcation lines and that these are affected by the wider socio-political environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares three ecumenical dialogues on the role of the Virgin Mary in Christian faith. Comparison between the stance of the American Lutheran and Catholic Church on the devotion to Mary as a saint; Details on the dialogue of the British Roman Catholic-Methodist Committee in their report `Mary, Sign of Grace, Faith and Holiness'; Challenges set by the Groupe des Dombes dialogue on the conversion of the attitude of Catholics and Protestants toward Marian devotion and doctrine.

Potentially, technology transfer offices (TTOs) can play a significant role in facilitating the successful transfer of technologies and knowledge between universities and industry. Many developing countries are currently developing technology transfer practices within their universities. However, many developing country TTOs operate inefficiently or are ineffective. The sharing of experiences can lead to improvements in this endeavour. Advanced nations can serve as a frame of reference and a basis of policy recommendations for developing countries due to the longevity of their technology transfer activities. The authors issued 234 questionnaires to European university TTOs, of which 54 usable questionnaires were returned. They combine the data from these questionnaires with 19 interviews conducted with university TTO staff from 9 countries in an attempt to create a typology of practices that developing nations could emulate to improve technology transfer in their own contexts. While ultimately a clear typology was not forthcoming, the authors found some relationship between the dominant focus in the mission statement of developed country TTOs, the activities they undertake, their position in the university governance structure and their level of maturity which may usefully inform the development of TTO practices in developing countries.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore significant historical changes, legislation and policy in the UK and USA from the 1960s to present day relating to university-industry relationships. Design/methodology/approach: The paper presents a review of papers, reports and policy documents from the UK and USA drawing comparisons of university-industry relations. Findings: The paper finds that many UK and USA universities were originally rooted in their communities with strong links to local industries. This culture has persisted and been strengthened through legislation in the USA but changes in UK policy have resulted in reduced industry links. Research limitations/implications: The paper draws on secondary sources. Future research will explore more directly effects of changes in UK universities on university-industry interactions. Practical implications: In recent years there has been an increasing UK government focus on university-industry links. The paper seeks to show that the success of technology transfer in the USA has deeper contextual sources, which may not be easily reproduced in the UK. The history and culture of UK universities presents a barrier to current knowledge transfer initiatives. Originality/value: Technology transfer in the UK and USA have been compared previously, but not set in the context of the history of the university sector. This has implications for current policy initiatives from UK government agencies seeking to develop university technology as a source of innovation for industry. (Contains 1 table and 3 notes.)

This comparison seeks to determine if the three documents addressing information literacy skills and competence developed by professional library associations for postsecondary education in four predominantly English-speaking countries--the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand--have similar or varying conceptions of information literacy. In a globalized society, postsecondary institutions not only prepare students to live and work within local, regional, or national contexts but also equip them to function in a global society. If conceptions of information literacy vary between countries, then graduates might not be well prepared to function successfully within this global society.

This article presents information on the prospects of the paper books industry. According to a report, with the arrival of the first eReaders in the publishing market, it accounted for about 20% of the U.S. book market and 12.9% in Great Britain. The author states that eBooks are revolutionising reading habits.

This study conducted a series of content analyses of the articles published by "International Journal of Science Education", "Science Education", and "Journal of Research in Science Teaching" from 1998 to 2002. A total of 802 research papers were analyzed in terms of the authors' nationality, research types and topics. It was found that researchers in four major English-speaking countries, including the US, the UK, Australia, and Canada, contributed to a majority of the publications, but the researchers from other non-English countries may have, to a certain extent, gradually played a valuable role on the published work. This probably implies that science education research may have progressively become an important field recognized by the international academic community. This study also found that most of the published articles were categorized as empirical studies, while position, theoretical and review papers were rarely presented in the journals. Although the research topic of students' conceptions and conceptual change was the most frequently investigated one in these five years, a declining trend was observed when analyzed by year. Moreover, in 1998-2002, the research topics related to student learning contexts, and social, cultural and gender issues were also received relatively more attention among science educators.

Reisman and Kirschnick (1995) have defined seven process categories among OR/MS research strategies and analysed the contents of U.S. flagship OR/MS journals in 1992 to examine how often OR/MS workers use these processes. We have applied their method of analysis to the 1994 contents of the U.K. flagship journal, the Journal of the Operational Research Society. As well as providing some insight into the nature of OR/MS research in the United Kingdom, the results enable a comparison to be made with the results from the U.S. flagship journals. The findings confirm that the ripple process is dominantly used in theoretical research, and the transfer-of-technology process is the one most frequently used in true applications in the United Kingdom as well as the United States. Because the literature is dominated by theoretical research using a ripple strategy, the discrimination achieved by the classification is limited. To provide further discrimination an alternative categorisation is used to analyse the nature of research output, distinguishing between the object (material, social, personal) and the objective (knowledge, function, purpose) of the research. The paper proposes that the analysis of the content of research, using a method such as Reisman and Kirschnick's categorisation, could be used for the evaluation of OR/MS research output to complement citation analysis and peer reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses Owens' paper from the point of view of a deterioration in mental health services in the US and in the UK with regard to the need in patients to establish trusting relationships as a pre-requisite to psychological stability and wellbeing. The advent of rapidly acting psychotropic drugs and a proliferation of short term psychological treatments, often addressed to very severe disturbance, sometimes with benefit to certain patients, are increasingly used to avoid fundamental needs for dependency. Owens discusses the serious fallout of this problem in the context of disturbed adolescents and bi-polar patients whose most basic developmental needs are too often not met, but the difficulty is widespread, this author suggests. The avoidance of close contact with patients who are disturbed is supported by cultural values that endorse technological and functional achievements above the need for human relatedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the use of Tax Increment Financing (TIF) as a tool for levering regeneration and renewal within a wider policy framework. The paper introduces TIF in an era of low economic growth, while finance is both straitened and increasingly provided with an emphasis on the 'local'. The study then gives an overview of key US literature on TIF for regeneration and renewal. Using interviewees working with TIF in the USA and UK, insight is gained for the introduction of TIF into the UK. Key TIF policy considerations and explanation are put forward, given an introduction of TIF into the UK. In addition, there is a question 'check-list' of concerns if a TIF project is proposed. It is argued that TIF should in the first instance be reserved for regeneration and renewal, and that if TIF is selected, it can be a powerful tool as long as a prudential approach is taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the origins and development of the concept of ‘market transformation’, from its beginnings as a part of energy policy in the USA, to its subsequent development in the UK. It discusses whether it could become a strategic option for British business in pursuit of sustainable growth. Drawing together themes from the academic literature on marketing, consumer behaviour, business, and energy policy, together with data from national programmes, and British government sources, the paper argues that such an approach would be based on a twin false premise – that selling energy efficiency to consumers is in accordance with modern marketing thinking, and that it has much to do with achieving sustainable development. It concludes that while achieving sustainable development will certainly encompass the transformation of markets for many products, ‘market transformation’ itself cannot be seen as a key driver for change. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women's groups in unions are collective, spaces within which women seek to advance their concerns and access empowering positions. This paper examines their pursuit of gender equality in unions. The need to explore unions and women's groups is heightened by women's significance as a source of union membership, and the connection between union revitalization and responsiveness to women. The paper uses case studies of two unions, MSF and USDAW, and seven women's groups. The analysis is structured by a typology of two frameworks: (i) a typology of gendered equality ideas derived from various literatures, and (ii) the dynamic and linked dimensions of Hyman's (1994) union organization model. Implications for research and theory, and for union policy and practice, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This aggregative systematic literature review aims to explore available research evidence published between 2000 and 2018 on what educational psychologists (EPs) offer to schools and pupils following a critical incident (CI) and the reported efficacy of such services. Rationale: CIs are sudden and unexpected, impacting upon all areas of life, including school communities. Since the 1990s, CI response has become part of what many educational psychology services across the UK and USA offer (Posada, 2006). The North West Association of Principal EPs commissioned this research as a way of gaining greater insight into CI response. Methods: Two research databases and Google Scholar were searched and a total of 77 papers was found, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria; ten of these were evaluated as being of at least 'medium' level methodological quality. Findings: A synthesis of the research revealed a range of practice within three main areas: strategies and actions, models to frame response, and psychological intervention. Despite similarities, differences of approaches between services were highlighted, particularly around engagement with direct work. Implications: EP services should ensure that CI response is comprehensive, sensitive and co-produced with service users. The EP role in responding to a CI needs to be clearly communicated with others. Limitations: Limitations are discussed including the dearth of evidence from 2015 onwards and the limited 'objective' evidence summarising the impact of the effectiveness of EP CI response. Conclusions: Some educational psychologists may engage in direct work following a critical incident, whilst others focus intervention on supporting school capacity to support school recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is an empirical account of English language use, across three continents, in 40 Tuning and analogous discipline-based statements of desired demonstrated competences and learning outcomes in higher education. It is primarily concerned with lexical and semantic matters, takes the perspective of the student as the primary reader and beneficiary of these statements, and is as much proscriptive as it is analytical. It provides frequencies of verbs used in such statements, flags commonly but unacceptable verbs and syntax, offers a different grouping of competence-oriented verbs from that inherited from Bloom et al's Taxonomy, and suggests what we should do in revisiting statements of learning outcomes that have taken root in the literature.

Decision makers in adult social care are increasingly interested in using evidence from research to support or shape their decisions. The scope and nature of the current landscape of adult social care research (ASCR) need to be better understood. This paper provides a bibliometric assessment of ASCR outputs from 1996 to 2011. ASCR papers were retrieved using three strategies: from key journals; using keywords and noun phrases; and from additional papers preferentially citing or being cited by other ASCR papers. Overall, 195,829 ASCR papers were identified in the bibliographic database Scopus, of which 16 per cent involved at least one author from the UK. The UK output increased 2.45-fold between 1996 and 2011. Among selected countries, those with greater research intensity in ASCR generally had higher citation impact, such as the USA, UK, Canada and the Netherlands. The top five UK institutions in terms of volume of papers in the UK accounted for 26 per cent of total output. We conclude by noting the limitations to bibliometric analysis of ASCR and examine how such analysis can support the strategic development of the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kind of boredom experienced in academia is unique. Neither a purely subjective nor objective phenomenon, it is the product of the way research is organized into papers, seminars, and conferences, as well as of a deep implicit metaphor that academic argument is a form of warfare. In this respect, the concepts of boredom and rigour are closely linked, since there is a kind of rigour in the Humanities that stresses the war metaphor, and structures scholarship defensively. This is opposed to a different kind of rigour that eschews the war metaphor altogether, and considers rigorousness in the light of a work's usefulness to its audience.

The euro and prices DID EMU AFFECT PRICE SETTING AND INFLATION PERSISTENCE? Surprisingly not; or at least not directly. Using data on individual consumer prices and on sectoral inflation rates from six euro area countries spanning several years before and after the introduction of the euro, we look at whether EMU has altered the behaviour of price setters and/or the dynamics of inflation. We find no evidence of such change in 1999, when the euro was introduced as an electronic unit of account. At the start of 2002, when the paper currency appeared, the frequency of price adjustments (both upward and downward) increased suddenly, while the average magnitude of price changes fell; both, however, quickly settled back to the earlier patterns. Conversely, we do find evidence of a permanent decline in the persistence of inflation after the mid-1990s. While in principle this could be attributable to the preparation of EMU, this interpretation is put into question by the fact that a similar decline occurred also in the UK and in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relative economic decline of Britain since the last quarter of the nineteenth century has often been attributed to its firms' continued prediction for small-scale batch production and highly skilled labor. Britain's loss of leadership in paper making in the second half of the nineteenth century was most apparent in the level of output it and its main competitor, the U.S., produced. While in 1860 both the U.S. and Britain shared the honor of the being the world's biggest paper producers, each with around 100,000 long tons of paper and board per annum, by 1914 the United States had shot out ahead; in that year manufacturing some 4,705,400 tons to Britain's 1,110,000. This changing fortune of the British industry in the late nineteenth century was clearly recognized by contemporaries. Many of these observers noted that, in addition to the advantages that nature had bestowed on the American industry in terms of cheap and accessible supplies of wood and energy. The idea that the U.S. had established a lead in paper-machine technology by 1900 also appears to be supported by the different types of data available from the period.

Aim: The aim of the present bibliometric study was to analyze the citations received by coronectomy papers and their references. Methods: Data were extracted from the Web of Science online database. After excluding irrelevant papers, full record and cited references from 79 papers were downloaded and imported into VOSviewer and CRExplorer for bibliometric analyses. Results: The 79 papers on coronectomy collectively had 9.7 citations per paper. The h‐index of this collection of papers was 17. The top five major contributing countries were the UK (N = 20, 25.3%), the USA (N = 10, 12.7%), Italy (N = 9, 11.4%), China (N = 5, 6.3%), and Turkey (N = 5, 6.3%). The top two major contributing journals, Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, together accounted for more than half of the 79 papers (N = 43, 54.4%). Conclusions: Papers dealing with postoperative morbidity topics had high citation counts in general, such as dry socket (27.4 citations per paper), infection (24.6 citations per paper), and safety (35.5 citations per paper). Citation per paper correlated with publication count at the affiliation level, but not at the author, country, and journal levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: This review aimed to demonstrate the self‐care behaviours of first‐generation Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease in western countries and identify related cultural factors. Background: Self‐care is the cornerstone to mitigate disease symptoms and maintain health status. Chinese immigrants to western countries, operating within a cross‐cultural context, may find self‐care to manage their cardiovascular disease challenging. Design: An integrative review was conducted. Methods: Seven databases were searched Scopus, ProQuest Health & Medicine, Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), AMED (Ovid), PsycINFO and CINAHL, with output limited to peer‐reviewed studies published from 2000 to 2020 in English or Chinese. Initially, 2037 papers were screened. Six papers were retained and critiqued using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Deductive and inductive approaches were utilised to analyse the findings. The PRISMA 2020 checklist informed review reportage. Result: In general, Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease took an active role in management of their cardiovascular disease, including through diet and activity adaptation and adherence to western medication. Families also played a significant role in disease decision‐making and management. However, language and cultural barriers impeded their access to health information and resources in host countries. Relevance to clinical practice: Understanding self‐care behaviours and associated cultural factors among Chinese immigrants with cardiovascular disease is important to improve nurses' culturally sensitive practices and provide tailored health education interventions to promote self‐care behaviours among immigrant populations. The scarcity of literature on self‐care behaviours among Chinese first‐generation immigrants with cardiovascular disease indicates the need for further research in this area. Development of culturally and linguistically sensitive health resources and education programs is urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the reflections on coordinating a multi-country paper which emphasizes a means to an end. It offers information about a research to inform policy making in multi-country comparative health systems. The research involves the International Medical Workforce Collaborative (IMWC) member countries including Australia, U.S., and Great Britain.

The ongoing credit crunch has paralyzed the international debt capital markets for quite some time, but its tremors could be felt in the short-term debt capital markets as early as August 2007. Recognizing that the health and vitality of the short-term markets is a fundamental cornerstone of liquidity in the debt capital markets generally, both the U.S. and U.K. governments have taken unprecedented steps to help bolster the commercial paper markets. The U.S. government has, through the Federal Reserve and the Department of the Treasury, implemented four short-term market support programs, namely, the ABCP Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility, the Treasury Temporary Guarantee Program, the Commercial Paper Funding Facility, and the Money Market Investor Funding Facility. The U.K. government promptly followed suit, establishing the Commercial Paper Facility and the Secured Commercial Paper Facility, both administered by the Bank of England. While these efforts have had limited success in "reviving" the short-term markets, some of them have certainly been helpful in preventing a meltdown of the debt capital markets, which has continued to be a very real and grave risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore differences and similarities in the concepts of educational indicators (performance indicators) in the United States and United Kingdom, three pairs of speakers from each country were invited to prepare papers and deliver their partner's paper. Achievement indicators, inspections/site visits, and performance indicators in school districts are considered. (SLD)

In recent years, senior judges in Britain have signalled a departure from the long-established but for test used for direct discrimination cases. They appear to favour instead that the defendant held a discriminatory motive, or even hostility, for liability. In the United States, courts have settled upon a requirement for discriminatory motive, but afforded it such a broad interpretation that is scarcely distinguish- able from the but for model, and is a convenient, if inaccurate label. This paper aims to demonstrate, using seven kinds of direct discrimination case, that neither a discriminatory motive doctrine, nor the but for test, are suitable models to analyse direct discrimination claims, and that the proper approach is a simple purposive interpretation of the statutory formula provided in both the UK and the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reading forward from the recently released secret Downing Street Memos, to the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act, in this performance text I critique the Bush Administration and its reliance on science, or evidence-based models of inquiry (SBR). SBR raises issues concerning the politics of truth and evidence. These issues intersect with the ways in which a given political regime fixes facts to fit ideology. Three versions of SBR are discussed, as is a model of science as disruptive cultural practice. I conclude by calling for a merger of critical pedagogy with a prophetic, feminist post-pragmatism.

Stamp collectors frequently donate their stamps to cultural heritage institutions. As digitization becomes more prevalent for other kinds of materials, it is worth exploring how cultural heritage institutions are digitizing their philatelic materials. This paper begins with a review of the literature about the purpose of metadata, current metadata standards, and metadata that are relevant to philatelists. The paper then examines the digital philatelic collections of four large cultural heritage institutions, discussing the metadata standards and elements employed by these institutions. The paper concludes with a recommendation to create international standards that describe metadata management explicitly for philatelic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents a complex study highlighting the role of cultural awareness concerning the English and American cultures among students, and making an attempt at determining to what extent these cultural elements are known among students of English and Translation Studies in Hungary. The first stage of the research was a process of finding out about previous research and then selecting British and American cultural items that might be relevant for Hungarian students. These are presented as a list in the introduction. Ten instances, where the semantic and cultural meanings are ambiguous or misleading for Hungarian language learners, have been singled out for further analysis in the second section, which also gives information about these cultural and lexical items and the possible sources for student errors. This section also offers information about a survey conducted among a group of students of English and Translation Studies, underlining the need for intercultural education in both courses. More information including students’ personal insights can be found on the beliefs and perceptions of students of English about language and culture in a previous paper (Szele, 2019), and some results of a cultural survey similar to the present one in another (Szele, 2020). The third section of this paper offers a conclusion, suggesting that cultural awareness and good language skills go hand in hand, and both need more focus in language teaching in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a scientometric analysis for identifying major specialties of pharmacological research and the countries contributing the highest number of articles in pharmacology. According to the analysis, 1,471 research papers were published from 57 nations. The first nation with 30 percent score of total publications was the U.S. followed by Japan with 13 percent and Great Britain with 8.3 percent. About 37 nations published research papers on cellular and molecular pharmacology.

Presents various econometric models of different countries. Problem of stabilization policy in underdeveloped countries; Productivity and comparative costs of Great Britain and the U.S. in international trade.